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Showing papers on "Ammonium hydroxide published in 1969"


Patent
19 Mar 1969
TL;DR: AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS of AMMONIUM SALTS OF a SMALL Group OF HALF ESTERS FORMED FROM MALEIC ANHYDRIDE-OLEFIN COPOLYMERS are used in IMPROVED FLOOR POLISH FORMULATIONS as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS OF AMMONIUM SALTS OF A SMALL GROUP OF HALF ESTERS FORMED FROM MALEIC ANHYDRIDE-OLEFIN COPOLYMERS ARE USEFUL IN IMPROVED FLOOR POLISH FORMULATIONS. THE CLASS OF COPOLYMERS INCLUDE PARTIALLY ESTERIFIED COPOLYMERS OF MALEIC ANHYDRIDE WITH 1-HEXENE, 1-BUTENE DIMERS, 1-OCTENE AND 1-DECENE IN OLEFIN/MALEIC ANHYDRIDE MOLAR RATIOS OF 1 TO 1.5, HAVING ACID NUMBERS OF AT LEAST 150, NO ANHYDRIDE GROUPS OR ADJACENT CARBOXY GROUPS AND INHERENT VISCOSITIES IN ACETONE AT 25*C. OF FROM ABOUT 0,04 TO 1.1 DECILITERS PER GRAM AT 5 G./DL. CONCENTRATION.

46 citations


Patent
Michael G Romanelli1
19 Mar 1969
TL;DR: In this article, the unsaturated alcohols and ethers are prepared through the reaction of C4 to C6 aliphatic conjugated diolefins with water, a lower alkanol or mixtures thereof in the presence of a zero valent palladium based catalyst system.
Abstract: Unsaturated alcohols and ethers are prepared through the reaction of C4 to C6 aliphatic conjugated diolefins with water, a lower alkanol or mixtures thereof in the presence of a zero valent palladium based catalyst system. The preferred catalyst is tetrakis(triphenyl-phosphine)palladium alone or in combination with a basic material such as a quaternary ammonium hydroxide. Where one of the coreactants is water, the reaction is conducted in the presence of a solvent. The unsaturated alcohol and ether products can be catalytically hydrogenated to plasticizer alcohols and ether solvent media.

38 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Clark oxygen electrode calibration by preparation of oxygen standard aqueous solutions, noting repair by ammonium hydroxide treatment.
Abstract: Clark oxygen electrode calibration by preparation of oxygen standard aqueous solutions, noting repair by ammonium hydroxide treatment

26 citations


Patent
10 Oct 1969
TL;DR: The authors describes reaction products useful as multipurpose fuel and motor oil additives which are reaction products of about equal molar portions of (1) an intermediate product produced by the condensation reaction between approximately equal molars portions of a compound selected from the group consisting of an alkenyl substituted succinic acid or metal salt thereof, having an average molecular weight from about 350 to about 1,000.
Abstract: The disclosure describes reaction products useful as multipurpose fuel and motor oil additives which are reaction products of about equal molar portions of (1) an intermediate product produced by the condensation reaction between about equal molar portions of a compound selected from the group consisting of an alkenyl substituted succinic acid, an alkenyl substituted succinic anhydride and an alkenyl substituted succinimide or metal salt thereof, said compound having an average molecular weight from about 350 to about 1,000, and a second compound selected from the group consisting of ammonia gas, ammonium hydroxide and hydrazine, and (2) a third compound selected from the group consisting of basic metal compounds, compounds with displaceable halogens, acid halides, alkylene oxides, acid anhydrides, thio anhydrides, triethyl phosphite, boric acid and acrylonitrile. The intermediate product was itself found to be useful as a fuel and motor oil additive.

