Showing papers on "Alcohol fuel published in 1981"

Dual fuel supply system and method for an internal combustion engine

Abstract: A method and system is disclosed for supplying an internal combustion engine with a plurality of fuels wherein a first fuel source 10 which is conventional lead-free gasoline is provided and a second source of fuel 12 which consists of from 180 to 190 proof ethanol is provided as a second fuel source. The fuels are maintained separately and are fed to the intake manifold 18 of the internal combustion engines separately and simultaneously via injection valves 34 and 36. Upon injection to the heated intake manifold, the fuels are vaporized and mixed in the vapor phase prior to combustion in the combustion chambers 32. An electric coil 46 is provided for heating the alcohol fuel and enhancing vaporization. The method also includes injecting water vapor into the combustion chamber with the gasoline and alcohol in the ratio of 0.5 to 2.5 percent and of including either Diethanolaminebenzoate, Dimethylbenzalkoniumchloride, Dicyclohexylaminenitrite, and/or Mercaptobenzothiazole as corrosion inhibitors.

The Effects of Fuel Properties and Composition on Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions - A Review

Abstract: Due to the cost and mobility advantages of diesel-powered mine vehicles over electric vehicles, it is anticipated that the diesel engine will become more widely used in underground mines in this country. Concern has arisen, however, over the impact of diesel exhaust emissions on the air quality in the underground mine environment. A literature search has been conducted, however, the data base is relatively small and the results highly dependent on engine type and operating conditions. Engine studies on a typical mine diesel are necessary to draw quantitative conclusions regarding the reduction of emissions, especially particulates and NO/sub 2/ which have not been generally addressed in previous studies. 52 refs.

Engine Performance Using Butanol Fuel Blends

Abstract: THE increased use and rise in cost of petroleum fuels has stimulated interest in alcohol as a motor fuel. Ethyl alcohol (ethanol) has received attention since it can easily be produced from renewable resources such as grain. N-butyl alcohol (butanol) can also be produced by a fermentation process and compared to ethanol has several advantages as a fuel supplement. An analysis of gasoline and diesel engine performance was made as the percentage of butanol in the fuel was varied from 0 to 20 percent for the gasoline engine and from 0 to 50 percent for the diesel engine. Parameters measured were torque output and fuel consumption. The effect of butanol on octane rating of gasoline was also de-termined.

Fuel ethanol from biomass: production, economics and energy

Abstract: A review and discussion of the raw materials and recent modifications in EtOH manufacture as well as the economic and energy issues involved (Refs 55)

The Effects of Alcohol Fuels and Fully Formulated Lubricants on Engine Wear

Abstract: An investigation of the effects of alcohol fuels and lubricant formulations on spark ignition engine wear and deposition was made Tests were conducted using near methanol, anhydrous ethanol, and alcohol blends as fuel in a 23-liter engine using a modified ASTM Sequence V-D test procedure

Development and testing of crankcase lubricants for alcohol fueled engines

Abstract: This paper describes results of a program to develop crankcase lubricants suitable for service with ethanol fuel over a wide temperature range. Engine wear at low temperatures was found to be the major problem. A low temperature Sequence V-D (PV-1) test provided a suitable environment for lubricant evaluation. Service station oils at the API SE and SF quality levels were developed based on consideration of their wear and corrosion inhibition when emulsified with ethanol. They were found to reduce critical wear parameters in the low temperature V-D test. 5 refs.

The Impact of Increased Alcohol Production on Agriculture: A Simulation Study

Abstract: This paper seeks to estimate the upward slope of the supply curve of ethanol by estimating the response of agricultural prices to various levels of corn alcohol production. An alcohol fuel program is, on the other hand, an agricultural policy as well as an energy policy. So a second purpose is to predict the impact of increased alcohol fuel production on important dimensions of US agriculture. The US agricultural economy as modeled in the NIRAP program appears to be capable of adjusting without major difficulties to even high levels of fuel alcohol production. The price of corn and cost of alcohol would rise significantly, but not so high as to rule out the possibility of replacing with alcohol a tenth of current gasoline consumption. This prediction of great responsiveness by American agriculture is not surprising in view of its historical ability to adjust to shocks at least as large as those resulting from high levels of alcohol production. The extensiveness of the relationships modeled in NIRAP not only gives insights into the indirect effects of increased alcohol production but also probably accounts for why the direct effects are so mitigated. 10 references, 1 table.

