Showing papers on "Ammonia published in 1982"
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors describe the occurrence of high concentrations of ammonium in canopy throughfall and stemflow in woodland areas in the Netherlands, resulting in acid inputs to soils two to five times higher than those previously described for acid atmospheric deposition.
Abstract: Acid rain commonly has high concentrations of dissolved SO2−4, NH+4 and NO−3. Sulphuric and nitric acids are usually considered to be the acidic components, whereas ammonium has a tendency to increase the pH of rainwater1. Ammonium can be transformed to nitric acid in soil but this source of acidity is generally less important than wet and dry deposition of free acids2,3. Here we describe the occurrence of high concentrations of ammonium in canopy throughfall (rainwater falling through the tree canopy) and stemflow in woodland areas in the Netherlands, resulting in acid inputs to soils two to five times higher than those previously described for acid atmospheric deposition2–5. The ammonium is present as ammonium sulphate, which probably forms by interaction of ammonia (volatilized from manure) with sulphur dioxide (from fossil fuels), on the surfaces of vegetation. After leaching by rainwater the ammonium sulphate reaching the soil oxidizes rapidly to nitric and sulphuric acid, producing extremely low pH values (2.8–3.5) and high concentrations of dissolved aluminium in the non-calcareous soils studied. Deposition of ammonium sulphate on the surfaces of vegetation and its environmental consequences are probably most important in areas with intensive animal husbandry.
695 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the activity of three iron single-crystal faces with respect to their ability to catalyze ammonia synthesis was investigated and the activation energy for ammonia synthesis on the Fe(111) surface was determined as 19.4 kcal mole−1.
303 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the relative humidity and pH dependence of the equilibrium product and the partial pressures are obtained from free energy thermodynamic data, showing that the ammonia-nitric acid equilibrium product is inversely related to relative humidity.
156 citations
TL;DR: The properties of the heteropoly acids, 12-molybdophosphoric acid, 12 -tungstosilicic acid, and 12-Tungstophosphorus acid have been examined in this article.
139 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the average ammonia and nitric acid concentrations over all sites were 1.7 ppb and 0.7 pb, respectively, and seasonal data collected in Warren, Michigan showed ammonia concentrations were lowest in the winter.
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TL;DR: In this article, three desorption peaks were observed and were correlated with vibrational spectra, indicating that ammonia is adsorbed by charge transfer from the nitrogen lone pair into the metal surface.
71 citations
TL;DR: Results indicate that uptake is an active process with preference for ammonia over nitrate, and the role of duckweed in direct conversion of ammonia into plant protein as an abridgement of the nitrogen cycle is discussed.
TL;DR: It is concluded that carbon monoxide, a competitive inhibitor for ammonia oxidation, is an alternate substrate for ammonia hydroxylase using the reduced cytochrome c554 as the reducing power.
Abstract: Mechanism of ammonia oxidation was studied in the reconstituted system of Nitrosomonas membrane fraction plus the Nitrosomonas cytochrome c554. The cytochrome c554 was reduced by hydroxylamine, hydrazine, and ammonia and the reduced cytochrome was oxidized upon the addition of ammonia or carbon monoxide. The oxidation of carbon monoxide in the presence of hydroxylamine or hydrazine was studied as a possible assay method for ammonia hydroxylase where hydroxylamine or hydrazine was supplying the reducing power required for the hydroxylation of carbon monoxide. The stoichiometry of the reaction, Km values for substrates, and effects of pH and inhibitors were investigated. It is concluded that carbon monoxide, a competitive inhibitor for ammonia oxidation, is an alternate substrate for ammonia hydroxylase using the reduced cytochrome c554 as the reducing power.
TL;DR: In the English Lake District, during summer stratification ammonia is released from the profundal sediments of Blelham Tarn (English Lake District). The quantity of ammonia released exceeds the consumption of nitrate in the hypolimnion.
