Topic
Alkylation
About: Alkylation is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 29915 publications have been published within this topic receiving 464944 citations. The topic is also known as: alkylation reaction.
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TL;DR: The silica-included heteropolyacid is a microporous material with a sharp pore-size distribution around 0.55 nm and showed shape selective acid catalysis in the alkylation of phenol with formaldehyde giving a higher yield of 4,4′-dihydroxydiphenylmethane isomer.
Abstract: Freely water-soluble 12-tungstophosphoric acid could be made insoluble through immobilization inside a silica matrix by means of sol–gel technique involving hydrolysis of tetraethyl orthosilicate. The silica-included heteropolyacid thus obtained catalyzed the water-participating reactions of esterification and isobutene hydration more efficiently than the resin catalyst of Amberlyst-15 and the zeolite H-ZSM-5. The silica-included heteropolyacid is a microporous material with a sharp pore-size distribution around 0.55 nm, and it showed shape selective acid catalysis in the alkylation of phenol with formaldehyde giving a higher yield of 4,4′-dihydroxydiphenylmethane isomer.
134 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a three-step reaction pathway consisting of Ir-catalyzed alcohol dehydrogenation to aldehyde, amine-aldehyde condensation to imine, and then Ir-caralyzed imine hydrogenation to amine was studied.
134 citations
TL;DR: The direct transformation of tertiary and sterically hindered secondary sp(3) C-H bonds into C-O bonds under the action of a catalytic amount of a variety of Lewis acids is described.
134 citations
TL;DR: Evidence of alkylation activity appears to indicate mutagenic risk in industrial and laboratory chemicals tested using 4-(p-nitrobenzyl)-pyridine and deoxyguanosine as nucleophiles.
Abstract: Groups of industrial and laboratory chemicals were tested for their alkylation activity using 4-(p-nitrobenzyl)-pyridine and deoxyguanosine as nucleophiles. The alkylation activity was compared with mutagenicity of the chemicals to E. coli WP2 uvrA without metabolic activation. All the epoxide-containing compounds including simple epoxides and glycidyl ethers elicited alkylation activity and mutagenicity. Furthermore there was a reasonable correlation between the rate of alkylation and the mutagenic potency. All the methylating and ethylating compounds tested were active but no correlation was observed between the rate of alkylation and the mutagenic potency, apparently due to the different types of alkylation products formed. The other compounds tested including halogenated hydrocarbons, hydrazine derivatives, aldehydes, thiuram and dithiocarbamate derivatives elicited a slow or no alkylation activity while many of the compounds were mutagenic. There was no evidence among the chemicals tested of an alkylating non-mutagen. Thus evidence of alkylation activity appears to indicate mutagenic risk.
134 citations
TL;DR: The role played by the macrocyclic ligand in modifying the reactivity of monoalkylammonium carbamates towards R′X has been rationalized and the influence of parameters such as solvent, temperature and CO2 pressure on the yield and selectivity of the process leading to organic carbamate has been also settled as discussed by the authors.
134 citations