Showing papers on "Alcohol fuel published in 2006"
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TL;DR: Dimethyl ether can be used as a clean high-efficiency compression ignition fuel with reduced NOx, SOx, and particulate matter, it can be efficiently reformed to hydrogen at low temperatures, and does not have large issues with toxicity, production, infrastructure, and transportation as do various other fuels as discussed by the authors.
1,053 citations
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TL;DR: In this article, the emission characteristics of a three compounds oxygenated diesel fuel blend (BE-diesel), on a Cummins-4B diesel engine were analyzed and the results showed a significant reduction in PM emissions and 2-14% increase of NOx emissions.
270 citations
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TL;DR: In this paper, the basic principles of a direct alcohol fuel cell are presented, showing how to increase the reaction rate both by the nature and the structure of the catalytic electrode and by the electrode potential.
Abstract: The basic principles of a direct alcohol fuel cell are first presented. Low temperature fuel cells (working between ambient temperature and 80–120 °C) need improved catalysts to reach performance levels sufficient for practical applications, particularly for the electric vehicle and for portable electronic devices. This is the case of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) and of direct alcohol fuel cells (DAFC) for which the kinetics of the electrochemical reactions involved (oxidation of reformate hydrogen containing some traces of carbon monoxide, oxidation of alcohols, reduction of oxygen) is rather slow. Basic understanding of electrocatalysis is then examined, showing how to increase the reaction rate both by the nature and the structure of the catalytic electrode and by the electrode potential. Finally the most used Pt-based electrocatalysts to activate the electrode reactions occurring in a direct ethanol fuel cell (DEFC) are discussed on the basis of electrochemical, spectro-electrochemical and fuel cell experiments.
246 citations
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors compared the environmental performance of two ethanol fuel applications (E10 and E85) in terms of natural resources used, non-renewable energy and global warming.
Abstract: The environmental performance of two ethanol fuel applications (E10 and E85) is compared (E10 fuel: a mixture of 10% ethanol and 90% gasoline by volume, and E85 fuel: a mixture of 85% ethanol and 15% gasoline by volume). Two types of functional units are considered here: An ethanol production-oriented perspective and a traveling distance-oriented perspective. The ethanol production-oriented functional unit perspective reflects the fact that the ethanol fuel supply (arable land or quantity of biomass used in ethanol fuel) is constrained, while the traveling distance-oriented functional unit implies that the ethanol fuel supply is unlimited. In the ethanol production-oriented functional unit perspective, the E10 fuel application offers better environmental performance than the E85 fuel application in terms of natural resources used, nonrenewable energy and global warming. However, in the calculations based on the traveling distance perspective, the E85 fuel application provides less environmental impacts in crude oil consumption, nonrenewable energy and global warming than the E10 fuel application. The choice of functional units significantly affects the final results. Thus the functional unit in a descriptive LCA should reflect as nearly as possible the actual situation associated with a product system. Considering the current situation of constrained ethanol fuel supply, the E10 fuel application offers better environmental performance in natural resources used, nonrenewable energy and global warming unless the fuel economy of an E85 fueled vehicle is close to that of an E10 fueled vehicle.
99 citations
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors achieved high power densities using CsH2PO4 as the electrolyte and integrating into the anode chamber a Cu-ZnO/Al2O3 methanol steam-reforming catalyst.
Abstract: High-power-density alcohol fuel cells can relieve many of the daunting challenges facing a hydrogen energy economy. Here, such fuel cells are achieved using CsH2PO4 as the electrolyte and integrating into the anode chamber a Cu-ZnO/Al2O3 methanol steam-reforming catalyst. The temperature of operation, ~250°C, is matched both to the optimal value for fuel cell power output and for reforming. Peak power densities using methanol and ethanol were 226 and 100 mW/cm^2, respectively. The high power output (305 mW/cm^2) obtained from reformate fuel containing 1% CO demonstrates the potential of this approach with optimized reforming catalysts and also the tolerance to CO poisoning at these elevated temperatures.
51 citations
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17 Nov 2006
TL;DR: In this article, alternative gasoline, diesel, marine diesel fuel, jet fuel, and flexible fuel compositions are disclosed, which include an alcohol and/or a glycerol ether or mixture of glycerols, which can be derived from renewable resources.