Abstract: SUMMARY: During summer stratification ammonia is released from the profundal sediments of Blelham Tarn (English Lake District). The quantity of ammonia released exceeds the consumption of nitrate in the hypolimnion. Nitrate dissimilation may be a component in the generation of ammonia, but only during early summer when nitrate is still available. The remainder of the ammonia arises largely from the deamination of proteins, amino acids and urea. Population estimates of bacteria which produced ammonia from nitrate, amino acids and urea were of the same order of magnitude. Numbers of bacteria which produced ammonia from nitrate increased with sediment depth, and urea decomposers were more numerous in the profundal (deep water) sediments. While nitrate was available in the water column, surface sediments converted nitrate almost exclusively to nitrogen gas. After depletion of the nitrate, the release of ammonia from washed sediment particles was largely microbiological, whereas there was a significant chemical component to the release from intact sediment cores. Chemical binding of ammonia by the sediments was demonstrated and this hindered calculations of inorganic nitrogen metabolism based on changes in water chemistry. Trace additions of 14C-labelled protein, amino acids and urea to sediments showed that urea was turned over the most rapidly, but more reliable estimates of available protein in the sediments are required before decomposition rates can be treated with confidence.
TL;DR: The technique, which allows clear differentiation between (16)O and (18)O derivatives of (15)N, was used to assess the source of oxygens in nitrite produced by oxidation of ammonia in Nitrosomonas, and found dioxygen is apparently thesource of at least one oxygen in nitrites produced by Nitroomonas.
Abstract: The 18O/16O shifts in 15N NMR were determined for nitrite (0.13 ppm or 4.2 Hz at 7.05 T) and nitrate (0.056 ppm or 1.7 Hz at 7.05 T) at neutral pH. The technique, which allows clear differentiation between 16O and 18O derivatives of 15N, was used to assess the source of oxygens in nitrite produced by oxidation of ammonia in Nitrosomonas. The two oxygens of nitrite produced by cell-catalyzed oxidation of ammonia or hydroxylamine had the 16O/18O isotope composition of water. Nitrosomonas is shown to catalyze the rapid exchange of oxygen between nitrite and water. The exchange reaction required the concomitant oxidation of ammonia. The amount of nitrite exchanged could exceed the amount of ammonia oxidized by a factor of 3. This exchange explains previous difficulties in the determination of the source of nitrite oxygen in ammonia oxidation. When cells oxidized [15N]ammonia in the presence of a great excess of exogenous [14N]nitrite, 20% of one oxygen in the resulting [15N]nitrite was derived from dioxygen. Dioxygen is apparently the source of at least one oxygen in nitrite produced by Nitrosomonas.
Patent•
11 Mar 1982
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors proposed a solution for the preservation of wood and like materials by impregnation into or surface application to the material and also useful as fungicides for the treatment of plants for agricultural and horitcultural use.
Abstract: Compositions in the form of an aqueous solution comprising: (a) a compound of a preservative metal; (b) a branched-chain carboxylic acid or a .[.dipentene-mono-carboxylic.]. .Iadd.dicyclopentadiene-mono-carboxylic .Iaddend.acid or a .[.dipentene-di-carboxylic.]. .Iadd.dicyclopentadiene-di-carboxylic .Iaddend.acid; and (c) ammonia and/or an ammonium compound, the amount of ammonia and/or ammonium compound being at least sufficient to solubilize the compound (a) and to neutralize the acid (b), are useful for the preservation of wood and like materials by impregnation into or surface application to the material and are also useful as fungicides for the treatment of plants for agricultural and horitcultural use.
TL;DR: Amino acids belonging to the putative transmitter group were released extensively during potassium perfusion and, except for glutamate, even after ammonium ion perfusion, and acetate-derived radioactivity was strikingly decreased in the amino acid fraction during ammonia perfusion.
TL;DR: In this article, a nitrogen-sensitive detector for gas chromatography was constructed by utilizing a commercial chemiluminescent nitrogen oxide analyser in conjunction with formation of nitrogen monoxide from nitrogen-containing compounds by pyrolysis on the hot platinum catalyst.