15 citations


Patent
16 Sep 1969
TL;DR: SOLUTIONS of SIMPLE OR COMPLEX SALTS of TIN AND GLUCONIC ACID or SIMILAR POLYHYDROXY CARBOXYLIC ALIPHATICACID, MADE NEUTRAL OR NEARLY SO by adding addition of a non-metal base SUCH AS AMMONIUM HYDROXIDE, are USEFUL in forming a dense, adherent TIN PLATE on CONDUCTIVE SURFACES as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: SOLUTIONS OF SIMPLE OR COMPLEX SALTS OF TIN AND GLUCONIC ACID OR SIMILAR POLYHYDROXY CARBOXYLIC ALIPHATIC ACID, MADE NEUTRAL OR NEARLY SO BY ADDITION OF A NONMETAL BASE SUCH AS AMMONIUM HYDROXIDE, ARE USEFUL IN FORMING A DENSE, ADHERENT TIN PLATE ON CONDUCTIVE SURFACES. THEY ARE PARTICULARLY USEFUL IN PLATING TIN METAL ON ALUMINUM OR ALUMINUM ALLOYS.

14 citations


Patent
14 Jan 1969
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors report that the UPPER LIMIT on the amount of ammonium hydroxide EMPLOYED will range from about 15-20% to approximately 5-10% in the presence of at least 0.1% ammonium hydroxide.
Abstract: POLYACRYLATES ARE PREPARED IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION UNDER SPECIALLY CONTROLLED REACTION CONDITIONS TO PRODUCE EFFICIENT FLOCCULANTS. AMMONIUM ACRYLATE TO POLYMERIZED AT A MONOMER CONCENTRATION WITHIN THE RANGE FROM ABOUT 10 WEIGHT PERCENT OF THE POLYMERIZATION SYSTEM UP TO THE MONOMER SATURATION LEVEL, IN THE PRESENCE OF AT LEAST 0.1 WEIGHT PERCENT OF AMMONIUM HYDROXIDE. THE UPPER LIMIT ON THE AMOUNT OF HYDROXIDE EMPLOYED WILL RANGE DOWNWARDLY FROM ABOUT 15 WEIGHT PERCENT TO APPROXIMATELY 5 WEIGHT PERCENT FOR MONOMER CONCENTRATIONS FROM 10 TO 40 WEIGHT PERCENT RESPECTIVELY. FURTHER IMPROVEMENT IN POLYMER PROPERTIES IS ACHIEVED BY THE INCORPORATION OF AT LEAST ABOUT 1 WEIGHT PERCENT, BASED ON THE WEIGHT OF POLYMERIZATION SYSTEM, OF AN ALKALI METAL SALT.

9 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: For the monoethyl ester-anions of dicarboxylic acids, the rates with poly(vinylbenzyltriethylammonium hydroxide) were greater than those with the polymer by a factor of 2-5 as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Rates of hydrolysis of uncharged aliphatic esters with poly(vinylbenzyltriethylammonium hydroxide) do not differ greatly from those with sodium hydroxide, but for the monoethyl ester-anions of dicarboxylic acids the rates with the polymer are greater than those with sodium hydroxide by factors of 2–5; the increase is ascribed to migration of the ester-anions into the hydroxylic counter-ion layer of the polymeric alkali

