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Showing papers on "Air quality index published in 2010"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present an assessment of the contribution of gaseous and particulate emissions from oceangoing shipping to anthropogenic emissions and air quality, and assess the degradation in human health and climate change created by these emissions.

739 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Two types of normalization, background and edge-of-road, were applied to the observed concentrations, and differences between the normalization methods arose due to the likely bias inherent in background normalization.
Abstract: Despite increasing regulatory attention and literature linking roadside air pollution to health outcomes, studies on near roadway air quality have not yet been well synthesized. We employ data collected from 1978 as reported in 41 roadside monitoring studies, encompassing more than 700 air pollutant concentration measurements, published as of June 2008. Two types of normalization, background and edge-of-road, were applied to the observed concentrations. Local regression models were specified to the concentration-distance relationship and analysis of variance was used to determine the statistical significance of trends. Using an edge-of-road normalization, almost all pollutants decay to background by 115−570 m from the edge of road; using the more standard background normalization, almost all pollutants decay to background by 160−570 m from the edge of road. Differences between the normalization methods arose due to the likely bias inherent in background normalization, since some reported background values...

607 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Facing the overlap of traditional, modern, and emerging environmental dilemmas, China has committed substantial resources to environmental improvement and has the opportunity to address its national environmental health challenges and to assume a central role in the international effort to improve the global environment.

391 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: To date, the assessment of public health consequences of air pollution has largely focused on a single-pollutant approach aimed at estimating the increased risk of adverse health outcomes associated with the Exposure to a single air pollutant, adjusted for the exposure to other air pollutants.
Abstract: To date, the assessment of public health consequences of air pollution has largely focused on a single-pollutant approach aimed at estimating the increased risk of adverse health outcomes associated with the exposure to a single air pollutant, adjusted for the exposure to other air pollutants. However, air masses always contain many pollutants in differing amounts, depending on the types of emission sources and atmospheric conditions. Because humans are simultaneously exposed to a complex mixture of air pollutants, many organizations have encouraged moving towards "a multipollutant approach to air quality." Although there is general agreement that multipollutant approaches are desirable, the challenges of implementing them are vast.

377 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present an analysis of the barriers and opportunities for incorporating air quality co-benefits into climate policy assessments, and find that full inclusion of co-benefit depends on a better valuation of climate damages.
Abstract: We present an analysis of the barriers and opportunities for incorporating air quality co-benefits into climate policy assessments. It is well known that many strategies for reducing greenhouse gas emissions also decrease emissions of health-damaging air pollutants and precursor species, including particulate matter, nitrogen oxides, and sulfur dioxide. In a survey of previous studies we found a range of estimates for the air quality co-benefits of climate change mitigation of $2- 196/tCO2 with a mean of $49/tCO2, and the highest co-benefits found in developing countries. These values, although of a similar order of magnitude to abatement cost estimates, are only rarely included in integrated assessments of climate policy. Full inclusion of these co-benefits would have pervasive implications for climate policy in areas including: optimal policy stringency, overall costs, distributional effects, robustness to discount rates, incentives for international cooperation, and the value of adaptation, forests, and climate engineering relative to mitigation. Under-valuation results in part from uncertainty in climatic damages, valuation inconsistency, and institutional barriers. Because policy debates are framed in terms of cost minimization, policy makers are unlikely to fully value air quality co-benefits unless they can be compared on an equivalent basis with the benefits of avoided climatic damages. While air quality co-benefits have been prominently portrayed as a hedge against uncertainty in the benefits of climate change abatement, this assessment finds that full inclusion of co-benefits depends on—rather than substitutes for—better valuation of climate damages.

