Aldose

About: Aldose is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 1270 publications have been published within this topic receiving 27197 citations. The topic is also known as: aldoses.

[Aldose reductase: physiological role, properties and prospects for regulating activity].

Abstract: Some properties of aldose reductase isolated from various sources and possible ways of regulation of the enzyme catalytic activity are reviewed. Mammalian aldose reductases are monomeric enzymes with M(r) of 30-40 kDa and a broad substrate specificity towards aldoses. The physiological role of this enzyme consists, apparently, in providing an additional pathway for utilization of glucose and removing toxic compounds carrying an aldehyde group from the cell. Aldose reductase is thought to play a key role in various hyperglycemic states, including diabetic cataract. The kinetics of the aldose reductase reaction is hyperbolic with NADPH and nonhyperbolic with glucose. The rate of the enzyme-catalyzed reaction is determined by the effector binding in the active of inhibitory center of the enzyme. Incubation with substrates leads to the activation of the enzyme which is accompanied by a decrease of the effector binding in the enzyme inhibitory center with a sharp decrease in the sensitivity of the activated enzyme to NADPH concentration changes in the presence of glucose excess. A mechanism underlying the catalytic effect of both native and activated forms of the enzyme is proposed.

Acids and Other Products of Oxidation of Sugars

Abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the low-molecular weight carbohydrates that can be formally considered as the oxidation products of mono- or oligo-saccharides in which an aldehyde group and/or one or more hydroxyl groups have been oxidized to carbonyl and/or carboxyl groups. Some acids are important natural products, for instance, L -ascorbic acid (vitamin C); others, such as the glycuronic acids, are the constituents of abundant polysaccharides. Examples of commercial importance are ascorbic acid, as one of the major water-soluble antioxidants; salts of gluconic acid such as the magnesium salt used in the pharmaceutical industry; and D -ribono-1,4-lactone, a versatile material used in the synthesis of natural products. The oxidation products are divided into two principal categories,—namely, acids (and lactones) and neutral compounds. Three kinds of sugar acids can be formally obtained from the corresponding aldoses: (1) aldonic acids, produced by the oxidation at C–1 of the aldose; (2) uronic acids, formed by the oxidation of the primary alcohol group of the aldose; and (3) aldaric acids, formed by the oxidation of both the aldehyde and the primary alcohol group. Neutral oxidation products such as dialdoses, glycosuloses, and glycodiuloses are also discussed in detail in the chapter.

Inhibition of Gigantol on Aldose Reductase and Its Mechanism

Abstract: Objective To study the inhibition of gigantol on aldose reductase and its mechanism.Methods We used ultra-violet(UV)spectrophotometry to detect the inhibition and types of inhibition,and used the molecular docking software Sybyl FlexX to predict the residues and the combining method of gigantol and aldose reductase.Results The 50 % inhibiting concentration(IC50)of gigantol on AR was 2.12 mmol/L,and the inhibition belonged to anti-competitive inhibition type in a dose-dependent manner.The residues of gigantol combining with aldose reductase were Trp111,His110,Tyr48,Trp20,the mainly binding mode being hydrophobic interaction,hydrogen bonding and Van der Waals force.Conclusion Gigantol exerts significant inhibition on aldose reductase activity.