Minimally refined biomass fuel

Abstract: A minimally refined fluid composition, suitable as a fuel mixture and derived from biomass material, is comprised of one or more water-soluble carbohydrates such as sucrose, one or more alcohols having less than four carbons, and water. The carbohydrate provides the fuel source; water solubilizes the carbohydrates; and the alcohol aids in the combustion of the carbohydrate and reduces the vicosity of the carbohydrate/water solution. Because less energy is required to obtain the carbohydrate from the raw biomass than alcohol, an overall energy savings is realized compared to fuels employing alcohol as the primary fuel.

Methanol fuel and methanol fuel additives

Abstract: Methanol fuels are modified by the addition of materials which provide required lubricity and protection for engine parts while retaining compatability with the methanol fuel. Methanol fuel is methanol itself or any fuel containing a majority of methanol by volume. In addition, these additives help lubricate cylinder walls and decrease wear and corrosion.

A Comparison of the Emissions of Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons from Automobiles Using Gasoline or a Methanol/Gasoline Blend

Abstract: Individual polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) were measured in the exhaust gas from gasoline and gasoline/methanol fueled vehicles. Driving cycle tests as well as constant speed conditions were used. Exhaust emission samples were collected on filters together with a condenser. Eleven PAHs were quantified by gas chromatography and FID. PAHs in the fuels were also determined.

Fumigation of Alcohol in a Light Duty Automotive Diesel Engine

Abstract: A light-duty automotive Diesel engine was fumigated with methanol in amounts up to 35% and 50% of the total fuel energy respectively in order to determine the effect of alcohol fumigation on engine performance at various operating conditons Engine fuel efficiency, emissions, smoke, and the occurrence of severe knock were the parameters used to evaluate performance Raw exhaust particulate and its soluble organic extract were screened for biological activity using the Ames Salmonella typhimurium assay Results are given for a test matrix made up of twelve steady-state operating conditions For all conditions except the 1/4 rack (light load) condition, modest thermal efficiency gains were noted upon ethanol fumigation Methanol showed the same increase at 3/4 and full rack (high load) conditions However, engine roughness or the occurrence of severe knock limited the maximum amount of alcohol that could be fumigated Brake specific nitrogen oxide concentrations were found to decrease for all ethanol conditions tested Oxides of nitrogen emissions, on a volume basis, decreased for all alcohol conditions tested Based on the limited particulate data analyzed, it appears that ethanol fumigation, like methanol fumigation, while lowering the mass of particulated emitted, does enhance the biological activity of that particulate

Alcohol fuel conversion apparatus for internal combustion engines

Abstract: Alcohol fuel conversion apparatus for internal combustion engines including a fuel tank, a fuel pump, a primary heat exchanger, a heat source, a converter and a carburetor. The pump delivers pressurized liquid alcohol to the primary heat exchanger where the alcohol fuel is heated above the vaporization point at ambient pressure. The heated fuel is next delivered to the converter where the super-heated liquid alcohol is vaporized at reduced pressure. The alcohol is then delivered to the carburetor where the vaporized alcohol is metered and mixed with air for proper combustion. The air-fuel mixture, in gaseous form is then delivered to the intake system of a conventional internal combustion engine. A fuel pre-heater assembly utilizing waste heat from the engine may also be provided.