363 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the first results of the measurements of trace gases and aerosols at three surface sites in and outside Beijing before and during the 2008 Olympics were presented, which indicated the success of the government's efforts in reducing emissions of SO2, CO, and VOCs in Beijing, but increased regional emissions during 2005-2008.
Abstract: . This paper presents the first results of the measurements of trace gases and aerosols at three surface sites in and outside Beijing before and during the 2008 Olympics. The official air pollution index near the Olympic Stadium and the data from our nearby site revealed an obvious association between air quality and meteorology and different responses of secondary and primary pollutants to the control measures. Ambient concentrations of vehicle-related nitrogen oxides (NOx) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) at an urban site dropped by 25% and 20–45% in the first two weeks after full control was put in place, but the levels of ozone, sulfate and nitrate in PM2.5 increased by 16%, 64%, 37%, respectively, compared to the period prior to the full control; wind data and back trajectories indicated the contribution of regional pollution from the North China Plain. Air quality (for both primary and secondary pollutants) improved significantly during the Games, which were also associated with the changes in weather conditions (prolonged rainfall, decreased temperature, and more frequent air masses from clean regions). A comparison of the ozone data at three sites on eight ozone-pollution days, when the air masses were from the southeast-south-southwest sector, showed that regional pollution sources contributed >34–88% to the peak ozone concentrations at the urban site in Beijing. Regional sources also contributed significantly to the CO concentrations in urban Beijing. Ozone production efficiencies at two sites were low (~3 ppbv/ppbv), indicating that ozone formation was being controlled by VOCs. Compared with data collected in 2005 at a downwind site, the concentrations of ozone, sulfur dioxide (SO2), total sulfur (SO2+PM2.5 sulfate), carbon monoxide (CO), reactive aromatics (toluene and xylenes) sharply decreased (by 8–64%) in 2008, but no significant changes were observed for the concentrations of PM2.5, fine sulfate, total odd reactive nitrogen (NOy), and longer lived alkanes and benzene. We suggest that these results indicate the success of the government's efforts in reducing emissions of SO2, CO, and VOCs in Beijing, but increased regional emissions during 2005–2008. More stringent control of regional emissions will be needed for significant reductions of ozone and fine particulate pollution in Beijing.

336 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
Shuxiao Wang1, Meng Zhao1, Jia Xing1, Ye Wu1, Yu Zhou1, Yu Lei1, Kebin He1, Lixin Fu1, Jiming Hao1 
TL;DR: The CMAQ model was used to simulate Beijing's ambient air quality during the Olympic Games and results accurately reflect the environmental monitoring data providing evidence that the emission inventories in this study are reasonably accurate and quantitatively reflect the emission changes attributable to air pollution control measures taken during the 29th Olympic Games.
Abstract: Air quality was a vital concern for the Beijing Olympic Games in 2008. To strictly control air pollutant emissions and ensure good air quality for the Games, Beijing municipal government announced ...

335 citations


Journal Article
TL;DR: A more severe immunoglobulin (Ig) E-mediated response to aeroallergens and airway inflammation could account for increasing prevalence of allergic respiratory diseases in polluted urban areas.
Abstract: The incidence of allergic respiratory diseases and bronchial asthma appears to be increasing worldwide, and people living in urban areas more frequently experience these conditions than those living in rural areas. One of the several causes of the rise in morbidity associated with allergic respiratory diseases is the increased presence of outdoor air pollutants resulting from more intense energy consumption and exhaust emissions from cars and other vehicles. Urban air pollution is now a serious public health hazard. Laboratory studies confirm epidemiologic evidence that air pollution adversely affects lung function in asthmatics. Damage to airway mucous membranes and impaired mucociliary clearance caused by air pollution may facilitate access of inhaled allergens to the cells of the immune system, thus promoting sensitization of the airway. Consequently, a more severe immunoglobulin (Ig) E-mediated response to aeroallergens and airway inflammation could account for increasing prevalence of allergic respiratory diseases in polluted urban areas. The most abundant components of urban air pollution in urban areas with high levels of vehicle traffic are airborne particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide, and ozone. In addition, the earth's temperature is increasing, mainly as a result of anthropogenic factors (e.g., fossil fuel combustion and greenhouse gas emissions from energy supply, transport, industry, and agriculture), and climate change alters the concentration and distribution of air pollutants and interferes with the seasonal presence of allergenic pollens in the atmosphere by prolonging these periods.

335 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a new spreadsheet model, Risk of Mortality/Morbidity due to Air Pollution (Ri-MAP), is used to estimate the excess numbers of deaths and illnesses.