9 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors measured the solubility of P2O5 component in various solvents, chain-length distribution of phosphate ions, mineral composition of the devitrified specimens obtained by heat treatment, density and refractive index.
Abstract: Solubilities and physical properties of phosphate glasses in the systems, alkaline earth oxides-phosphorous pentoxide, were measured. Glass systems concerned in the present study are CaO-P2O5, MgO-P2O5, SrO-P2O5, BaO-P2O5, CaO-MgO-P2O5 and CaO-MgO-SrO-BaO-P2O5. The composition of the glass specimens covered from 0.7 to 1.7 in mole ratio RO/P2O5. The subjects tested in this paper are solubility of P2O5 component in various solvents, chain-length distribution of phosphate ions, mineral composition of the devitrified specimens obtained by heat-treatment, density and refractive index. As the solvents for the solubility test, N/2 hydrochloric acid, 2% citric acid, 10% neutral sodium citrate, 10% sodium hydroxide and 10% ammonium hydroxide etc. were used.The solubility of P2O5 in the acid solvents increased with the increase of mole ratio RO/P2O5, whereas the reverse change was observed in the case of the basic solvents. It was recognized that the solubility by using the neutral solvents gave a maximum value at a composition of RO/P2O5=1. For the sodium hydroxide solvent, MgO-P2O5 glass resulted in a considerably high solubility comparing with the other glasses.The anomalies of some physical properties and solubility in a system MgO-P2O5 glass disappeared by adding other alkaline earth oxide to a original system. For instance CaO-MgO-P2O5 and CaO-MgO-SrO-PaO-P2O5 glasses had no anomalies concerning density and refractive index curves. When the system contained the mixed alkaline earth oxides, glass formation was observed even in high alkaline earth oxide region. The inclusion of RO in the melt of a sample up to 1.7 in mole ratio RO/P2O5 gave the vitrifaction of the specimen. In these mixed alkaline earth glasses, only two kinds of phosphate ions with short size, i.e. ortho and pyro, were detected by paper chromatographic test and their acid solubilities were higher than those of the other phosphate glasses.No change in the size-distribution of the phosphate ions was seen in the process of dissolution of the glasses in the various solvents except for the acid solvents in which the hydrolysis of phosphate ions occured considerably and rapidly. It seems that when these glasses are heat-treated and then devitrified no reaction among the phosphate ions arises and the phosphate ions with the various size in the original glass make the correspondingly crystalline phosphates.

7 citations


Patent
16 Jan 1969
TL;DR: In this article, a fire retardant hardboard is produced by adding a watersoluble hydrolyzable ammonium borate composition, in a quantity which will provide 1.3 percent to 7.0 percent by weight of boron in the hardboard, to a partially dewatered mat or to a fibrous slurry.
Abstract: A fire retardant hardboard is produced by adding a watersoluble hydrolyzable ammonium borate composition, in a quantity which will provide 1.3 percent to 7.0 percent by weight of boron in the hardboard, to a partially dewatered mat or to a fibrous slurry where the mole ratio of ammonium to borate expressed as the ratio of ammonium hydroxide to boric acid is from 0.3 to 1 to 0.4 to 1 and subsequently applying heat and pressure to form the hardboard.

7 citations


Patent
31 Jul 1969
TL;DR: In this paper, a system and process for treating the effluent chemicals from an air pollution control system for fossil fuel fired equipment is described, which involves the addition of magnesium-containing additives such as dolomite to the equipment followed by the wet scrubbing of the flue gases resulting in the reaction of the sulfur oxides with the additive.
Abstract: A system and process is described for treating the effluent chemicals from an air pollution control system for fossil fuel fired equipment. The air pollution control system involves the addition of magnesium-containing additives such as dolomite to the equipment followed by the wet scrubbing of the flue gases resulting in the reaction of the sulfur oxides with the additive. The treatment involves the addition of ammonium hydroxide to the solution removed from the scrubber to convert the soluble magnesium sulfate to soluble ammonium sulfate and precipitate magnesium hydroxide. The ammonium sulfate solution is removed from the magnesium hydroxide and either used for fertilizer or further reacted with calcium oxide to precipitate calcium sulfate and form ammonium hydroxide which is recycled for reaction with the scrubber effluent.

7 citations


Patent
08 Jan 1969
TL;DR: In this paper, a disclosure is directed to the production of the enzyme glucoamylase and ammonium hydroxide or ammonia gas is introduced into the growth medium to provide a source of ammonia and to maintain the pH of medium at the level where optimum growth of the microorganisms occurs.
Abstract: The disclosure is directed to the production of the enzyme glucoamylase. During the growth of glucoamylase producing microorganisms, ammonium hydroxide or ammonia gas is introduced into the growth medium to provide a source of ammonia and to maintain the pH of medium at the level where optimum growth of the microorganisms occurs.

