Showing papers on "Air pollutant concentrations published in 1991"

Measuring Indoor Air Quality: A Practical Guide

Abstract: Part 1 Introduction: outdoor air monitoring indoor air quality monitoring factors that influence indoor air quality. Part 2 Planning an indoor air quality measurement program: establishment of indoor air quality profiles exposure monitoring with personal monitors determining the health risk of indoor pollutants approaches to "Sick Building" studies selection of sampling approaches data analysis conclusions. Part 3 Building dynamics - theory and measurement of infiltration: factors affecting air infiltration fundamental relationships of air infiltration measurement techniques examples of air exchange rate measurement data. Part 4 Measurement of indoor pollutants: carbon monoxide (CO) nitrogen dioxide (NO2) sulfur dioxide (SO2) ozone (O3) respirable particulate matter (RPM) lead radon and decay products formaldehyde volatile organic compounds environmental tobacco smoke pesticides odors carbon dioxide (CO2) bioaerosols. part 5 Measurement of pollutant emissions: measurement approaches measuring emissions from combustion sources measuring emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOC) measuring radon emissions conclusions. Part 6 Indoor air quality standards and guidelines. Part 7 Future needs in the conduct of indoor air quality measurement programs planning an indoor air quality measurement program ventilation measurements measurement of indoor pollutants summary.

Air Pollution from Road Vehicles

Abstract: Exhaust emissions and their measurement emission legislation environmental effects emission control technology surveys and forecasting.

An Evaluation of Taxes on Air Pollutants Emissions: an Applied General Equilibrium Approach

Abstract: All political parties in Germany agree that pollution controls by market instruments should become an increasingly important part of government regulatory activities. As environmental quality goals are sometimes in conflict with other objectives such as full employment, economic growth orprice stability, there arises the question of the economic impact of these activities. At the current state of the debate, the ecological reform of the German tax system should be neutral in its effect on the income distribution, on government budget deficit, on the international competitiveness of the German industry, on location decisions and to foreign direct investment. It should, of course, provide an incentive to conserve energy, to reduce discharge of waste to the atmosphere and water, to stimulate substitution in the structure of goods and inputs; and it should be a signal for world-wide effort in environmental policy. The objective of this paper is to identify and to measure the traderoffs between the various goals of environmental and economic policy. This requires information on the economic impacts of various environmental objectives. Since environmental quality programs have impacts on prices, and hence on supply and demand, a general equilibrium model with pollution specifications is an appropriate methodological approach to identify the economic impacts of pollution control policies. By integrating environmental variables directly into models of producers' and consumers' behavior, structural changes arising from environmental programs can be properly taken into account Such an approach models price-responsiveness on the demand side for consumption goods and production inputs as well as endogenous changes in factor incomes in a fully closed and consistent way. In contrast to the fixed-price approach in the Leontief model where abatement activities have in any case a positive impact on growth^ in a price-responsive approach higher abatement costs can dampen the growth effect or even reverse iL Incorporating environmental regulation and its impact in general equilibrium models has by now a twenty years long tradition. In 1970, LEONTIEF extended his input-output approach to quantify environmental repercussions on the economic structure. Since then generalized input-output programming models have been developed for quantifying environmental policy packages (see THOSS and DÖLLEKES [1974], THOSS [1976], MÜLLER [1979]). The shortcomings of these models like fixed coefficients in technologi-

Transportation and Air Quality in California: A Policy Analysis

Abstract: Significant accomplishments in air pollution emissions control have occurred over the past twenty years Emissions have been substantially reduced by both industrial and transportation sources; over the ten year period 1977-86, the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) reports improvements in each of the six air pollutants for which health-based national ambient air quality standards (NAAQS) exist -- lead, sulfur dioxide, ozone, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, and particulates Yet major problems remain:

A Probabilistic Emissions Model for Managing Hazardous Air Pollutants

Abstract: Any assessment of control strategies or impacts of potentially hazardous airborne pollutants must begin with the characterization of source emissions. This paper describes a new computer–based model developed for the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) to quantify the emissions of chemical species in all gaseous, liquid and solid streams entering and leaving a plant. User–specified parameters allow the model to be tailored to a variety of power plant configurations and site–specific conditions. A unique feature of the model is that all parameters and input data may be characterized probabilistically so that uncertainties can be analyzed rigorously.

Managing air toxics under the new Clean Air Act Amendments

Abstract: The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has been regulating air toxics (hazardous air pollutants) under Section 112 of the 1970 Clean Air Act Amendments. To date, EPA has established emission standards for seven hazardous air pollutants. They include arsenic, asbestos, benzene, beryllium, mercury, vinyl chloride and radionuclides. EPA had determined that the low risks associated with electric utility fossil fuel power plant radionuclide emissions did not justify regulation under Section 112. The Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 greatly expand EPA's rulemaking authority over toxic or hazardous air pollutants. The law lists 189 chemicals that would be subject to control. Sources that emit 10 tons/yr or more of any one pollutant, or 25 tons/yr or more of any combination thereof, must apply maximum available control technology (MACT). By definition, MACT is at least as stringent as best available control technology (BACT) for similar sources. However, consideration of the cost and feasibility of control, energy impacts and environmental factors will be given in MACT. Under the new amendments, the EPA will conduct a three-year study of the public health hazards from exposure to toxic emissions from utilities and report to Congress. EPA can regulate such emissions only if the regulations aremore » appropriate based on this study. Two additional studies addressing mercury are also required. The first directs the EPA to conduct a four-year study of mercury emissions from electric utility steam generating units, municipal waste combustion units, and other sources. Included in this paper are evaluations of the rate and mass of such emissions, of health and environmental effects, and of the available control technologies and their costs.« less

Development of an Urban Grid Model for the Santiago, Chile Region

Abstract: The city of Santiago frequently experiences episodes of high air pollutant concentrations, particularly during the winter months. These episodes are a consequence of the unique geographic setting of the Santiago region and emissions of large quantities of pollutants emitted by various surface sources such as diesel buses, automobiles, and wood burning, and point sources such as power plants and smelters. Concern about present and future air quality in the Santiago metropolitan region has motivated the Intendencia of the city of Santiago to sponsor the development of a state-of-the-science Air Quality Modeling System.

Air assessment for land treatment no‐migration

Abstract: Air pathway assessments for three landfarm sites were conducted for compliance with the no-migration land disposal regulations. These assessments comprise of estimating the volatile and semi-volatile emissions from sludge application using the CHEMDAT model and estimating particulate emissions during application and tilling using the Fugitive Particulate Matter Air Emissions Guidance. Ambient concentrations at the unit boundary were predicted using the ISC dispersion models. Ambient air monitoring during application and tilling was included as a check on the emission and dispersion models.