Formation and control of aldehydes in alcohol fueled engines

Abstract: Aldehyde formation and emissions from alcohol fueled engines are presented in this paper Several chemical kinetic models on the mechanism leading to aldehyde formation have been examined to explore the appropriate control methods to reduce exhaust aldehyde emissions Control of aldehydes in exhaust emissions by suitable alteration of engine operating parameters, by in cylinder treatment with additives like aniline and water, by external treatment like airpreheating, secondary air injection cooling water rate and exhaust treatment are examined The concept of surface ignition for alcohol fuels is briefly presented as a long range objective for using alcohols with minimal aldehyde emissions

Performance and emissions characteristics of aqueous alcohol fumes in a DI diesel engine

Abstract: A single cylinder DI Diesel engine was fumigated with ethanol and methanol in amounts up to 55% of the total fuel energy. The effects of aqueous alcohol fumigation on engine thermal efficiency, combustion intensity and gaseous exhaust emissions were determined. Assessment of changes in the biological activity of raw particulate and its soluble organic fraction were also made using the Salmonella typhimurium test. Alcohol fumigation improved thermal efficiency slightly at moderate and heavy loads, but increased ignition delay at all operating conditions. Carbon monoxide and unburned hydrocarbon emission generally increased with alcohol fumigation and showed no dependence on alcohol type or quality. Oxide of nitrogen emission showed a strong dependence on alcohol quality; relative emission levels decreased with increasing water content of the fumigant. Particulate mass loading rates were lower for ethanol fueled conditions. However, the biological activity of both the raw particulate and its soluble organic fraction was enhanced by ethanol fumigation at most operating conditions.

Demonstration of dissociated methanol as an automotive fuel: system performance

Abstract: The results are presented of system performance testing of an automotive system devised to provide hydrogen-rich gases to an internal combustion engine by dissociating methanol on board the vehicle. The dissociation of methanol absorbs heat from the engine exhaust and increases the lower heating value of the fuel by 22%. The engine thermal efficiency is increased by raising the compression ratio and burning with excess air.

Process for the production of a "fuel grade" mixture of methanol and higher alcohols

Abstract: PROCESS FOR THE PRODUCTION OF A "FUEL GRADE" MIXTURE OF METHANOL AND HIGHER ALCOHOLS. ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE: A process is disclosed for the production of a "fuel grade" mixture of aliphatic alcohols whereby the gaseous stream exiting a synthesis reactor for synthesizing alcohols from CO and hydrogen is fed, upon cooling, to a converter wherein the equilibrium reaction between CO and steam is caused to take place, and the resultant gas mixture is cooled, whereupon the liquid condensate is collected, which consists of a mixture of "fuel grade" aliphatic alcohols, containing minimal. amounts of water, and the residual gases are recirculated, re-synthesized and reconverted.

Compatibility of alternative fuels with advanced automotive gas turbine and stirling engines. A literature survey

Abstract: The application of alternative fuels in advanced automotive gas turbine and Stirling engines is discussed on the basis of a literature survey. These alternative engines are briefly described, and the aspects that will influence fuel selection are identified. Fuel properties and combustion properties are discussed, with consideration given to advanced materials and components. Alternative fuels from petroleum, coal, oil shale, alcohol, and hydrogen are discussed, and some background is given about the origin and production of these fuels. Fuel requirements for automotive gas turbine and Stirling engines are developed, and the need for certain reseach efforts is discussed. Future research efforts planned at Lewis are described.

A New Look at the Utilization of Alternate Fuels for Diesel Engines - IDIS

Abstract: A new and unique dual-fuel injection system has been developed for high speed automotive diesel engines. This system has two features. One is that alternate fuels such as methanol, ethanol and biomass, are directly inducted into the fuel injection pipe through a one-way check valve under pressure, and blended fuels are simultaneously injected into the combustion chamber. The other is that various kinds of fuel can be easily adapted to this system not dependent upon the fuel properties such as viscosity. Using a single cylinder direct injection diesel engine and ethanol as an alternate fuel, injection characteristics and exhaust gas emissions were investigated.