Abstract: Alternative gasoline, diesel fuel, marine diesel fuel, jet fuel, and flexible fuel compositions are disclosed. The compositions include an alcohol and/or a glycerol ether or mixture of glycerol ethers, which can be derived from renewable resources. When combined with gasoline/ethanol blends, the glycerol ethers can reduce the vapor pressure of the ethanol and increaseing the fuel economy. When added to diesel fuel/alcohol blends, glycerol ethers improve the cetane value of the blends. All or part of the diesel fuel in the compositions described herein can be biodiesel fuel and/or synthetic fuel derived from aFischer-Tropsch synthesis process. Fischer-Tropsch synthesis can also use feedstocks derived from sources other than crude oil, such as methane, methanol, ethanol, lignin and glycerol, which can further reduce reliance on foreign sources of crude oil. When used in jet fuel, glycerol ethers can replace all or part of conventional deicing additives, thus lowering skin toxicity, and glycerol ethers ability to reduce particulate emissions can lower the appearance of contrails. When used in marine diesel, the reduction in particulate emissions can be environmentally significant In another embodiment, the alternative compositions comprise gasoline, ethanol, and n-butanol, and in one aspect, the ethanol and/or n-butanol can be derived from renewable resources. Fuel additive compositions, including glycerol ethers and hydrocarbons and/or alcohols, are also disclosed.
39 citations
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TL;DR: In this paper, exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) was applied to a modern EURO-3-type HD diesel engine, with EGR levels and start of fuel delivery timings set to give NOx emissions between 3.5 and 2.0g/kWh with regular diesel fuel.
Abstract: For diesel engines, changing the fuel composition is an alternative route towards achieving lower emission levels. The potential of oxygenated fuels to significantly reduce particulate matter emissions has already been demonstrated earlier. In this study, this research has been extrapolated towards lower emission levels. Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) was applied to a modern EURO-3-type HD diesel engine. Tests were done at different engine working points, with EGR-levels and start of fuel delivery timings set to give NOx emissions between 3.5 and 2.0g/kWh with regular diesel fuel. Fourteen blends of a low-sulphur diesel fuel respectively of a gas-to-liquid synthetic diesel fuel with different oxygenates were tested. The corresponding fuel matrix covers a range of fuel oxygen mass fractions up to 15%. Results are presented and the impact of fuel oxygen mass fraction and Cetane Number are analysed and compared with results from previous research.
37 citations
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29 Aug 2006
TL;DR: In this article, thermal decarboxylation of fatty acids is used to extract triglycerides, which can be vegetable oils, animal fats, or combinations thereof, and the resulting triglycerides can be hydrocracked, and, optionally, isomerized and/or hydrotreated to yield hydrocarbons in the jet fuel or gasoline range.
Abstract: Processes for producing hydrocarbons in the gasoline and jet fuel range. The processes involve the thermal decarboxylation of fatty acids, which can be derived from the hydrolysis of triglycerides, which triglycerides can be vegetable oils, animal fats, or combinations thereof. The resulting hydrocarbons can be hydrocracked, and, optionally, isomerized and/or hydrotreated, to yield hydrocarbons in the jet fuel or gasoline range. Where the resulting hydrocarbons include olefinic double bonds, they can alternatively be combined with low molecular weight olefins, and subjected to olefin metathesis to yield hydrocarbons in the jet fuel or gasoline range.
36 citations
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TL;DR: In this article, alternative fuels have been developed for standard spark ignition engines, which contain generic bio-components, maintain all the advantages of ethanol, i.e., the ability to increase the fuel efficiency, and the ability of increasing the fuel supply.
Abstract: Alternative fuels have been developed for standard spark ignition engines. The fuels, which contain generic bio-components, maintain all the advantages of ethanol, i.e. the ability to incre...
33 citations
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19 Jan 2006
TL;DR: An improved diesel fuel based on a blend of biodiesel and ultra-low sulfur diesel fuel, particularly with a fuel additive containing a concentrate containing fuel borne catalyst (FBC), was proposed in this paper.
Abstract: An improved diesel fuel based on a blend of biodiesel and ultra-low sulfur diesel fuel, particularly with a fuel additive containing a concentrate containing fuel borne catalyst (FBC). The catalyst will preferably comprise platinum and/or cerium and/or iron, and the ultra-low sulfur diesel fuel will preferably contain less than 10% aromatics. The biodiesel is typically employed in an amount of about 20% of the blend.
32 citations
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20 Nov 2006TL;DR: In this article, a method for operating an engine having at least one cylinder that may be deactivated and a fuel system operating with an alcohol fuel blend, comprising of adjusting a range of operating parameters in which the at least 1 cylinder is deactivated, where said range is adjusted as the alcohol blend of the fuel varies.
Abstract: A method for operating an engine having at least one cylinder that may be deactivated and a fuel system operating with an alcohol fuel blend, comprising of adjusting a range of operating parameters in which the at least one cylinder is deactivated, where said range is adjusted as the alcohol blend of the fuel varies.