325 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present an overview of past, present and future emissions from land transport, of their impacts on the atmospheric composition and air quality, on human health and climate change and on options for mitigation.

315 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A new data aggregation algorithm named Recursive Converging Quartiles (RCQ) is used to merge data to eliminate duplicates, filter out invalid readings and summarise them into a simpler form which significantly reduce the amount of data to be transmitted to the sink and thus saving energy.
Abstract: Sensor networks are currently an active research area mainly due to the potential of their applications. In this paper we investigate the use of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) for air pollution monitoring in Mauritius. With the fast growing industrial activities on the island, the problem of air pollution is becoming a major concern for the health of the population. We proposed an innovative system named Wireless Sensor Network Air Pollution Monitoring System (WAPMS) to monitor air pollution in Mauritius through the use of wireless sensors deployed in huge numbers around the island. The proposed system makes use of an Air Quality Index (AQI) which is presently not available in Mauritius. In order to improve the efficiency of WAPMS, we have designed and implemented a new data aggregation algorithm named Recursive Converging Quartiles (RCQ). The algorithm is used to merge data to eliminate duplicates, filter out invalid readings and summarise them into a simpler form which significantly reduce the amount of data to be transmitted to the sink and thus saving energy. For better power management we used a hierarchical routing protocol in WAPMS and caused the motes to sleep during idle time.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: There are relatively stronger inter-pollutant correlations at the stations of Gombak and Shah Alam, and the results suggest that heavy traffic flow induces high concentrations of PM10, CO, NO2 and SO2 at the three sampling stations.
Abstract: Over the last decades, the development of the Klang Valley (Malaysia), as an urban commercial and industrial area, has elevated the risk of atmospheric pollutions. There are several significant sources of air pollutants which vary depending on the background of the location they originate from. The aim of this study is to determine the trend and status of air quality and their correlation with the meteorological factors at different air quality monitoring stations in the Klang Valley. The data of five major air pollutants (PM10, CO, SO2, O3, NO2) were recorded at the Alam Sekitar Sdn Bhd (ASMA) monitoring stations in the Klang Valley, namely Petaling Jaya (S1), Shah Alam (S2) and Gombak (S3). The data from these three stations were compared with the data recorded at Jerantut, Pahang (B), a background station established by the Malaysian Department of Environment. Results show that the concentrations of CO, NO2 and SO2 are higher at Petaling Jaya (S1) which is due to influence of heavy traffic. The concentrations of PM10 and O3, however, are predominantly related to regional tropical factors, such as the influence of biomass burning and of ultra violet radiation from sunlight. They can, though, also be influenced by local sources. There are relatively stronger inter-pollutant correlations at the stations of Gombak and Shah Alam, and the results also suggest that heavy traffic flow induces high concentrations of PM10, CO, NO2 and SO2 at the three sampling stations. Additionally, meteorological factors, particularly the ambient temperature and wind speed, may influence the concentration of PM10 in the atmosphere.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Current state-of-the-art and recent developments in relevant areas such as sorbent research, sampler design, enhanced approaches to analytical quality assurance and on-tube derivatisation are presented.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is shown that aircraft cruise emissions impact human health over a hemispheric scale and provided the first estimate of premature mortalities attributable to aircraft emissions globally, and recommended that cruise emissions be explicitly considered in the development of policies, technologies and operational procedures designed to mitigate the air quality impacts of air transportation.
Abstract: Aircraft emissions impact human health though degradation of air quality. The majority of previous analyses of air quality impacts from aviation have considered only landing and takeoff emissions. We show that aircraft cruise emissions impact human health over a hemispheric scale and provide the first estimate of premature mortalities attributable to aircraft emissions globally. We estimate ∼8000 premature mortalities per year are attributable to aircraft cruise emissions. This represents ∼80% of the total impact of aviation (where the total includes the effects of landing and takeoff emissions), and ∼1% of air quality-related premature mortalities from all sources. However, we note that the impact of landing and takeoff emissions is likely to be under-resolved. Secondary H2SO4−HNO3−NH3 aerosols are found to dominate mortality impacts. Due to the altitude and region of the atmosphere at which aircraft emissions are deposited, the extent of transboundary air pollution is particularly strong. For example, w...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the ambient air quality monitoring data of 2006 and 2007 from a recently established Pearl River Delta (PRD) regional air quality sampling network are analyzed to investigate the characteristics of ground-level ozone in the region.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Results show strong variation between day and nighttime concentrations and among the seasons, suggesting petrochemical storage facilities as the major source of atmospheric hydrocarbons.
