Showing papers on "Air quality index published in 1973"
TL;DR: Forced expiratory volume in 1 second was measured in 21 men exercising while exposed to four O3 concentrations and a lognormal multiple linear regression model was fitted to predict FEV1 percent decrease as a function of O3 concentration and exposure duration.
Abstract: Forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) was measured in 21 men exercising while exposed to four O3 concentrations (0.0, 0.08, 0.10, and 0.12 ppm). A lognormal multiple linear regression model was fitted to their mean FEV1 measurements to predict FEV1 percent decrease as a function of O3 concentration and exposure duration. The exercise level used was probably comparable to heavy manual labor. The longest O3 exposure studied was 6 h. Extrapolating cautiously to an 8-h workday of heavy manual labor, the model predicts that O3 concentrations of 0.08, 0.10, and 0.12 ppm would decrease FEV1 by 9, 15, and 20 percent, respectively.
62 citations
TL;DR: An air quality survey technique for measuring the horizontal spatial variation of carbon monoxide concentrations in urban areas is described; it was used to determine how representative an urban air monitoring station is of concentrations throughout the city.
Abstract: An air quality survey technique for measuring the horizontal spatial variation of carbon monoxide concentrations in urban areas is described; it was used to determine how representative an urban air monitoring station is of concentrations throughout the city. The survey technique was applied in San Jose, Calif., where 1128 samples were collected over a six-month period and were compared with the values recorded simultaneously at the urban air monitoring station. All samples were collected at “breathing height” within a 13-square-mile grid which included the downtown area as well as surrounding residential and industrial locations. Three basic sampling strategies were employed to answer specific questions about the distribution of carbon monoxide concentration: (7) walking sampling, in which samples were obtained while walking along the sidewalks of congested downtown streets, (2) random spatial sampling, in which samples were collected at randomly selected points in the urban grid, and (3) specialized sam...
36 citations
TL;DR: Ozone can be detected by smell by sensitive individuals at 100 p.p.b.4, which value is a suitable threshold for an air quality evaluation, having been proposed as a air quality standard in the USA5.
Abstract: AMONG the reactions of primary pollutants with one another and with substances naturally present in air, the reactions induced by light are particularly important. The occurrence of such reactions is related to the accumulation of strongly oxidizing species, particularly ozone1, which occurs naturally in the atmosphere to the extent of 20–50 p.p.b. during daylight2,3. Ozone can be detected by smell by sensitive individuals at 100 p.p.b.4, which value is a suitable threshold for an air quality evaluation, having been proposed as an air quality standard in the USA5.
30 citations
TL;DR: The results of the sample problem clearly demonstrate the viability of dispatching generators using an environmental cost to ensure compliance with ambient air quality regulations, and it is pointed out that an accurate deterministic dispersion model must be used if useful results are to be obtained.
Abstract: w A technique is presented for dispatching fossil-fueled electric generators which results in a reduction in the ground level SO2 concentrations. The dispatching schedules and ground level SO2 concentrations are determined for a sample but realistic problem, and are presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed technique. The results of the sample problem clearly demonstrate the viability of dispatching generators using an environmental cost to ensure compliance with ambient air quality regulations. However, it is also pointed out that an accurate deterministic dispersion model must be used if useful results are to be obtained.
27 citations
TL;DR: A statistical model of the time series which gives the relations between air pollutant concentration, averaging time and frequency of occurrence is described in this paper, where the authors suggest the mathematical application of the model to the air quality standard for sulfur oxides in Japan.
20 citations
TL;DR: The authors discusses the attitudes of Sheffield residents to atmospheric pollution and the Clean Air Act, 1956, and finds that the majority are aware of air pollution but it is an issue which is low in their problem hierarchy.
Abstract: This paper discusses the attitudes of Sheffield residents to atmospheric pollution and the Clean Air Act, 1956. The majority are aware of air pollution but it is an issue which is low in their problem hierarchy. The magnitude of concentrations of gaseous pollutants is overlooked, and declining levels of participate pollution, the existence of legislation, and press reports have reduced public concern for atmospheric pollution.