Patent
10 Sep 1969
TL;DR: In this article, Wolfen et al. describe a heterogeneous ion exchange membrane, which is a mixture of an ion exchange-active material and an anion exchange-sensitive material.
Abstract: 1,163,686. Ion exchange membranes. FARBENFABRIK WOLFEN, VEB. 2 May, 1968, No. 20895/68. Heading B1X. A heterogeneous ion exchange membrane comprises a condensed film made from an acetone-formaldehyde precondensate, the film containing at least one cation exchange-active and/or anion exchange-active material and being associated with a supporting fabric. The membrane, which preferably has a thickness of between 0.1 mm and 1 mm, may be a cation exchange membrane or an anion exchange membrane or, if the film contains both a cation exchange-active material and an anion exchange-active material, a bipolar ion exchange membrane. The membrane may be produced by forming an intimate mixture of an acetone-formaldehyde precondensate and at least one dustlike cation exchange-active and/or anion exchange-active material, applying the mixture and an alkaline catalyst to a supporting fabric, and condensing completely by the action of heat the substance applied to the fabric. The precondensate is produced from acetone and formaldehyde in a mole ratio preferably of between 1 to 1 and 1 to 5, most preferably of 1 to 2. As exemplified, the ion exchange-active material is sulphonated polystyrene crosslinked with 8% divinyl benzene (Example 1) from which material is produced a cation exchange membrane, an ammonium group-containing polystyrene cross-linked with, 5% divinyl benzene (Example 2) from which material is produced a strongly basic anion exchange membrane, styrene-divinyl benzene having a degree of cross-linking of 15% (Example 3) from which material is produced a strongly acidic cation exchange membrane, and acrylic acid-divinyl benzene having a degree of cross-linking of 10% (Example 4) from which material is produced a weakly acidic cation exchange membrane. The particle size of the ion exchange-active material preferably is less than 0.1 mm. The weight ratio of precondensate to ion exchange-active material preferably is between 60 to 40 and 30 to 70. The mixture of precondensate and ion ex change-active material also may contain a plasticizer which may be a compound containing primary hydroxyl groups, for example a polyalcohol, a polyester, a fatty alcohol, a polyether or a polyglycol having terminal hydroxyl groups. The catalyst may be used in the form of a solution the concentration of which preferably is from 10% to 50% by weight. Examples of suitable solutions are solutions of strong alkalis, for example sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide and tetraethyl ammonium hydroxide, in water or in an organic solvent, and alcoholic solutions of alkali metal alcoholates. The supporting fabric may be made from glass fibre, cotton, a polyamide, a polyester, polyvinyl chloride or polypropylene. The thickness of the fibre from which the fabric is made preferably is between 0.01 mm and 1 mm; the mesh size of the fabric preferably is between 0.1 mm 2 and 1 mm 2 . The mixture of precondensate and ion exchange-active material may be applied one or more times to the fabric which prior to such application may have been desized with a solvent, for example carbon tetrachloride. A non-porous ion exchange membrane is produced by condensing at a temperature of from 30‹C to 60‹C and using a non-porous dust-like ion exchange-active material and, as catalyst, either an alcoholic solution of an alkali metal hydroxide or a solution of an alkali metal alcoholate; a porous ion exchange membrane is produced by condensing either at a temperature of from 30‹C to 60‹C and using a porous dust-like ion exchange-active material and, as catalyst, an alcoholic solution of an alkali metal hydroxide or at a temperature of from 90‹C to 110‹C and using a non- porous dust-like ion exchange-active material and, as catalyst, an aqueous solution of an alkali metal hydroxide; a doubly porous ion exchange membrane is produced by condensing at a temperature of from 90‹C to 110‹C and using a porous dust-like ion exchangeactive material and, as catalyst, an aqueous solution of an alkali metal hydroxide. The ion exchange membranes are of use in the desalination of sea water and of brackish water, in the separation of electrolytes from industrial waste waters, in the deionisation of sugar juices, molasses, whey, glycerol and film emulsions, in the recovery of acids and salts from electrolysis and spinning baths, in the production and subsequent purification of organic acids, in the separation of anode and cathode chambers in electrolytic processes, in membrane electrodes as diaphragms and in fuel cells; bipolar ion exchange membranes may be used in rectifiers.