Abstract: Urban ambient air concentrations of 39 aromatic (including benzene, toluene, and xylenes) and aliphatic volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were measured in Yokohama city, Japan. Yokohama city was selected as a case study to assess the amount of VOC released from Industrial area to characterize the ambient air quality with respect to VOC as well as to know the impact of petrochemical storage facilities on local air quality. For this purpose, ambient air samples were collected (from June 2007 to November 2008) at six selected locations which are designated as industrial, residential, or commercial areas. To find out the diurnal variations of VOC, hourly nighttime sampling was carried out for three nights at one of the industrial locations (Shiohama). Samples were analyzed using gas chromatographic system (GC-FID). Results show strong variation between day and nighttime concentrations and among the seasons. Aliphatic fractions were most abundant, suggesting petrochemical storage facilities as the major source of atmospheric hydrocarbons. High concentrations of benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, and xylene (BTEX) were observed at industrial locations. BTEX showed strong diurnal variation which is attributed to change in meteorology. During our campaign, low ambient VOC concentrations were observed at the residential site.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a novel approach for the assessment of parameters reflecting site representativeness is presented, taking emissions, deposition and transport towards 34 sites covering Western and Central Europe into account.
Abstract: . The atmospheric layer closest to the ground is strongly influenced by variable surface fluxes (emissions, surface deposition) and can therefore be very heterogeneous. In order to perform air quality measurements that are representative of a larger domain or a certain degree of pollution, observatories are placed away from population centres or within areas of specific population density. Sites are often categorised based on subjective criteria that are not uniformly applied by the atmospheric community within different administrative domains yielding an inconsistent global air quality picture. A novel approach for the assessment of parameters reflecting site representativeness is presented here, taking emissions, deposition and transport towards 34 sites covering Western and Central Europe into account. These parameters are directly inter-comparable among the sites and can be used to select sites that are, on average, more or less suitable for data assimilation and comparison with satellite and model data. Advection towards these sites was simulated by backward Lagrangian Particle Dispersion Modelling (LPDM) to determine the sites' average catchment areas for the year 2005 and advection times of 12, 24 and 48 h. Only variations caused by emissions and transport during these periods were considered assuming that these dominate the short-term variability of most but especially short lived trace gases. The derived parameters describing representativeness were compared between sites and a novel, uniform and observation-independent categorisation of the sites based on a clustering approach was established. Six groups of European background sites were identified ranging from generally remote to more polluted agglomeration sites. These six categories explained 50 to 80% of the inter-site variability of median mixing ratios and their standard deviation for NO2 and O3, while differences between group means of the longer-lived trace gas CO were insignificant. The derived annual catchment areas strongly depended on the applied LPDM and input wind fields, the catchment settings and the year of analysis. Nevertheless, the parameters describing representativeness showed considerably less variability than the catchment geometry, supporting the applicability of the derived station categorisation.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The U.S. EPA Models-3 Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) modeling system with the process analysis tool is applied to China to study the seasonal variations and formation mechanisms of major air pollutants as discussed by the authors.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors predicted air quality concentrations of PM 2.5, NO x, and benzene in New Haven, CT using hybrid modeling techniques based on CMAQ and AERMOD model results.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors collected data for a period of 4 years (2005-2008) at 13 locations in Ahmedabad, a mega city in Gujarat State in western India, with respirable dust samplers (RDSs).
Abstract: Urban air pollution is rapidly becoming an environmental problem of public concern worldwide It can influence public health and local/regional weather and climate In the present study, airborne particulate pollutants data were collected for a period of 4 years (2005–2008) at 13 locations in Ahmedabad, a mega city in Gujarat State in western India The particulate pollutants data were collected by the Gujarat Pollution Control Board with respirable dust samplers (RDSs) The observed Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) concentrations varied from 660 to 7860 µg/m3, and concentrations of Particulate Matter of aerodynamic diameters less than 10 microns (PM10) ranged between 170 to 3270 µg/m3 The seasonal- and annual-average concentrations of the two pollutants were mostly above Indian air quality standards and were generally comparable with those observed in most other Indian urban areas During this study period, there was a continuous decrease of particulate pollutants concentrations within Ahmedabad; however, the concentrations were just above the permissible limits set by the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) These particulate pollutants concentrations were compared with meteorological variables such as rainfall, humidity, temperature, and wind speed Both SPM and PM10 showed significant negative correlations with rainfall An Air Quality Index (AQI) was calculated for all stations for all months AQI values varied from 25 to 1933 AQI was high in summer season and low in monsoon season AQI values varied from Good (0–50) to Hazardous (300–500) On the basis of the AQI scale, it is found that the atmospheric environment of Ahmedabad is moderately polluted to unhealthy range