15 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors found that pollution levels doubled or tripled during periods of extreme cold inversions, while total suspended matter and carbon monoxide averaged exceeded ambient standards. But the results were limited to Fairbanks and the Chena River valley.
Abstract: Expanding population centred around Fairbanks has brought concern that air pollution in the area may become intolerable. The atmosphere of the lower Chena River Valley is extremely stable during much of the year. Temperature inversions are believed to be among the steepest in the world. Inversions at -35°C or below are characterized by a dense layer of "ice fog." This study found that pollution levels doubled or tripled during periods of extreme cold inversions. Some pollutants approached national urban averages, while total suspended matter and carbon monoxide averages exceeded ambient standards. Since air contaminants as well as ice fog increase with human habitation, the possibility of pollution reaching hazardous proportions in this subarctic community should be viewed with urgency.
11 citations
TL;DR: This paper attempts to assess the nationwide cost effectiveness of the EPA’s substantial control program by relating costs of emission control to expected air quality improvements and thus to the economic-damage reductions or benefits.
Abstract: The U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has launched a substantial control program aimed at significantly improving the nation’s air quality by 1976. This paper attempts to assess the nationwide cost effectiveness of the program by relating costs of emission control to expected air quality improvements and thus to the economic-damage reductions or benefits. The annual cost of air pollution damage is estimated to be $23.5 billion by 1976 unless improved control measures are implemented. This $23.5 billion is allocated by a pollution index method to 20 major air pollution source categories. These damage allocations are compared to estimates of emission control costs published by the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, and cost/benefit ratios (control cost/damage reduction) are presented as the measure of cost effectiveness. Steam electric power plants, gasoline motor vehicles, and industrial boilers have been identified as the largest sources of air pollution (50% of the nationwide total). In gen...
10 citations
TL;DR: The CLEAN AIR ACT of 1970 as mentioned in this paper was the first attempt to reduce the number of pollutants in the air quality assessment process, which was later extended by the Clean Air Act of 1990.
Abstract: THE CLEAN AIR ACT OF 1970 CALLS FOR SUBSTANTIAL REDUCTION OF POLLUTANTS BY 1975. THE ACT ASSUMES THAT FOR MOST MAJOR POLLUTANTS THERE IS A CONCENTRATION BELOW WHICH THEY ARE NOT HARMFUL. THESE POLLUTANTS ARE TO BE REDUCED TO EITHER PRIMARY STANDARDS, NOT HARMFUL TO HUMAN HEALTH, OR SECONDARY STANDARDS, NOT HARMFUL TO PROPERTY, VEGETATION OR ANIMALS, AS DEFINED BY THE PARTICULAR STATE GOVERNMENTS. SOME POLLUTANTS ARE HARMFUL AT ANY LEVEL THEREFORE SPECIAL REGULATIONS ARE IMPOSED BY THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT CONTROLLING THESE. THE STATES ARE TO SUBMIT THEIR PLANS FOR CONTROLLING POLLUTION IN INDUSTRIES AND COMMERCIAL ESTABLISHMENTS FOR APPROVAL BY THE ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY. THE CONGRESS ITSELF HAS SET LIMITS ON VEHICLE EMISSIONS. THE CLEAN AIR ACT IS GOING INTO EFFECT IN CONFLICT WITH THE CURRENT ENERGY SHORTAGE. OPPOSITION TO THE ACT, HOWEVER, BEGAN WITH ITS INCEPTION. THE DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE OPPOSES THE COST IT WILL INFLICT ON INDUSTRY, THE BUREAU OF MINES BECAUSE THEY REPRESENT MINING AND FUEL INDUSTRIES, AND THE OFFICE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY BECAUSE OF THE HARM TO THE AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY. THEY HAVE ALSO HAD OPPOSITION FROM THE COPPER SMELTING, ELECTRIC POWER AND CEMENT INDUSTRIES. ON THE OTHER SIDE OF THE FENCE, EPA HAS BEEN SUED BY CONSERVATIONISTS FOR NOT BEING STRINGENT ENOUGH. THE CASE WENT TO THE SUPREME COURT WHERE THE CONSERVATIONISTS WON, THUS RESTRICTING EPA'S CONTROL. OTHER PROBLEMS ARISE IN THE RELIABILITY OF MATHEMATICAL MODELS IN PREDICTING REAL POLLUTION PROBLEMS. THE AUTHOR CONCLUDES THAT THE PROBLEMS EPA IS HAVING ARE INHERENT IN ANY FOR REACHING LAW. CONSIDERING THE INADEQUATE INFORMATION ON POLLUTION, THE CLEAN AIR ACT'S AIR QUALITY STANDARDS ARE PROBABLY THE BEST APPROACH.