Patent
08 Oct 1969
TL;DR: In this paper, a process for the production of cellulosic pulp from lignocellulosic material is described, which comprises impregnating said material in subdivided form with a polysulphide liquor containing ammonium hydroxide in an amount sufficient to maintain a pH of at least 11.5 and at a temperature below that at which substantial decomposition of the polysulate occurs.
Abstract: In a process for the production of cellulosic pulp from lignocellulosic material which comprises impregnating said material in subdivided form with a polysulphide liquor containing ammonium hydroxide in an amount sufficient to maintain a pH of at least 11.5 and at a temperature below that at which substantial decomposition of the polysulphide occurs, removing excess polysulphide from the material, heating the polysulphide impregnated material in the presence of ammonia gas to stabilize the material, and subsequently cooking the material with sodium hydroxide containing cooking liquor to delignify the material.

Patent
30 Jun 1969
TL;DR: In a process for production of titanium dioxide coatings by hydrolysis of titanium salts, an aqueous 0.001-5 molar solution of a titanium salt having a free acid content corresponding to a normality of 0.5-5.0, the rate of addition of the base being just sufficient to neutralise the acid contained in the titanium salt solution as well as the acid formed by the hydrolyse as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: 1279672 Coating MERCK PATENT GmbH 30 June 1969 28781/69 Heading B2E [Also in Divisions C1 C3 and C4 In a process for production of titanium dioxide coatings by hydrolysis of titanium salts, an aqueous 0.001-5 molar solution of a titanium salt having a free acid content corresponding to a normality of 0.002-3, and an aqueous 0.025-10 N solution of an alkali metal or ammonium hydroxide or ammonium gas are fed concurrently into an aqueous suspension of particulate solid material to be coated, the suspension having a temperature of 50-100‹C and a pH of 0.5-5.0, the rate of addition of the base being just sufficient to neutralise the acid contained in the titanium salt solution as well as the acid formed by the hydrolysis, thus maintaining a constant pH of 0.5-5.0, and the quantity of titanium salt added per minute being maintained at 0.01 to 20x10 -5 moles/m 2 of surface to be coated. The aqueous suspension may also contain non- particulate articles to be coated. Specified salts are titanous and titanyl sulphates, titanium tri- and tetrachlorides and tri- and tetrabromides. When a trivalent titanium salt is used, oxygen is supplied to the reaction zone by, e.g. rapid agitation or by bubbling in air. Examples describe the coating of particles of mica, and glass beads. Other substrates specified are metals, graphite, barium sulphate, glass plates, plastics, and luminescent substances such as calcium tungstate, zinc and calcium silicates, cadmium borate, and calcium halophosphate activated with manganese, antimony or cerium. The coated material may be dried or may be dehydrated by calcining at, e.g. 700-1000‹C. A second oxide coating of, e.g. cobalt, nickel, iron or chromium oxide may be deposited on or with the titanium dioxide coating. The products are irridescent or nacreous pigments of various colours depending on the thickness of the TiO 2 layer.