Emission characterization of an alcohol/diesel-pilot fueled compression-ignition engine and its heavy-duty diesel counterpart

Abstract: This report describes results from emissions testing of a prototype diesel engine, developed by Volvo Truck Corporation of Sweden, which uses pilot injection of diesel fuel for compression ignition of alcohol fuel injection for main combustion. In addition to this dual-fuel engine, emission testing was also conducted on a heavy-duty diesel engine of similar design. Both engines were tested over the 1979 13-mode FTP, or shorter versions of this modal test, and over the 1984 Transient FTP as well as an experimental bus cycle. The dual-fuel engine was characterized with methanol, ethanol and ethanol with 30 percent water (wt %). An oxidation catalyst was also used with methanol and ethanol. Emission characterization included regulated emissions (HC, CO, and NOx) along with total particulate, unburned alcohols, individual hydrocarbons, aldehydes, C,H,S, metal content, and soluble organic fraction. The in terms of particle size distribution, sulfate content, H, S, metal content, and soluble organic fraction. The soluble organic fraction was studied by determining its elemental composition (C,H,S,N), boiling point distribution, BaP content, relative make-up of polar compounds, and bioactivity by Ames testing.

Emission characteristics of methanol fueled vehicles using feedback carburetion and three way catalysts

Abstract: In previous studies, alcohols have shown a potential for lowering the emissions of regulated species. In order to assess three-way catalyst performance on alcohol fuels, three 1978 Ford Pintos were retrofitted to run on neat methanol fuel. Over 30,000 vehicle miles were accumulated during an 18-month period. Driveability, fuel economy and emission histories (CVS-78) were obtained. Catalytic system efficiency for both methanol and gasoline were evaluated. 15 refs.

Emission characterization of an alcohol/diesel-pilot fueled compression-ignition engine and its heavy-duty diesel counterpart. Final report, August 1980-August 1981

Abstract: This report describes results from emissions testing of a prototype diesel engine, developed by Volvo Truck Corporation of Sweden, which uses pilot injection of diesel fuel for compression ignition of alcohol fuel injection for main combustion. In addition to this dual-fuel engine, emission testing was also conducted on a heavy-duty diesel engine of similar design. Both engines were tested over the 1979 13-mode FTP, or shorter versions of this modal test, and over the 1984 Transient FTP as well as an experimental bus cycle. The dual-fuel engine was characterized with methanol, ethanol and ethanol with 30 percent water (wt %). An oxidation catalyst was also used with methanol and ethanol. Emission characterization included regulated emissions (HC, CO, and NOX) along with total particulate, unburned alcohols, individual hydrocarbons, aldehydes, phenols, and odor. The particulate matter was characterized in terms of particle size distribution, sulfate content, C, H, S, metal content, and soluble organic fraction. The soluble organic fraction was studied by determining its elemental composition (C,H,S,N), boiling point distribution, BaP content, relative make-up of polar compounds, and bioactivity by Ames testing.

Intake manifold of alcohol quality-improved gas engine

Abstract: PURPOSE:To prevent a backfire easily caused when quality-improved gas fuel is used, by divisionally forming a quality-improved gas fuel intake passage and alcohol fuel intake passage and providing a flash hinder only to the quality- improved gas fuel intake passage. CONSTITUTION:An intake passage 13 for quality-improved gas fuel and intake passage 14 for alcohol fuel are divisionally formed by a partition 12, and a flash hinder 18 is provided only to the passage 13. When the quality-improved gas fuel is used, a mixture of the quality-improved gas fuel and air is not existent in the passage 14 and supplied only via the passage 13. In this way, propagation of combustion flame is limited only to the passage 13 and can be fully stopped by the flash hinder 18 interposed in the passage 13. While at use of alcohol fuel, intake air is supplied through the passage 14, and an increase of circulative flow resistance due to the flash hinder 18 is eliminated to increase charging efficiency of intake air, thus maximum output and fuel consumption can be improved.