9 citations
TL;DR: It is concluded that the 1975 motor vehicle emission standard for hydrocarbons should reflect only the nonmethane portion of the total hydrocarbon emissions.
Abstract: Differences in the evolution of the measurement of hydrocarbons in the atmosphere and in motor vehicle emissions have resulted in the present situation in which atmospheric concentrations of hydrocarbons and the national air quality standards for hydrocarbons are reported on a non-methane (excluding methane) basis whereas motor vehicle emission concentrations are reported on a total hydrocarbon (including methane) basis. This paper discusses these differences in measurement technology, the reasons for their having arisen, and the influence of these differences upon the setting of the 90% hydrocarbon requirement of the Clean Air Amendments of 1 970 and upon the EPA 1 975 motor vehicle emission standard for hydrocarbons. It is concluded that the 1975 motor vehicle emission standard for hydrocarbons should reflect only the nonmethane portion of the total hydrocarbon emissions. A possible method for developing these standards is given.
TL;DR: In this paper, the frequency distributions of daily suspended particulate values at two stations in Toronto have been examined, as well as the weekly and seasonal cycles using the wind at a height of 120 m (obtained from an anemometer mounted on a television tower in the downtown area).
TL;DR: The advantages and disadvantages of establishingworldwide air quality standards are reviewed and international standards would provide a sound basis for combatting pollution.
Abstract: The advantages and disadvantages of establishingworldwide air quality standards are reviewed. Inter-national standards would represent the best and mostadvanced procedures and might lead to improvementin standards in some countries where air quality isfar from adequate. International standards alsowould permit accurate comparisons of air pollutionamong countries and would provide a sound basis forcombatting pollution.
TL;DR: In this paper, a Gaussian diffusion model is used in order to build an air-pollution transfer-coefficient matrix, which demonstrates how the permitted level of pollution emission can be set for each locality or industry, and how it is possible to assign methods of abatement and to measure their effectiveness.
Abstract: The present paper describes several mathematical models designed to control, through regulations, the locations and quantities of air pollution emissions. A Gaussian diffusion model is used in order to build an air-pollution transfer-coefficient matrix. Given the rate of increase in production and subsequently emission of air pollution, the model developed demonstrates how the permitted level of pollution emission can be set for each locality or industry, and how it is possible to assign methods of abatement and to measure their effectiveness. Finally the general abatement—location model is developed. This model simultaneously allocates industries to subareas and assigns control methods to the various industries so as to conform with the air quality standards set forth.
TL;DR: It is suggested that the presence of interference companies should be considered DETRIMENTAL to the formation of a VALID AIR QUALITY STANDARD for NITROGEN DIOXIDE.