Patent
Charles R Williams1
04 Sep 1969
TL;DR: In this article, a method for sizing textiles is proposed, which is based on a mixture of mixed-salt and the reaction product of an INTERPOLYMER with a FIXED ALKALI BASE and a FUGITIVE ALKalI Base; the LATTER SUBSEQUENTLY being VOLATILIZED AWAY DURING PROCESSING OF the SIZED TEXTILE.
Abstract: DISCLOSED HEREIN IS A METHOD FOR SIZING TEXTILES WHICH EMPLOYS AS THE SIZING AGENT A MIXED SALT COMPRISING THE REACTION PRODUCT OF AN INTERPOLYMER WITH A FIXED ALKALI BASE AND A FUGITIVE ALKALI BASE; THE LATTER SUBSEQUENTLY BEING VOLATILIZED AWAY DURING PROCESSING OF THE SIZED TEXTILE. THE INTERPOLYMER COMPRISES (A) 1.0 MOLAR PROPORTION OF A MALEIC OR FUMARIC ACID OR ANHYDRIDE OR PARTIAL ESTER, (B) FROM 0.1 TO 3.0 MOLAR PROPORTION OF A MONOVINYLIDENE AROMATIC MONOMER AND (C) FROM ZERO TO A FINITE MOLAR PROPORTION OF AN ALPHA-OLEFIN, A VINYL ESTER, ALPHA-BETA-ETHYLENICALLY UNSATURATED NITRILE, AN ACRYLIC OR METHACRYLIC ESTER OR A VINYL ALKYL ETHER. FROM 10 TO 70% OF THE FREE CARBOXYL GROUPS OF THE INTERPOLYMER ARE COMBINED WITH FIXED BASE, I.E., NON-VOLATILE AMINE OR ALKALI METAL BASE, AND FROM 5 TO 90% OF SAID FREE CARBOXYL GROUPS ARE COMBINED WITH FUGITIVE BASE, I.E., AMMONIA, AMMONIUM HYDROXIDE OR VOLATILE AMINE.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, conditions for a rapid and selective semimicrodetermination of mercury(II) are presented, and the reaction between N -allylothiourea and mercury (II) in the presence of ammonium hydroxide (pH ≤ 9) has been made the basis of mercury sulfide precipitation from homogeneous solution.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the effect of adsorbed water on the direct-current conductivity of amorphous ferric oxide has been studied and an equation of the Elovich type was obtained: dq ⊆dt =k′p 0.63exp(−α′q ⋆RTp0.5), where k′ and α′ are constants; q, the amount of adsored water, and p, the pressure.
Abstract: Amorphous ferric oxide was prepared by precipitation in a mixture of ammonium hydroxide and ferric nitrate at 90°C, after which it was calcinated in air at a constant rate of 10°C/min up to 200°C. The rate of the adsorption on the amorphous oxide was measured by a gravimetric method. An equation of the Elovich type was obtained: dq⁄dt=k′p0.63exp(−α′q⁄RTp0.5), where k′ and α′ are constants; q, the amount of adsorbed water, and p, the pressure. This kinetics can be interpreted by a model of a two-stage adsorption process, the van der Waals adsorption and the charge-transfer adsorption, the latter stage being assumed to be rate-determining. The effect of adsorbed water on the direct-current conductivity of the oxide, i, is formulated as i=i0exp(aq). Assuming that the adsorbed water is acting as a donor-type impurity and that the ionization energy decreases with the concentration of impurity, the relation between i and q can be derived from the theory of the semiconduction of an n-type conductor.

Patent
30 Jul 1969
TL;DR: In this article, half sulphuric esters or salts of half-sulphuric enters of anthraquinone dyes of Formula I were described. But they were not described in detail.
Abstract: 1,159,683. Anthraquinone dyes. IMPERIAL CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES Ltd. 23 Nov., 1966 [29 Nov., 1965], No. 50538/65. Heading C4P. [Also in Division D1] Half sulphuric esters or salts of half sulphuric esters of anthraquinone dyes of Formula I in which R is cycloalkyl, alkyloycloalkyi or an aryl group which may be optionally substituted by one or more alkyl groups and A is a saturated hydrocarbon group are prepared by treating the compound above with concentrated sulphuric acid or oleum and then with oxide or hydroxide or a salt of a weak acid of the metal or with ammonia, an amine or quaternary ammonium hydroxide.

Patent
K Pande1, G Trampe1
07 Oct 1969
TL;DR: In this article, a method of preparing Alpha -haloacrylic acid and derivatives thereof from dihalopropionic acid was proposed using aqueous ammonium hydroxide or anhydrous ammonia.
Abstract: A method of preparing Alpha -haloacrylic acid and derivatives thereof from dihalopropionic acid and derivatives using aqueous ammonium hydroxide or anhydrous ammonia. The reaction proceeds by dehydrohalogenation of the dihalo compound to provide the Alpha -halo compound.

