Showing papers on "Alcohol fuel published in 1982"

Microemulsions from vegetable oil and aqueous alcohol with 1-butanol surfactant as alternative fuel for diesel engines

Abstract: Hybrid fuel microemulsions are prepared from vegetable oil, methanol or ethanol, a straight-chain isomer of octanol, and optionally water. The fuels are characterized by a relatively high water tolerance, acceptable viscosity, and performance properties comparable to No. 2 diesel fuel.

Evaluation of Diesel Fuel — Ethanol Microemulsions

Abstract: ANHYDROUS ethanol can be blended with No. 2 diesel fuel to form a homogeneous blend, but low temperatures or water contamination cause a phase separation. Certain organic additives were used to form cosolvent and microemulsion blends of 190-proof ethanol in diesel fuel. Data on properties and engine evaluations of the blended fuels are reported.

Method for improving fuel economy of internal combustion engines

Abstract: Lubricating oils containing oil soluble C10 -C30 alkane-1,2-diols have been found to reduce fuel consumption in an internal combustion engine.

Emissions, Fuel Economy, and Driveability Effects of Methanol/Butanol/Gasoline Fuel Blends

Abstract: The immediate effects of methanol-gasoline blends on vehicle emissions, fuel economy, and driveability were investigated. The addition of a 2:1 mixture of methyl and butyl alcohols to gasoline, to provide a total alcohol concentration of either 10 percent or 18 percent, resulted in higher evaporative emissions, lower carbon monoxide emissions, lower volumetric fuel economy, and poorer driveability. Exhaust hydrocarbon and nitrogen oxide emissions decreased with some cars and increased with others. The closedloop fuel metering systems, with which some of the test cars were equipped, could not completely compensate for the leaning effect of the alcohols. Consequently, the results of this test program suggest that these alcohol-gasoline blends would not be satisfactory for use in many cars either with or without closed-loop systems.

Alcohol fuel dual-catalyst treatment apparatus and method

Abstract: Internal combustion engine fuel treatment including in sequence the steps as follows: providing a dual catalyst reactor having a dehydration catalyst and dissociation catalyst providing alcohol, vaporing the alcohol to form alcohol vapor, dehydrating a portion of the feed alcohol vapor over the dehydration catalyst to form a first gaseous mixture including ethers, residual alcohol vapor and water, dissociating the residual alcohol vapor over the dissociation catalyst, to form a second gaseous mixture including H 2 and CO, conveying the second gaseous mixture to the internal combustion engine, whereby the engine is operated on the second gaseous mixture.

Alcohol Fuels: Policies, Production, And Potential

Abstract: Since the 1973 OPEC oil crisis, the rise of imported crude oil prices, and the questionable availability of petroleum supplies, the United States has been forced to investigate liquid-fuel alternatives. Alcohol fuels, including methanol and ethanol, offer the most realistic near-term potential as gasoline extenders or substitutes. This book is the

Alcohol fuels for highway vehicles

Abstract: While much progress has been achieved in both the production and utilization aspects, the ''perfect'' engine/fuel combination has yet to emerge. This article describes the current status of alcohol fuels utilization technology for spark ignition engine highway vehicles. Methanol, ethanol, methanol derivatives (ethers), and blends of each with gasoline are discussed. Alcohol fuels are currently receiving serious consideration as petroleum extenders and substitutes both for spark ignition (SI) and compression ignition (CI) powerplants. Alcohol fuels research is much further advanced in the SI engine area than it is for CL engines, the latter having begun to attract serious attention only recently. This paper is concerned with the SI engine only. Extensive property data for gasoline, diesel fuel, methanol, ethanol, and MTBE are compared with each other. Environmental considerations involved in the use of alcohol-based fuels are included. 43 refs.

Fuel additives for vegetable oil-fueled compression ignition engines

Abstract: Three fuel additives were tested to determine their effect on fuel injector deposits in a 3-cylinder diesel engine when using a fuel blend containing 20% soy oil and 80% No. 2 Diesel fuel oil. Fuel consumption was recorded and crankcase oil samples were analyzed for wear metals for comparison with results from a baseline test in which no fuel additive was used. Injector deposits were removed and their masses determined. 4 figures, 1 table.

