Ammonium hydroxide

About: Ammonium hydroxide is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 3943 publications have been published within this topic receiving 40777 citations.

A Soluble and Highly Conductive Ionomer for High‐Performance Hydroxide Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells

Abstract: Hydrogen proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) have been demonstrated to have high power density and reasonable energy density. Their commercialization, however, has been hampered by the high cost and low durability of their electrocatalysts. By switching from an acidic medium to a basic one, hydroxide (OH ) exchange membrane fuel cells (HEMFCs) have the potential to solve the problems of catalyst cost and durability while achieving high power and energy density. In a basic environment, the cathode oxygen reduction over-potential can be significantly reduced, leading to high fuel cell efficiency, and catalysts in basic medium are also more durable. In addition, the facile cathode kinetics allows nonprecious metals to be used as catalysts, thus drastically reducing the cost of the fuel cell. Further, HEMFCs can offer fuel flexibility (e.g., methanol, ethanol, ethylene glycol, etc.) because of their low overpotential for hydrocarbon fuel oxidation and reduced fuel crossover. One of the most significant problems for HEMFCs is the lack of a soluble ionomer that can be used in the catalyst layer to build an efficient three-phase boundary and thus drastically improve the utilization of the catalyst particles and reduce the internal resistance. One of the most desirable properties of an ionomer for use in the catalyst layer is high solubility in low-boiling-point water-soluble solvents such as ethanol and (nor 2-)propanol, because these solvents are easy and safe to handle and remove during the electrode preparation. The ionomer should also have high hydroxide conductivity and alkaline stability. For PEMFCs, Nafion has been the ionomer of choice because it meets these requirements. But for HEMFCs, the most commonly used material for the hydroxide exchange membrane (HEM) is a quaternary ammonium hydroxide containing polymer that has poor solubility in the aforementioned simple solvents, low hydroxide conductivity, and poor alkaline stability. For example, Tokuyama Co. very recently reported two types of soluble quaternary ammonium hydroxide containing polymers (product code: A3Ver2, soluble in tetrahydrofuran or n-propanol, and AS-4, soluble in n-propanol); however, as a result of their low hydroxide conductivity, their incorporation into the catalyst layers of HEMFCs only led to a moderate improvement in performance. In another case, Park et al. prepared an ionomer solution of the trimethylamine (TMA) and N,N,N’,N’-tetramethyl-1,6-hexanediamine (TMHDA) based polysulfone– methylene quaternary ammonium hydroxide (T/TPQAOH) in dimethylacetamide (DMAc, b.p. 166 8C). Similar to the Tokuyama results, the low hydroxide conductivity of the ionomer significantly limited the improvement in fuel cell performance, and in addition, removal of the high-boilingpoint solvent is considered difficult and unsafe in the presence of finely dispersed catalysts. Owing to the lack of a soluble highly conductive solid ionomer, aqueous solutions of KOH or NaOH have been previously used in the electrodes, where the introduction of metal cations (M) offsets the key advantages of a HEMFC over traditional liquid-electrolytebased alkaline fuel cells (AFCs). Furthermore, owing to the lack of a good ionomer as the binder, non-ionic conductive PTFE and proton-conductive Nafion ionomers were used as substitutes in the electrodes, even though these materials were known to have no hydroxide conductivity. Recently, Varcoe et al. reported a TMHDA-based polyvinylbenzylcrosslinked quaternary ammonium hydroxide (TPCQAOH) electrochemical interface to enhance HEMFC performance. Because the polymer used was not soluble in ionomer form, one could question its ability to form an efficient three-phase-boundary structure in the catalyst layer, thereby limiting performance. Moreover, the hydroxide conductivity and stability of the electrochemical interface are still of concern because it is based on quaternary ammonium hydroxide groups. Quaternary phosphonium containing polymers showed excellent solubility in methanol. The strong basicity of the tertiary phosphine suggests that quaternary phosphonium hydroxides are very strong bases. Therefore in this work, we synthesized a new quaternary phosphonium based ionomer that is soluble in low-boiling-point water-soluble solvents and is highly hydroxide conductive: tris(2,4,6-trimethoxyphenyl) polysulfone-methylene quaternary phosphonium hydroxide (TPQPOH; Scheme 1). The TPQPOH ionomer exhibits excellent solubility in pure methanol, ethanol, and n-propanol and in their aqueous solutions (50 wt% in water, see Table S1 in the Supporting Information). On the other hand, the TPQPOH is insoluble in pure water, even at 80 8C, suggesting that it can be used in the [*] Dr. S. Gu, Dr. R. Cai, T. Luo, Dr. Z. Chen, M. Sun, Y. Liu, Prof. Dr. Y. S. Yan Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering University of California—Riverside Riverside, CA 92521 (USA) Fax: (+1)951-827-5696 E-mail: yushan.yan@ucr.edu Homepage: http://www.engr.ucr.edu/faculty/chemenv/ yushanyan.html

Optimization of dye-doped silica nanoparticles prepared using a reverse microemulsion method

Abstract: Fluorescent labeling based on silica nanoparticles facilitates unique applications in bioanalysis and bioseparation. Dye-doped silica nanoparticles have significant advantages over single-dye labeling in signal amplification, photostability and surface modification for various biological applications. We have studied the formation of tris(2,2'-bipyridyl)dichlororuthenium(II) (Ru(bpy)) dye-doped silica nanoparticles by ammonia-catalyzed hydrolysis of tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) in water-in-oil microemulsion. The fluorescence spectra, particle size, and size distribution of Ru(bpy) dye-doped silica nanoparticles were examined as a function of reactant concentrations (TEOS and ammonium hydroxide), nature of surfactant molecules, and molar ratios of water to surfactant (R) and cosurfactant to surfactant (p). The particle size and fluorescence spectra were dependent upon the type of microemulsion system chosen. The particle size was found to decrease with an increase in concentration of ammonium hydroxide and increase in water to surfactant molar ratio (R) and cosurfactant to surfactant molar ratio (p). This optimization study of the preparation of dye-doped silica nanoparticles provides a fundamental knowledge of the synthesis and optical properties of Ru(bpy) dye-doped silica nanoparticles. With this information, these nanoparticles can be easily manipulated, with regard to particle size and size distribution, and bioconjugated as needed for bioanalysis and bioseparation applications.