Method and apparatus for burning alcohol fuel

Abstract: PURPOSE:To prevent the vaporization of alcohol fuel in a feed pipe by cooling thereof properly. CONSTITUTION:The fuel is fed to a porous body 10 from a fuel pipe 11 and ignited while a rotary body 2 turns to feed air to the porous body 10 by way of a ventilating path 15 from below a burning furnace 1. As the porous body 10 on a rotary tray 4 turns with the rotation thereof, the fuel, fed to the porous body 10 through a discharge outlet 13 of a fuel feeding pipe 11 is forcibly discharged quickly outward by a centrifugal force associated with the rotation. As the burning furnace 1 itself rises in the temperature by a combustion heat, the rotary body 2 and the fuel pipe 11 are heated in the burning furnace 1. Here, the fuel pipe 11 is always cooled by a fresh outside air because it is distributed to air-blowing passages 15 and 16a.

Auxiliary apparatus used for starting internal combustion engine

Abstract: PURPOSE:To enable to start an internal combustion engine satisfactorily at the time when the temperature is low, by heating or vaporizing an extremely small amount of fuel before starting the engine, and feeding the heated or vaporized fuel from an orifice into a combustion chamber through an intake manifold. CONSTITUTION:In starting an internal combustion engine, a heater 10a of a heater element 10 inserted into a chamber 5 is heated to a predetermined temperature by feeding current to the same from a power source V. Then, for instance, alcohol fuel is supplied from a fuel tank into a heating chamber 7 via a fuel pump 12 and a fuel supply passage 11. The fuel thus introduced into the chamber 7 is heated and, if necessary, vaporized. This fuel is then ejected into an intake manifold 2 from an orifice 8 at the top of the chamber 7 and introduced into a combustion chamber 3 from an intake valve 4 at the time of cranking. At the same time, main fuel is supplied into the combustion chamber 3 via a carburetor for forming a mixture having a proper air-fuel ratio for causing ignition of the fuel and thereby starting the engine in a satisfactory manner.

Thermodynamic calculations for Otto cycle engines using methanol as a fuel

Abstract: Equations are derived to calculate the work required for the isentropic compression of a 2-phase fuel-air mixture. Methanol evaporation during compression substantially reduces compression work and improves cycle efficiency and maximum power. Effects of evaporative cooling in the intake manifold are calculated. Energy d. of methanol and gasoline fuel-air charges are compared. The phase equilibrium and evaporation rate are causes of the poor cold-starting performance of methanol.

Effect of compression ratio on the performance of a spark ignition engine fueled with methanol and ethanol

Abstract: Experimental work was conducted on a four-cylinder passenger car engine to investigate the technical aspects of neat ethanol, methanol and ethanol - and methanol-water blends as automotive fuels and results are directly compared to gasoline. Considerable improvements in engine performance were realized with alcohols and alcohol-water blends at elevated compression ratios. 18 refs.

Method of combustion in diesel engine

Abstract: PURPOSE:To enable the use of alcohol fuel of low cetane number in a diesel engine comprising a main and an accessory combustion chambers, by injecting fuel of high cetane number into the accessory combustion chamber and fuel of low cetane number into the main combustion chamber to burn. CONSTITUTION:To run a diesel engine, diesel fuel of high cetane number is first injected into an accessory combustion chamber 6 through the injection port 7a of an injection valve 7 at the end of the compression process of a piston 4 so that the fuel is burned. When the combustion gas made from the diesel fuel has flowed into a main combustion chamber 4 through a passage 8, alcohol fuel of low cetane number is injected into the main combustion chamber 4 through the injection port 5a of another injection valve 5 so that the alcohol fuel is burned. According to this method of combustion, the compression ratio of the fuel injected into the main combustion chamber 4 is heightened so that the combustion is smoothly caused. Since the time of the fuel injection into the chamber 6 is not coincident with that into the other chamber 4, the rise in the pressure in a cylinder at the combustion is so smooth that noises are low.