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, an integrated approach for assessing ambient air quality and population exposure as a result of road passenger transportation in large urban areas is described, where a microsimulation activity-based travel demand model for the Greater Toronto Area is extended with capabilities for modelling and mapping of traffic emissions and atmospheric dispersion.
Abstract: This paper describes the development of an integrated approach for assessing ambient air quality and population exposure as a result of road passenger transportation in large urban areas. A microsimulation activity-based travel demand model for the Greater Toronto Area – the Travel Activity Scheduler for Household Agents – is extended with capabilities for modelling and mapping of traffic emissions and atmospheric dispersion. Hourly link-based emissions and zone-based soak emissions were estimated. In addition, hourly roadway emissions were dispersed at a high spatial resolution and the resulting ambient air concentrations were linked with individual time-activity patterns derived from the model to assess person-level daily exposure. The method results in an explicit representation of the temporal and spatial variation in emissions, ambient air quality, and population exposure.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is argued that models proposed here can be used in urban air pollution forecasting by producing considerably lower error than the non-geographic plain model.
Abstract: An early warning system for air quality control requires an accurate and dependable forecasting of pollutants in the air. In this study methods based on geographic forecasting models using neural networks (GFM_NN) are presented. The air pollutant data from 10 different air quality monitoring stations in Istanbul was used in forecasting sulfur dioxide (SO"2), carbon monoxide (CO) and particulate matter (PM"1"0) levels 3days in advance for the Besiktas district. Daily meteorological forecasts as well as the air pollutant indicator values were used as input to feed-forward back-propagation neural networks. The experimental verification of the models was conducted in one-year period between August 2005 and August 2006. The observed and forecasted bands were used to compute the forecasting error. The simplest geographic model proposed uses the observed air pollution indicator values from a selected neighboring district. Where as the second model uses two neighboring districts instead of one. A third model considers the distance between the triangulating districts and the district whose air pollutant level is being forecasted. Each model is tested with at least two different sets of sites. The findings are quite satisfactory. When the right neighboring districts are chosen, the geographic models always yield lower error than non-geographic models. The distance-based geographic model produces considerably lower error than the non-geographic plain model. We argue that models proposed here can be used in urban air pollution forecasting.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors analysed the long-term trends of air pollution from a background site in central London and found that ozone has an annual cycle with a maximum in May, influenced by the spring maximum in background ozone, but the diurnal and weekly cycles are dominated by losses through reaction with nitrogen oxide.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: An enhanced PM2.5 air quality forecast model based on nonlinear regression (NLR) and back-trajectory concentrations has been developed for use in the Louisville, Kentucky metropolitan area as discussed by the authors.