Abstract: DATA HAVE BEEN COLLECTED TO INDICATE THE PRESENCE OF A NUMBER OF BIOLOGICALLY ANTAGONISTIC AIR CONTAMINANTS IN AMBIENT AIR IN THE IMMEDIATE VICINITY OF CHATTANOOGA, TENN., AS A RESULT OF THE OPERATION OF THE VOLUNTEER ARMY AMMUNITION PLANT, TYNER, TENN. IT FOLLOWS, THEREFORE, FROM THESE DATA THAT ADVERSE HEALTH EFFECTS OBSERVED IN THE COURSE OF THE CHATTANOOGA SCHOOL CHILDREN STUDY MAY BE COUNTED FOR EITHER TOTALLY OR IN PART BY THE PRESENCE OF EPIDEMIOLOGICALLY INTERFERING COMPOUNDS SUCH AS SULFURIC AND NITRIC ACID VAPORS WHICH WERE NOT MEASURED IN AIR AT THE TIME OF THE HEALTH EFFECTS STUDY. IT IS SUGGESTED THAT THE PRESENCE OF THESE INTERFERENCES BE CONSIDERED DETRIMENTAL TO THE FORMULATION OF A VALID AIR QUALITY STANDARD FOR NITROGEN DIOXIDE.
TL;DR: In this paper, the problem of determining real-time (episode) air pollution control strategies for an urban airshed is posed as selecting those control measures from among all possible such that air quality is maintained at a certain level over a given time period and the total control imposed is minimum.
Abstract: The problem of determining real-time (episode) air pollution control strategies for an urban airshed is posed as selecting those control measures from among all possible such that air quality is maintained at a certain level over a given time period and the total control imposed is minimum. The real-time control is based on meteorological predictions made over a several-hour to several-day period. A computational algorithm is developed for solving the class of control problems that result. The theory is applied to a hypothetical study of the effect of implementation of the optimal control on September 29, 1969, in the Los Angeles basin.
TL;DR: A description is given of the techniques that form the basis of current commercial instrumentation for measuring the five major gaseous atmospheric pollutants, SO/sub 2/, oxides of nitrogen, oxidants, carbon monoxide, and hydrocarbons.
Abstract: Present air quality and emission standards are reviewed briefly. A description is given of the techniques that form the basis of current commercial instrumentation for measuring the five major gaseous atmospheric pollutants, SO/sub 2/, oxides of nitrogen, oxidants, carbon monoxide, and hydrocarbons. The uses of various types of ambient air monitors, stationary source monitors, and vehicular emission monitors are tabulated. (JGB)
Book•
01 Jan 1973
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors discuss the individual and societal changes which are needed to protect the planet and the health and prosperity of future generations, including air, water and land pollution, evolution, industrial revolution, the growth of technology, climatology and meteorology, pollution legislation and the economics of a green economy.
Abstract: Originally published in 1973, this book has enduring relevance in the 21st Century. Asking difficult questions it encourages the reader to think about the individual and societal changes which are needed to protect the planet and the health and prosperity of future generations. Despite the title of the book, it covers air, water and land pollution, evolution, the industrial revolution, the growth of technology, climatology and meteorology, pollution legislation and the economics of a green economy.
TL;DR: The determination of minimum stack height is complicated by the fact that the performance and air quality standards are stated on different averaging time bases; the extent of preemption of the assimilative capacity of the air by any individual source will vary among jurisdictions and, in some cases, among different geographic areas of a single jurisdiction; and some new sources will be designed to emit appreciably less than the performance standard requirement.
Abstract: The promulgation of Federal standards of performance for certain classes of new stationary sources requires that such sources have minimum stack heights to meet also the requirements of national air quality standards. The determination of minimum stack height is complicated by the fact that the performance and air quality standards are stated on different averaging time bases; that the extent of preemption of the assimilative capacity of the air by any individual source will vary among jurisdictions and, in some cases, among different geographic areas of a single jurisdiction; and that some new sources will be designed to emit appreciably less than the performance standard requirement. However, these complications can be resolved and equations and charts prepared from which minimum stack height can be selected.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In this article, the authors explored the ways in which air pollution considerations might be incorporated in the decision-making process and suggested that short-term actions aimed at ameliorating air pollution must aim at fostering communication among responsible agencies.