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TL;DR: In this article, a multi-objective optimization of net energy, external costs of environment pollutant-emissions, and cost of using cassava-based fuel ethanol as an alternative automotive fuel in Guangxi has been conducted based on its holistic life cycle, from feedstock production to fuel combustion.
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27 Apr 2006TL;DR: In this article, the reformed diesel fuel is formed by passing a stream of air plasma bubbles through a liquid volume of diesel fuel to strip low molecular weight hydrocarbons from the fuel, while partially oxygenating an abundance of them as a reformate for addition to the exhaust.
Abstract: Raw diesel fuel is reformed to produce partially oxygenated hydrocarbons in the liquid fuel by use of a nonthermal plasma reactor. The reformed diesel fuel is formed by passing a stream of air plasma bubbles through a liquid volume of diesel fuel to strip low molecular weight hydrocarbons from the fuel, while partially oxygenating an abundance of them as a reformate for addition to the exhaust. This reformed diesel fuel is introduced as a sidestream into the exhaust of a diesel engine or other lean- burn power plants as reactants for selective catalytic reduction of nitrogen oxides in the exhaust. Fresh fuel is added to the liquid volume as diesel reformate is stripped from it, and a portion of the stripped fuel is withdrawn from the liquid volume.
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TL;DR: In this paper, the results in the physical characteristic of BOB as an alternative fuel and a comparative control experiences in unmodified diesel engine have been studied, including engine power performance, fuel consumption and emissions (CO 2, CO, HC and NO).
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TL;DR: In this paper, a method of net energy analysis for fuel ethanol from corn was developed based on principles of life cycle inventory(LCI) analysis, and its main influence factors were identified, and energy saving effect of some ethanol blended gasoline fuels was discussed.
Abstract: Energy efficiency(net energy gain or energy ratio) of corn-based ethanol as a substitute for fossil fuel is an important criteria for assessing its sustainability.The method of net energy analysis for fuel ethanol from corn was developed based on principles of life cycle inventory(LCI) analysis.For the production state of fuel ethanol from summer corn in China,energy efficiency of the corn fuel ethanol life cycle system was estimated and its main influence factors were identified,and energy saving effect of some ethanol blended gasoline fuels was discussed.Corn fuel ethanol has certain energy benefits.The energy ratios for dry and wet milling process were 1.25 and 1.04 respectively.Through comparison of energy inputs in corn fuel ethanol life cycle,fossil energy inputs of corn production and ethanol conversion processes were identified as the most important,and therefore nitrogen fertilizer,electivity and diesel used in corn farming and energy consumption of distillation and dehydration process in ethanol production could be known as the most influential factors for the energy benefit of corn fuel ethanol.
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TL;DR: It is presented that corn-based fuel ethanol has no obvious reduction of carbon emissions than gasoline, and potential improvement in carbon emission of the life cycle of corn ethanol could be achieved by reducing the nitrogen fertilizer and irrigation electricity used in the corn farming and energy consumption in the ethanol conversion process.
Abstract: The quantity of greenhouse gas emissions (net carbon emissions) of corn-based fuel ethanol, which is known as an alternative for fossil fuel is an important criteria for evaluating its sustainability. The methodology of carbon balance analysis for fuel ethanol from corn was developed based on principles of life cycle analysis. For the production state of fuel ethanol from summer corn in China, carbon budgets in overall life cycle of the ethanol were evaluated and its main influence factors were identified. It presents that corn-based fuel ethanol has no obvious reduction of carbon emissions than gasoline, and potential improvement in carbon emission of the life cycle of corn ethanol could be achieved by reducing the nitrogen fertilizer and irrigation electricity used in the corn farming and energy consumption in the ethanol conversion process.
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29 Nov 2006
TL;DR: In this article, a fuel which is obtained by fluid catalytic cracking of a raw material oil which is a biomass or a mixture of a biomass and a mineral oil is presented.
Abstract: Disclosed is a fuel which is obtained by fluid catalytic cracking of a raw material oil which is a biomass or a mixture of a biomass and a mineral oil. Also disclosed is a method for producing such a fuel. Further disclosed is a gasoline or liquefied fuel gas which contains a base material derived from a biomass and exhibits excellent exhaust gas purification performance, fuel efficiency performance and running performance.
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TL;DR: In this paper, Ruthenium-doped lanthanum chromite and aluminite were explored as catalysts for the autothermal reforming of diesel fuel, and Dodecane was used as a surrogate fuel.
