Showing papers on "Alveolar hydatid disease published in 2014"
TL;DR: Histology, immunohistochemistry, and polymerase chain reaction confirmed Echinococcus multilocularis as the cause of the hepatic mass, constituting the first description of endemic E. multILocularis in Ontario.
Abstract: A 2-year-old boxer dog from southern Ontario was evaluated because of acute onset lethargy. Exploratory laparotomy revealed a hemorrhagic, destructive, liver mass. Histology, immunohistochemistry, and polymerase chain reaction confirmed Echinococcus multilocularis as the cause of the hepatic mass. This constitutes the first description of endemic E. multilocularis in Ontario.
35 citations
TL;DR: The imaging features of this disease are presented in two patients in order to emphasize that these lesions can be easily misdiagnosed as malignancies.
Abstract: Alveolar hydatid disease or alveolar echinococcosis is a disease of the parasite Echinococcus multilocularis that is potentially fatal if left untreated. It primarily involves the liver but can be disseminated to other organs like the lungs and the brain by hematogenous route. Multiorgan involvement and the aggressive appearance of lesions make alveolar hydatid disease easy to confuse with a metastatic malignancy. For this reason, histopathological confirmation is essential for definite diagnosis. We present the imaging features of this disease in two patients in order to emphasize that these lesions can be easily misdiagnosed as malignancies.
11 citations
01 Jan 2014
TL;DR: The aim of this case series is to share the experiences of the pitfalls and challenges in the diagnosis and management of 3 cases of primary spinal alveolar hydatid disease over 5 years to provide a perspective through review of the literature.
Abstract: AIM: The aim of this case series is to share our experiences of the pitfalls and challenges in the diagnosis and management of 3 cases of primary spinal alveolar hydatid disease over 5 years and to provide a perspective through review of the literature. MAtERIAL And MEtHodS: The patients were evaluated clinically and investigated using the relevant imaging modalities. Surgeries by posterior approach were performed with removal of the entire cyst with through debridement along with neural decompression in all. The instability of spine was taken care with instrumentation. Diagnosis was confirmed by histopathologic examination. All patients received long-term antihelminthic therapy with 15mg/kg per day of Albendazole in monthly cycles. RESuLtS: After surgery, all patients improved. However, over time, recurrence was observed. Two patients had complete neurological recovery at regular follow-up, one patient lost to follow-up for about 18 months. Later on she presented with recurrence of disease and subsequently died. concLuSIonS: Primary alveolar spinal hydatid disease is a very rare condition. It is difficult not only to diagnose but to treat as well. Spinal instability should be kept in mind. Regular follow-up is must to decrease morbidity and mortality by detecting recurrence as the rate is very high. KEy wo RdS: Alveolar hydatid, hydatid cyst, spinal
3 citations
01 Jan 2014
TL;DR: The aim of this study is to present the most important historical aspects of hydatidosis of the central nervous system, a disease that has been recognized by humans for centuries but whose parasitic nature was not recognized until the seventeenth century.
Abstract: The aim of this study is to present the most important historical aspects of hydatidosis of the central nervous system. Echinococcosis or hydatidosis is a disease that has been recognized by humans for centuries. There has been mention of it in the studies of Hippocrates, Aretaeus, Galen and Rhazes. But, it was not until the seventeenth century that the parasitic nature of these cysts was recognized by Francesco Redi. In 1766 German Pierre Simon Pallas formulated the hypothesis that hydatid cysts were larval stages of tapeworms. Full understanding of the clinical features of this disease came in the late 1800s, which progressed to the development of immunological diagnostic tests by the early 1900s. Surgical techniques to remove cysts were first attempted in the 1600s, which has proven to be an effective treatment that is evolving with medical technology.
01 Jan 2014
TL;DR: Alveolar echinococcosis is caused by the larval stage of the fox tapeworm Echinococcus multilocularis who has a sylvatic life cycle in foxes and in arvicolid rodents.