TL;DR: In this paper, the dissolution rate of nickel(II) oxide in both solvents was influenced greatly by the heat treatment given to the oxide prior to leaching and, under the conditions studied, was found to be limited by the rate of the surface chemical reactions.
Patent•
27 Jan 1982TL;DR: In this article, an alkali-soluble cellulose derivative is produced by treating cellulose with liquid ammonia having urea dissolved therein, removing the ammonia, resulting in cellulose having Urea distributed therethrough, and heating the thus obtained cellulose-urea to cause reaction between the urea and cellulose and form alkali soluble carbamate.
Abstract: An alkali-soluble cellulose derivative is produced by treating cellulose with liquid ammonia having urea dissolved therein, removing the ammonia, resulting in cellulose having urea distributed therethrough, and heating the thus obtained cellulose-urea to cause reaction between the urea and cellulose and form alkali-soluble cellulose carbamate. This cellulose carbamate can be precipitated from alkaline solution in the form of cellulose carbamate film or fibre.
Patent•
20 Dec 1982TL;DR: In this paper, solid reactant hydrogen gas generator formulations which yield greater than 5 weight percent hydrogen of greater than 98 mole percent hydrogen purity are formulated of a primary heat and hydrogen source selected from ammonia borane from about 50 to about 70 weight percent and hydrazine bisborane from 0-30.00 weight percent.
Abstract: Solid reactant hydrogen gas generator formulations which yield greater than5 weight percent hydrogen of greater than 98 mole percent hydrogen purity are formulated of a primary heat and hydrogen source selected from ammonia borane from about 50 to about 70 weight percent and hydrazine bisborane from about 0-30.00 weight percent, a first hydrogen-containing compound that functions as an auxiliary heat and hydrogen source consisting of ammonium nitrate from about 10.20 to about 17.82 weight percent, and a second hydrogen-containing compound that functions as an auxiliary heat and hydrogen source consisting of (NH 4 ) 2 B 10 H 10 from about 9.80 to about 17.18 weight percent.
Patent•
29 Sep 1982TL;DR: In this paper, a continuous process for the manufacture of ethylenediamine from the products of the reaction of ethylene oxide and ammonia was described, where a continuous recycle stream of monoethanolamine was provided for the product of such reactions.
Abstract: There is described a continuous process for the manufacture of ethylenediamine from the products of the reaction of ethylene oxide and ammonia, provision of a continuous recycle stream of monoethanolamine to the products of the reaction of ethylene oxide and ammonia, the amination of such products of the reaction of ethylene oxide and ammonia combined with the monoethanolamine recycle in which the feed stream to the amination reaction zone contains at least 70 weight percent monoethanolamine as well as diethanolamine and triethanolamine, the moles of ammonia provided to the amination reaction exceeds the molar concentration of alcoholic hydroxyl groups present in the amination feed, and the feed to the amination reactor contains at least a 5% increase in the concentration of monoethanolamine over the concentration of monoethanolamine in the reaction product stream from the reaction of ethylene oxide and ammonia.
TL;DR: Polycrystalline rhenium appears to be nearly an order of magnitude more active as an ammonia synthesis catalyst than the most active crystal plane of iron (Fe(111)) at low conversions and in the reactant pressure (20 atm) and temperature (603-713 K) regimes investigated as discussed by the authors.
TL;DR: In this article, the EELS spectra of ammonia adsorbed on a Fe(110) surface at 120 K reveal three different adsorption states of molecular ammonium.
TL;DR: In this article, a corn field was treated with 0,.25,.52, or 1.08% added nitrogen as ammonia (of silage dry matter) and about 3 kg of material was placed in polyethylene bags, which then were evacuated and served as experimental silos.
TL;DR: The results indicate the feasibility of using whole cyanobacterial cells for the photoproduction of significant amounts of ammonia from nitrate at the expense of light energy, in a simple version of photobiological energy transduction and storage.
TL;DR: In this paper, a flow potentiometric stripping analysis for mercury in urine is performed at a gold working electrode for 90 s at -0.25 V vs. SCE at a flow rate of 1.75 ml min-1.