Abstract: The process of incorporating air quality considerations in planning, the basic relations between transportation and air pollution, techniques for achieving air quality, and the institutional difficulties of implementing transportation control techniques are discussed in this exploration of ways in which air pollution considerations might be incorporated in the decision-making process. The air quality problem related to transportation is not solely a function of vehicle emissions, and the planner must understand how factors such as direction and speed of wind, time of day, and physical barriers affect the problem. Primary and secondary air quality standards established by federal and state governments are discussed and tabulated. The relation of vehicle technology and the effects of speed, travel mode, and operation mode on the emission of pollutants are set forth. Techniques of air quality control are grouped into programs oriented toward vehicles, traffic flow, and reduction of pollution concentration. There is a need for improvement of communications between DOT and EPA, and obstacles that may arise are noted. The report shows that transportation control techniques may be used to achieve air quality (some of these may infringe on mobility goals and others may not). It is suggested that short-term actions aimed at ameliorating air pollution must aim at fostering communication among responsible agencies. Long-term actions require research and more analytical information. /Author/
TL;DR: In this article, the effect of the general growth of CO vehicular emissions in urban areas on the CAMP station measurements in downtown areas, where vehicular traffic is saturated is considered.
Abstract: The effect of the general growth of CO vehicular emissions in urban areas on the CAMP station measurements in downtown areas, where vehicular traffic is saturated is considered. With the assumption that the street-level CO concentration is derived from the sum of an urban background term and a local street-effect term, the urban background CO concentration is computed with a diffusion model by introducing a simple area source distribution. The local street-effect term is taken to be constant at a saturation emission level corresponding to a saturation traffic density when the emission per vehicle-mile and meteorological conditions are fixed. The present analysis indicates that the local street-effect term, AC, has a major role in determining street-level concentrations for pollutants, such as CO, whose air quality standard is based on maximum concentrations with averaging times of 1 hour and 8 hours. The relevance of this analysis to the abatement requirements of the Clean Air Amendments and to the drivin...
TL;DR: The comparability of measurements from flame ionization analyzers and gas chromatography has been demonstrated and either analytical technique can be applied to samples collected at monitoring sites to provide the 6-9 A.M. non-methane hydrocarbon aerometric results specified in the air quality standards.
Abstract: It is important in the implementation of the air quality standard for ozone/oxidants and non-methane hydrocarbons to develop quantitative relationships between these pollutants in air quality regions. Analyses for ambient air non-methane hydrocarbon give a direct measure of the progress in control of hydrocarbon emissions and in the reduction of oxidant/ozone concentration levels. Total hydrocarbon concentrations are much more available than non-hydrocarbon levels. An empirical relationship between total hydrocarbons and non-methane hydrocarbons has been obtained from measurements at both west and east coast sites in the U. S. The comparability of measurements from flame ionization analyzers and gas chromatography has been demonstrated. Either analytical technique can be applied to samples collected at monitoring sites to provide the 6-9 A.M. non-methane hydrocarbon aerometric results specified in the air quality standards.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the influence of cold-start collisions on air-quality and found that the cold start collisions increased CO PEAK CONCENTRATIONS from 9-13 percent to 20-30 percent in OZONE and NITROGEN DIOXIDE.
Abstract: THE INFLUENCE OF COLD-START VEHICLE EMISSIONS ON AIR QUALITY IS INVESTIGATED USING A PHOTOCHEMICAL/DIFFUSION MODEL. BOTH THE TIME AND SPACE DISTRIBUTION OF COLD STARTS ARE EXAMINED. A DAY FROM AN OCTOBER 1968 LOS ANGELES SMOG EPISODE SERVES AS A BASELINE FOR DETERMINING METEOROLOGICAL AND CHEMICAL PARAMETERS FOR THE MODEL. COLD-START EMISSIONS ARE FOUND TO INCREASE CO PEAK CONCENTRATIONS FROM 9-13 PERCENT WHILE INCREASES IN OZONE AND NITROGEN DIOXIDE ARE PRACTICALLY INSIGNIFICANT. DECENTRALIZING THE STARTS GEOGRAPHICALLY PRODUCED NO SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES FROM THE CASE OF UNIFORMLY DISTRIBUTED STARTS, EITHER IN POLLUTANT LOADING OR IN AIR QUALITY. /AUTHOR/
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors consider the air pollution problem in the development and implementation of planning programs, and identify the interrelationships between air quality and the intensity and spatial distribution of human activity.