Effects of fuel variables on diesel emissions

Abstract: The body of information presented in this paper is directed towards engineers in the field of environmental sciences involved in measuring and/or evaluating the emissions from a variety of diesel engines or vehicles. This paper summarizes recent data obtained by EPA on identification and quantification of different emissions (i.e. characterization) from a variety of diesel engines. Extensive work has been done comparing emissions from some light duty diesel and gasoline passenger cars. The work on the diesel vehicles was expanded to include tests with five different diesel fuels to determine how fuel composition affects emissions. This work showed that use of a poorer quality fuel frequently made emissions worse. The investigation of fuel composition continued with a project in which specific fuel parameters were systematically varied to determine their effect on emissions. EPA is presently testing a variety of fuels derived from coal and oil shale to determine their effects on emissions. EPA has also tested a heavy duty Volvo diesel bus engine designed to run on methanol and diesel fuel, each injected through its own injection system. The use of the dual fuel resulted in a reduction in particulates and NO but an increase in HC and CO compared to a baseline Volvo diesel engine running on pure diesel fuel. Finally, some Ames bioassay tests have been performed on samples from the diesel passenger cars operated on various fuels and blends. An increase in Ames test response (mutagenicity) was seen when the higher aromatic blend was used and also when a commercial cetane improver was used. Samples from the Volvo diesel bus engine fueled with methanol and diesel fuel showed that use of a catalyst increased the Ames response.

Process for improving the diesel fuel quality of coal derived liquids

Abstract: A process for preparing diesel fuel from coal-derived light fuel oils by alkylating said coal-derived light fuel oils with olefins and hydrotreating said alkylated product.

A Highly Efficient Alcohol Vapor Aspirating Spark–Ignition Engine with Heat Recovery

Abstract: The fuel properties of the lower alcohols indicate that both, straight methanol and ethanol are fundamentally unsuitable for utilization in the compression ignition process. In order to achieve the optimum possible benefit from the specific advantages of these alcohols, the alcohol-gas engine concept has been developed by Daimler-Benz. Due to partial recovery of the engine's waste heat by fuel vaporization and extreme lean burn capability, remarkable engine efficiencies are obtained. Design, performance, further development and installation of this system in prototype city buses are described.

High density, low viscosity airbreather fuel (RJ-4-I)

Abstract: A method for preparation of high density, high energy, low viscosity liquidydrocarbon fuel by catalytic treatment of tetrahydrodimethyldicyclopentadiene (RJ-4) synthetic fuel. Endo-isomers within the fuel stock are isomerized to exo-isomers by treatment of the fuel stock with catalysts such as aluminum chloride, nickel, or pulverized, acid treated firebrick resulting in a fuel having a lower viscosity than the original RJ-4.

Ether cold starter in alcohol fuel treatment and distribution apparatus and method

Abstract: In a system including an alcohol fuel container, a first catalyst containing reactor, an internal combustion engine, alcohol is passed from the container through the first reactor which contains dissociation catalyst. The alcohol is dissociated in the first reactor to form a combustible gaseous mixture comprising hydrogen. The hydrogen is then fed to the engine. The improvement includes passing alcohol through a second reactor containing dehydration catalyst to form ether. Then passing that ether to the engine for start-up. Thus, the engine may be started using a mixture of ether formed in the second reactor and alcohol and then operated using hydrogen formed in the first reactor.

Dual bowl metering block for alcohol and/or nitro-methane burning carburetor and method of conversion

Abstract: An improved carburetor metering block for converting a conventional gasoline carburetor to alcohol fuel involving a carburetor metering block means adapted to attach to a conventional carburetor and replace the removable fuel bowl and standard metering block wherein the improved carburetor metering block means is adapted to accept, simultaneously, a plurality of individual and separate fuel bowls. Such a device can inexpensively convert a conventional carburetor to the use of alcohol fuel consistent with sufficient fuel flow and adequate fuel level control.