Abstract: Developing low-cost diesel-reforming catalysts and improving fuel mixing prior to catalytic reforming were addressed as two critical issues under the current study. Ruthenium-doped lanthanum chromite and aluminite were explored as catalysts for the autothermal reforming of diesel fuel. Dodecane was used as a surrogate fuel. Both catalysts yielded nearly 20 moles of hydrogen per mole of dodecane at oxygen-to-carbon ratios of 0.5 and steam-to-carbon ratios of 2 at space velocities near 100,000/h−1. Both catalysts were shown to have good S tolerance when tested with a fuel mixture containing 50 parts per million S in the form of dibenzothiophene. Parallel to catalyst development, the impact of fuel mixing and vaporization through improved liquid injection also is under investigation.
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30 Jun 2006
TL;DR: In this article, an electrochemical investigation has been carried out by using ethanol as alternative liquid fuel to methanol in a Direct Alcohol Fuel Cell (DAFC), and a composite membrane composed by Nafion ionomer and silica was fabricated in order to maintain the advantageous water retention properties of these materials at high temperatures (90-145°C).
Abstract: An electrochemical investigation has been carried out by using ethanol as alternative liquid fuel to methanol in a Direct Alcohol Fuel Cell (DAFC). Although methanol shows better performance with respect to ethanol, this latter represents a suitable fuel for DAFC; it is not toxic, it can be obtained from biomasses and it has a theoretical mass energy density larger than methanol. 85%Pt-Ru/C and 60%Pt/C in-house catalysts have been prepared for ethanol electro-oxidation and oxygen electro-reduction reactions, respectively, by the sulfite complex route. A composite membrane composed by Nafion ionomer and silica was fabricated in order to maintain the advantageous water retention properties of these materials at high temperatures (90-145{degree sign}C). The electrochemical behaviour of the composite membranes was also investigated in DEFCs at low temperatures (60-80{degree sign}C).
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28 Jun 2006
TL;DR: In this article, an apparatus and method for using pure dry biomass carbohydrates as fuels, fuel extenders and fuel oxygenates is presented. But this method is not suitable for use in internal combustion engines.
Abstract: An apparatus and method for using pure dry biomass carbohydrates as fuels, fuel extenders and fuel oxygenates. Preferably, the apparatus and method would be used in internal combustion engines. The apparatus and method disclose the concept of mixing dry carbohydrates with hydrocarbon fuel to create a carbohydrate slurry fuel that burns as efficiently and cleanly as gasoline alone.
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16 Jun 2006TL;DR: In this paper, a combustion apparatus incorporating a dry low NOx (DLN) combustor that uses two different fuels (30, 40 ) simultaneously is described. But the authors do not specify the specific role of each fuel.
Abstract: A combustion apparatus ( 10 ) incorporating a dry low NOx (DLN) combustor ( 20 ) that uses two different fuels ( 30, 40 ) simultaneously. One fuel ( 30 ) is premixed with air ( 22 ) for a primary combustion zone ( 25 ), and a second fuel ( 40 ) supplies a diffusion pilot flame ( 29 ). Each fuel may be selected for its specialized role, maximizing overall combustion efficiency while lowering emissions. A primary fuel ( 30 ) such as natural gas (NG) may be chosen for its economy and combustion characteristics in a lean premix. A pilot fuel ( 40 ) may be chosen for having a low diffusion flame temperature and a clean burn. An oxygenated pilot fuel such as dimethyl ether (DME) has a lower flame temperature than natural gas, thereby reducing NOx from the pilot flame. The pilot fuel ( 40 ) may be produced from the primary fuel ( 30 ) by a reformer ( 50 ) associated with the combustion apparatus.
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20 Sep 2006
TL;DR: In this article, a fuel supply system for engine is described, in particular it relates to an automobile flexible fuel injection method and device adopting methyl alcohol fuel or ethyl alcohol fuel.
Abstract: The present invention relates to a fuel supply system for engine, in particular it relates to an automobile flexible fuel injection method and device adopting methyl alcohol fuel or ethyl alcohol fuel. It is characterized by that on the basis of existent gasoline fuel injection system an alcohol fuel injection system is added, a flexible mixed fuel controller is used for controlling gasoline fuel injection system and alcohol fuel injection system, and a change-over switch is utilized to control the alcohol fuel nozzle and gasoline nozzle, so that the fuel fed into the engine can be gasoline, alcohol fuel or mixed fuel of them according to a certain mixing ratio.
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03 May 2006
TL;DR: In this article, a dual-fuel spraying internal-combustion engine accomplishment method and device of alcohol liquid fuel and fuel oil, which comprises at least one cylinder motor, fuel oil spraying device, state detection device, electronic control unit (ECU) and alcohol liquid liquid fuel spraying device is set on the motor inlet branch pipe of motor.