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Dec 2010-Energy
TL;DR: In this article, the actual performance of five identical pairs of roof-top PV-panels, operating in the aggravated urban environment of Athens (from the atmospheric air pollution point of view), is currently evaluated.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The SPECIATE v4.2 database as mentioned in this paper is a repository of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and particulate matter (PM) speciation profiles of air pollution sources.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors reported the first aircraft measurements of atmospheric trace gases, aerosols, and clouds over this part of China, a region strongly affected by both natural desert dust and pollution smog.
Abstract: [1] North China (Huabei in Chinese) is a geographical region located between 32°N and 42°N latitude in eastern China, including several provinces and large municipalities (e.g., Beijing and Tianjin). In the past decades the region has experienced dramatic changes in air quality and climate. Among the multiple causes aerosol pollution is expected to play a particularly important role. To investigate this, a field measurement campaign was performed in April–May 2006 as part of the project Influence of Pollution on Aerosols and Cloud Microphysics in North China. Here we report the first aircraft measurements of atmospheric trace gases, aerosols, and clouds over this part of China, a region strongly affected by both natural desert dust and pollution smog. We observed very high concentrations of gaseous air pollutants and haze particles, partly together with nonprecipitating stratiform clouds. The clouds were characterized by numerous droplets, much smaller than in a less-polluted atmosphere. Our data reveal that the highly efficient coating of dust particles by pollution acids provides the predominant source of cloud condensation nuclei. The pollution-enhanced activation of dust particles into droplets is shown to be remarkably efficient so that clouds even form below 100% relative humidity. Contrary to previous analyses, we find that the haze particles influence the spectral shape of the cloud droplet size distribution such that the indirect climate cooling effect of aerosols on clouds is increased. The widespread haze, combined with low clouds, diminishes air quality and exerts an unusually strong cooling forcing on climate.

Journal ArticleDOI
Bo Wang1, Min Shao1, Sihua Lu1, Bin Yuan1, Yue Zhao1, Min Wang1, Sheng Zhang1, Di Wu1 
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors evaluated the impacts of the 2008 Beijing Olympics on the variation of ambient non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) and found that emissions from target sources were obviously reduced, and reductions in vehicle exhaust could explain 48-82% of the reductions of ambient NMHCs.
Abstract: . In conjunction with hosting the 2008 Beijing Olympics, the municipal government implemented a series of stringent air quality control measures. To assess the impacts on variation of ambient non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs), the whole air was sampled by canisters at one urban site and two suburban sites in Beijing, and 55 NMHC species were quantified by gas chromatography equipped with a quadrupole mass spectrometer and a flame ionization detector (GC/MSD/FID) as parts of the field Campaign for the Beijing Olympic Games Air Quality program (CareBeijing). According to the control measures, the data were presented according to four periods: 18–30 June, 8–19 July, 15–24 August (during the Olympic Games), and 6–15 September (during the Paralympic Games). Compared with the levels in June, the mixing ratios of NMHCs obtained in the Olympic and Paralympic Games periods were reduced by 35% and 25%, respectively. Source contributions were calculated using a chemical mass balance model (CMB 8.2). After implementing the control measures, emissions from target sources were obviously reduced, and reductions in vehicle exhaust could explain 48–82% of the reductions of ambient NMHCs. Reductions in emissions from gasoline evaporation, paint and solvent use, and the chemical industry contributed 9–40%, 3–24%, and 1–5%, respectively, to reductions of ambient NMHCs. Sources of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and biogenic emissions were not controlled, and contributions from these sources from July to September were stable or even higher than in June. Ozone formation potentials (OFPs) were calculated for the measured NMHCs. The total OFPs during the Olympic and Paralympic Games were reduced by 48% and 32%, respectively, compared with values in June. Reductions in the OFPs of alkenes and aromatics explained 77–92% of total OFP reductions. The alkenes and aromatics were mainly from vehicle exhausts, and reductions of vehicle exhaust gases explained 67–87% of reductions in alkenes and 38–80% of reductions in aromatics. These findings demonstrate the effectiveness of the air quality control measures enacted for the 2008 Olympics and indicate that controlling vehicular emissions could be the most important measure to improve air quality in Beijing.

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Nov 2010-Energy
TL;DR: In this article, an integrated approach, combining an energy projection model, an emission estimation model, and an air quality simulation model, was developed to assess the co-benefits of two different sets of energy policies of China.