Abstract: Recent federal legislation and policies encourage and, in some instances, require greater consideration of the air pollution problem in the development and implementation of planning programs. These requirements encompass all scales of planning, from project planning for highways and airports to the formulation of goals, policies, and plans for entire metropolitan areas. Some research has been undertaken that will assist planners in incorporating air pollution considerations in the planning process. Thus far, the preponderance of this research has dealt with the physical aspects of the pollution problem, i.e., the generation and dispersion of air pollutants. The interrelationships between air quality and the intensity and spatial distribution of human activity need to be identified more precisely. Feasible means of positively influencing air quality through planning actions need to be determined.
TL;DR: The physician should be prepared to counsel susceptible patients on avoiding and reducing risks and to give them special attention to avoid and reduce risks.
Abstract: Air pollution can be a minor health problem or a threat to life The physician should be prepared to counsel susceptible patients on avoiding and reducing risks and to give them special attention d
01 Dec 1973
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors describe the development of a computer model that can be used to determine the impact of an existing or planned airport on the air quality in its vicinity, supported by an air quality monitoring and emission activity data acquisition program.
Abstract: : The report describes the development of a computer model that can be used to determine the impact of an existing or planned airport on the air quality in its vicinity. The model development was supported by an air quality monitoring and emission activity data acquisition program. O'Hare International Airport, Chicago, Illinois, and Orange County Airport, Los Angeles, California was selected as test sites, each being representative of a predominantly commercial airport and a predominantly general aviation report, respectively. The activity simulation and air quality model are discussed. Results of the computations of air quality concentrations and comparisons with observations are presented. (Author)
TL;DR: A collaborative test of the method specified for carbon monoxide, nondispersive infrared spectrometry (NDIR), involved an NDIR instrument in combination with different procedures for eliminating water vapor interference and produced the following results.
Abstract: The Methods Standardization Branch of the Environmental Protection Agency, National Environmental Research Center, has undertaken a program to standardize methods used in measuring air pollutants covered by the national primary and secondary air quality standards. This paper presents the results of a collaborative test of the method specified for carbon monoxide. The test involved analysis of CO in air samples (in cylinders) by participating laboratories. Three concentrations, covering the range of the method which is, 0 to 58 mg/m3, were analyzed dry and humidified on each of three days by 15 collaborators. The method of analysis, nondispersive infrared spectrometry (NDIR), involved an NDIR instrument in combination with different procedures for eliminating water vapor interference. A statistical analysis of the data obtained produced the following results: 1. The checking limit for duplicates (replication error) is 0.5 mg/m3. 2. The repeatability (variation within a laboratory) is 1.6 mg/m3. 3. The repr...
Journal Article•
TL;DR: An urban diffusion model has been developed that uses urban transportation planning variables, such as speeds, volumes, and distances on network links, together with readily available meteorological data to forecast concentrations of carbon monozide in an urban area as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: An urban diffusion model has been developed that uses urban transportation planning variables, such as speeds, volumes, and distances on network links, together with readily available meteorological data to forecast concentrations of carbon monozide in an urban area. The model includes a submodel that computes carbon monozide concentrations in urban street canyons, taking account of carbon monoxide. The model is particularly well suited to evaluation of the relative air pollution potential of alternative urban highway networks. It can also be used to evaluate alternative strategies for meeting air quality standards and to indicate sites for air quality monitoring stations. The model has been validated in a 2-year program that has included comparison of historical data from continuous air-monitoring stations and instrumented sites in St. Louis and San Jose. The model will be expanded to take account of other pollutants such as oxides of nitrogen. /Author/