Abstract: Alveolar echinococcosis is caused by the larval stage of the fox tapeworm Echinococcus multilocularis who has a sylvatic life cycle in foxes and in arvicolid rodents. Foci of human cases also occur where foxes or domestic dogs are fed on infected rodents and where there is accidental ingestion of E. multilocularis eggs from canine fecal matter. Alveolar hydatid disease is an aggressive and a highly lethal parasitic infection characterized by the appearance of a tumor with extensive character, primarily in the liver of intermediate hosts including humans. The tumor has a pronounced pseudomalignant growth and can induce metastasis to different organs. Cerebral hydatid disease is very rare. The cerebral alveolar echinococcosis has a poor prognosis. The lesions may remain asymptomatic until they are quite large. The long-term chemotherapy may be indicated as a life-saving measure for patients with severe liver dysfunction but is associated with a relatively high risk of proliferation of intraoperatively undetected parasite remnants.
01 Jan 2014
TL;DR: Hydatid Disease which is also referred to Echinococcosis or echinococcal disease, is a parasitic disease that affects both humans and other mammals, such as sheep, dogs, rodents and horses and remains a clinical problem worldwide.
Abstract: Hydatid Disease which is also referred to Echinococcosis or echinococcal disease, is a parasitic disease that affects both humans and other mammals, such as sheep, dogs, rodents and horses [1]. Hydatid disease remains a clinical problem worldwide, especially in areas where animal husbandry and subsistence farming form an integral part of community life [2]. The liver is the most commonly involved organ (52-77%) [3], but hydatid disease may affect any part of the body either as a primary or secondary event [2]. There are four forms of hydatid disease. Echinococcus granulosus (EG) is the most common and gives rise to cystic hydatid disease (CHD). Echinococcus multilocularis is uncommon and causes alveolar hydatid disease (AHD), which is far more aggressive and frequently mimics malignancy [4]. The rarest clinical form is Echinococcus vogeli or polycystic hydatid disease (PHD), with characteristics between CHD and AHD [5]. Echinococcus shiquicus, has been identified on the Tibetan plateau but to date no human infection has been described. CHD is a zoonosis infecting a variety of domestic and wild animals. There is no host specificity for the larval stage of EG, but the commonest intermediate hosts are sheep, cattle, buffalo, camels and pigs [6]. The developing hydatid cyst has three layers. The outer pericyst is composed of host fibroblasts, eosinophils, giant cells and modified hepatocytes. The middle laminated membrane is a cellular and impermeable to bacteria, and the innermost layer, the germinal layer or brood capsule, is translucent and is the origin of scolices and daughter cysts within the primary cyst [4]. The cyst usually contains crystalclear fluid which is strongly antigenic and may cause anaphylaxis if released into the circulation of the host. Most cysts remain silent when small and present only when complications such as rupture into the biliary tree, bacterial superinfection or free intra-abdominal rupture occur. Owing to the lack of symptoms in the early stages, the actual accurate assessment of the growth rate of these cysts is difficult [2].
01 Jan 2014
TL;DR: In patients with inactive or degenerating cysts, there is a role for the “watch and wait” approach and Pharmacovigilance remains an important way of evaluating chemotherapeutic success, adverse effects, and complications.
Abstract: Echinococcosis still is an important public health challenge in many regions of the world. Up until the 1980s, surgery was considered the only therapeutic option for hydatidosis. However, nowadays, clinicians have effective medical chemotherapy available, which may be utilized singularly or in combination with open surgery or puncture-aspiration-injection-reaspiration (PAIR) method. Benzimidazoles, albendazole and mebendazole, remain the chemotherapeutic cornerstone in the medical management of echinococcosis, acting via cellular inhibition of the tubulin cytoskeletal framework to result in cell death through impaired glucose absorption and adenosine-5′-triphosphate utilization. The isoquinoline praziquantel, by increasing cellular permeability of calcium with consequent muscular paralysis of the worm, both as a protoscolicidal agent and in combination with albendazole, has also been shown to be effective for the medical management of echinococcosis. In patients with inactive or degenerating cysts, there is a role for the “watch and wait” approach. Pharmacovigilance remains an important way of evaluating chemotherapeutic success, adverse effects, and complications. Strategies for the prevention of human hydatidosis will be crucial for reducing central nervous system involvement, particularly in developing countries.