Abstract: The invention discloses a dual-fuel spraying internal-combustion engine accomplishment method and device of alcohol liquid fuel and fuel oil, which comprises the following parts: at least one cylinder motor, fuel oil spraying device, state detection device, electronic control unit (ECU) and alcohol liquid fuel spraying device, wherein the alcohol liquid fuel spraying device is set on the motor inlet branch pipe of motor and between air throttle and fuel oil sprayer. The invention adapts a combination device of two independent spraying units to control the proportion of fuel oil and alcohol liquid fuel according to the different running condition. When the automobile starts or accelerates, the device will reduce the alcohol proportion. When the load runs stably, the device increases the alcohol proportion to guarantee the motor power output and dynamic property, which affirms the automobile accelerating ability and driving ability.
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23 May 2006
TL;DR: In this article, a method for low NOx combustion of high hydrogen content fuels in gas turbines is presented, where at least a portion of the fuel is combusted under fuel-rich conditions and a portion resulting reaction heat is transferred to combustion air prior to non-premixed combustion of fuel.
Abstract: The present invention provides a method for low NOx combustion of high hydrogen content fuels in gas turbines. In the method of the present invention, at least a portion of the fuel is combusted under fuel rich conditions and a portion of resulting reaction heat is transferred to combustion air prior to non-premixed combustion of the fuel.
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17 May 2006
TL;DR: In this article, a kind of alcohol ether fuel for compression igniting internal combustion engine and its preparation is presented, where methanol or ethanol and dimethyl ether in different ratio are filled into the identical pressure container and formed at pressure of 0.6-3 MPa.
Abstract: The present invention belongs to the field of energy source and fuel application and development, and is especially one kind of alcohol ether fuel for compression igniting internal combustion engine and its preparation. Methanol or ethanol and dimethyl ether in different ratio are filled into the identical pressure container and formed at pressure of 0.6-3 MPa into the alcohol ether fuel, named MD fuel. The alcohol ether fuel is used in the same pressure container, and the pressure container is used as the oil tank for the compression igniting internal combustion engine and may be exchanged with LPG steel cylinder. The alcohol ether fuel has methanol or ethanol content of 1-99 wt% and dimethyl ether content of 1-99 wt%, and is superior to alcohol fuel.
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01 Jan 2006
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19 Jun 2006
TL;DR: In this article, motor fuel compositions containing ethanol, also known as gasohol, are disclosed, wherein the motor fuel is substantially in one phase and contains, 1 to 50, preferable 2 to 30 weight % of ethanol and an amount of water between 1 and 10 wt. % on the basis of the weight of the ethanol.
Abstract: Motor fuel compositions containing ethanol, also known as gasohol, are disclosed, wherein the motor fuel is substantially in one phase and contains, 1 to 50, preferable 2 to 30 weight % of ethanol and an amount of water between 1 and 10 wt. % on the basis of the weight of the ethanol. Such motor fuel compositions can be produced by blending gasoline with hydrous ethanol, thus evading the necessity to use anhydrous ethanol as feedstock. Furthermore such motor fuel compositions may be produced by blending gasoline with hydrous ethanol and anhydrous ethanol, thus evading the necessity to use anhydrous ethanol as the sole feedstock. These motor fuel compositions may contain a second liquid phase that does not form a separate layer, and where no separate liquid phase can be detected by vision, and so meets with the specification that has become known as “clear and bright”.
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TL;DR: In this paper, fuel consumption was studied on a diesel engine by adding hydrogen into its air intake, and it was shown that diesel fuel consumption can be reduced by 20-30% with proper hydrogen addition.
Abstract: Fuel consumption was studied on a diesel engine by adding hydrogen into its air intake. Result shows that diesel fuel consumption can be reduced by 20%-30% with proper hydrogen addition. The reduction of diesel fuel consumption can save the exhausting petroleum reserve effectively. Fuel (energy) cannot be saved at high power with the addition of hydrogen, while at low power such as 4 kW, the saving rate of BSFC (brake specific fuel consumption) can reach 14% or more. When the initial temperature of hydrogen is raised to about 90-130 ℃, diesel fuel consumption can reduce about 3 g/(kW·h) , no matter diesel fuel or emulsified fuel is used. The experiment also shows that using emulsified fuel and hydrogen together can improve the saving rate of BSFC more effectively, It can be improved by about 3% when using emulsified fuel. Which is due to the fast vaporization of water. After the water vaporization, diesel droplets become much smaller and vaporize faster, so the combustion process finishes earlier.