Spark ignition stratified air supply engine

Abstract: PURPOSE:To suppress the generated amount of carbon due to a shortage of oxygen at high loaded operation of an engine and clean its exhaust gas, by applying alcohol fuel, that is, oxygen contained fuel partially as supplied fuel at the region of a high load and using fuel of hydrocarbon series at the other region. CONSTITUTION:In a combustion chamber 4 of a spark ingnition stratified air supply engine, a spark plug 5 and injection valve 6 for fuel of hydrocarbon series are provided in a manner of facing each other. The fuel of hydroacrbon series is accumulatively stored in a fuel tank 10 and fed to a hydrocarbon series fuel pump metering device 13 through a feed pump 11 and filter 12, then an injection amount is determined in accordance with the control angle of a lever 15. Alcohol fuel in a tank 20 is fed to a metering device 23 through a pump 21 and filter 22 then injected from the injection valve in accordance with a control signal of a fuel controller 30. The controller 30 actuates the metering device 23 when a load of the engine becomes not lower than a prescribed value, and injects the alcohol fuel.

Fuel Vaporization Improves Fuel Economy of Alcohol-Burning SI Engines

Abstract: Fuel vaporization and combustion of the thereby achieved homogeneous mixtures improve the overall efficiency of SI engines in comparison to operation with liquid fuels. The improvements result from a recovery of waste heat and the thus achieved greater usable energy of the fuel, which is increased by the heat of vaporization over the lower calorific value of the liquid fuel, and from the fact that very lean mixtures can be burnt without misfiring. The favorable fuel economy of the air/fuel-vapor mixture-aspirating engine is explained with the aid of engine cycle computation which also enables comparison of different combustion processes. Consideration of common substances shows that methanol is the fuel best suited for this type of SI engine.

Dual-Fueling Turbocharged Diesels with Ethanol

Abstract: SPRAY addition and carburetion methods were tested for dual-fueling a turbocharged, 65 kW diesel tractor. Approximately 30 percent of the fuel energy for the tractor was supplied by spraying ethanol into the in-take air and about 46 percent by carburetion with little affect on the engine thermal efficiency. Further substitu-tion of diesel fuel with ethanol was limited by knock. As the amount of ethanol fed into the engine was increased, ignition apparently changed from the steady burning process which normally occurs in a diesel engine to a rapid explosion which caused knock. The best fuel for the spray approach was a 50 percent ethanol/water solu-tion and with the carburetor it was an 80 percent ethanol/water solution.

Engine fuels from biomass

Abstract: Biomass as a source of engine fuels is reviewed. One route for conversion uses the technologies employed for gasification and liquefaction of coal. Alternatively, biological conversion processes producing methane or ethanol can be used. The suitability of the different fuels for particular engines is discussed in addition to possible economics.

Supplementary fuel system for enhancing low temperature engine operation

Abstract: A supplementary fuel system adds propane to the induction passage of an ethanol fueled engine to start and sustain operation of the engine at low temperatures. The propane flow is cycled on and off during cranking of the engine and the propane delivery pressure is varied with induction passage pressure.

Development of experimental vehicles for methanol fuel

Abstract: The results of methanol fleet vehicles are considered satisfactory. Based on the preliminary testing, methanol vehicles can apparently be developed to provide satisfactory customer service. The identification of optimum engine/vehicle component materials and effective fuel/lubricant additives requires extensive research and development. 2 figures, 5 tables.

Fuel mixt. for car engines, etc., contg. water and ethanol - in addn. to usual hydrocarbon, improves economy and performance

Abstract: A fuel mixt. comprises: (A) gasoline, gas oil, naphtha or fuel oil; and (B) a mixt. of (i) 70-85 vol.% of water, (ii) 0.1-1% of one of the gp. camphor, bicyclic, monoterpene hydrocarbons or aldehydes, and monoterpene ketones, and (iii) the remainder, commercial-grade ethanol. (A) is 80-96% of the total. (A) and (B) are mixed at the time of use. The mixt. replaces the normal fuels in spark-ignition engines, diesel engines and oil- or coal-fired boilers. For petrol and diesel engines, the total fuel consumption is reduced, and the power increased. The acceleration of cars with small petrol engines is increased. Octane number is increased, and exhaust NO concn. is reduced. The fuel consumption of burners in heating systems is reduced.

Microprocessor dual-fuel diesel engine control.

Abstract: A microprocessor based control system was developed to control the rate of flow of alcohol supplied by an atomizing nozzle dual-fuel system. The control system, using engine speed hand control setting, actual engine speed and desired alcohol fuel percentage, controlled the flowrate of alcohol to maintain the same engine power output as would be observed with 100 percent diesel operation.

Brazil's alcohol motor fuel program

Abstract: This is a status report on the production and use of ethanol as automotive fuel in Brazil. Ethanol, called in Portuguese Proalcool, will supply at least one-third of Brazil's expected fuel demand for transportation in the year 2000. In total energy terms, it should contribute on the same level as coal and twice the combined level of nuclear, solar and geothermal energies. 2 refs.

Technical considerations in choosing alcohol fuels for less-developed countries

Abstract: Current US and Latin American interest has focused on replacement and substitution of gasoline by ethyl alcohol. However, extending diesel fuel, which is used in agricultural engines and necessary transport, is the basic concern. Three attractive methods, involving the use of vegetable or tree oils, alcohols, in some cases with water, can be successfully used to extend or replace diesel fuels: (1) fatty acid - alcohol - water microemulsions in diesel fuel, (2) higher-alcohol esters of fatty acids, and (3) direct diesel fuel extension with higher alcohols. All three methods of extending diesel fuel are amenable to an appropriate-technology situation.

Spark firing multi-cylinder internal combustion engine

Abstract: PURPOSE:To improve fuel consumption of an engine and improve its starting quality, by providing an alcohol fuel feed device, stopping its fuel feed action at low temperature start of the engine, partially in cylinders and equiping a gasoline fuel feed device to the other cylinder CONSTITUTION:In a gasoline fuel feed device M, gasoline fuel in a fuel tank 1 flows through a fuel pump 2, fuel damper 3 and fuel filter 4, and is fed to cylinders 7a-7c only for gasoline fuel from fuel injection valves 6a-6c An alcohol fuel feed device N is also of identical constitution To improve low temperature start quality, an electromagnetic open-close valve 21 is provided to perform feed or cut-off of alcohol fuel to a cylinder 17 only for use of alcohol fuel In this way, phase separation of alcohol fuel and gasoline fuel can be prevented to perform easy control of air-fuel ratio Further a vapor lock can be prevented to improve high temperature restart quality

Mutagenicity of diesel exhaust particle extracts: influence of non-petroleum fuel extenders.

Abstract: The mutagenicity of dichloromethane extracts of diesel participate exhaust, collected while the engine was running at steady state on diesel fuel alone was higher than when 10% ethanol, butanol, and a middle distillate fraction of SRC-II (a solvent refined coal liquid) were added to the fuel (Salmonella strains TA-98 and TA-100). Although the three fuel extenders decreased the specific mutagenicity of the extracts, they increased the amount of particle-associated organic material 2 to 4-fold, resulting in higher estimates of mutagenicity emitted from the exhaust than that calculated for diesel fuel alone. Small increases in total hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide emissions were measured when butanol and SRC-II were added. Particulate emissions were 15% lower for the three fuel extenders compared to diesel fuel alone. The results point to the need for further research using different engine types and simulated urban and highway driving cycles.

Power-grade butanol

Abstract: Examines use of n-butanol as a combustible fermentation product that could be utilized as an alternative to petroleumderived liquid fuels. It can be produced via bacterial anaerobic fermentation of hexose or pentose monosaccharides. In some cases the n-butanol can be produced via direct bacterial breakdown and subsequent fermentation of starch without separate enzymatic saccharification of the starch, although at usually a lower conversion rate than via direct monosaccharide fermentation. In association with n-butanol, liquid coproducts of acetone and ethanol, and in some cases isopropanol, are formed. Topics include the Weizmann process, liquid fuel production, and fuel value comparison to ethanol production. Presents tables with butanol-producing bacteria and test results on Fuel Blend No. 2. Power output and thermal efficiency data indicate that power butanol fuel blends function well in standard spark ignition engines with only modest equipment adaptations.

Wear Studies on an Automotive Gasoline Engine Using Methanol Gasoline Blends - A Study of the Effects of Variables

Abstract: This paper presents wear results of the top piston ring for an automotive spark ignited engine using gasoline and methanol blends. The Radiotracer Technique was employed utilising the multichannel analyser. In order to assess the wear process resulting due to each single factor viz. fuel type, engine speed, bhp and the water jacket temperature, investigations were carried out based on a series of statistically designed experiments. The design matrix employed a one half replication of 2/sup 4/ set. The study showed that the speed and load of an engine markedly affect the top ring wear. Use of alcohol blended fuels was found to marginally increase wear especially at low operating temperatures.