Patent
Richard C Ropp1
18 Mar 1969
TL;DR: In this article, an improved method of precipitating RARE-EARTH METAL ORTHOVANADate PHOSPHOR from AQUEOUS SOLUTION is presented.
Abstract: AN IMPROVED METHOD OF PRECIPITATING RARE-EARTH METAL ORTHOVANADATE PHOSPHOR FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTION. THE CONSTITUENTS ARE DISSOLVED IN ACID SOLUTION, WITH VANADIUM PENTOXIDE BEING DISSOLVED IN HYDROCHLORIC ACID TO PROVIDE A HIGH CONCENTRATION OF VANADYL RADICAL IN SOLUTION. PREDETERMINED AMOUNTS OF AMMONIUM HYDROXIDE AND HYDROGEN PEROXIDE ARE ADMIXED WITH THE RARE-EARTH METAL AND VANADIUM CONTAINING ACID SOLUTIONS SO THAT THE PH OF THE RESULTING MIXTURE IS DETERMINED TO PROVIDE A CONDITION UNDER WHICH RARE-EARTH METAL ORTHOVANADATE IS VERY EFFICIENTLY PRECIPITATED. THE PRECIPITANT IS CALCINED TO PROVIDE AN ACTIVATED, EFFICIENT RARE-EARTH METAL ORTHOVANADATE PHOSPHOR.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the potential of W-Co alloys from aqueous solutions was studied by means of cathode potential measurement, X-ray diffraction, and transmission electron microscopy in order to investigate the relations between deposition potential and properties of deposits such as crystal structure, tungsten content, and internal structure.
Abstract: Electrodeposition of W-Co alloys from aqueous solutions was studied by means of cathode potential measurement, X-ray diffraction, and transmission electron microscopy in order to investigate the relations between deposition potential and properties of deposits such as crystal structure, tungsten content, and internal structure.Electrodeposition was carried out on mild steel cathodes at 80°C in solutions containing various amounts of sodium tungstate and cobalt sulfate and 0.26mol/l of ammonium tartrate; and further, ammonium hydroxide was added to the solutions to reach pH=8.7 at 30°C.Two quite individual deposition processes were found under all the conditions applied. That is; the 1st reaction, in the range of from initial deposition potential of the alloy to-900mV (vs. standard saturated calomel electrode), yielded a phase of c.p.h. solid solution deposit containing 0-40 wt.% of W. The 2nd reaction, in the range of more negative side than-900mV, yielded a diffuse pattern deposit containing 51wt.% (25 at. %) of W, which gave extremely diffused X-ray diffraction patterns. In the range of -900- -970mV, the both processes concurrently occurred and mutual interference was observed. The diffuse pattern deposit was assumed to have a structure of highly random aggregates of units consisting of three Co atoms and one W atom.

Patent
24 Apr 1969
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors describe a continuous process for the production of the CAPROLACTAM, including the use of cyclohexanone with cyclosinthane and ketane in the ACETYLATION reaction.
Abstract: A CONTINUOUS PROCESS FOR THE PRODUCTION OF CAPROLACTAM, INCLUDING ACETYLATION OF CYCLOHEXANONE WITH ACETIC ANHYDRIDE AND KETENE (WHICH REACTS WITH ACETIC ACID FORMED IN THE ACETYLATION REACTION). THE CYCLOHEXENYL ACETATE FORMED IS THEN NITRATED WITH CONCENTRATED NITRIC ACID AND THE RESULTING NITROCYCLOHEXANONE SEPARATED BY DISTILLATION. ACETIC ANHYDRIDE IS RECYCLED TO THE ACETYLATION REACTION, AND ACETIC ACID TOGETHER WITH MAKEUP ACETIC ACID IS PYROLYZED TO KETENE, WHICH IS ALSO USED IN THE ACETYLATION REACTION. THE NITROCYCLOHEXANONE IS THEN CLEAVED WITH AMMONIUM HYDROXIDE TO FORM THE AMMONIUM SALT OF 6-NITRO CAPROIC ACID, WHICH IS THEN REDUCED WITH HYDROGEN AND A HYDROGENATION CATALYST TO PRODUCE 6-AMINO CAPROIC ACID. THIS INTERMEDIATE IS THEN SEPARATED BY REMOVING AMMONIA, WHICH IS RECYCLED WITH MAKEUP AMMONIA TO THE CLEAVAGE REACTION. THE AQUEOUS 6-AMINO CAPROIC ACID IS THEN HEATED IN DILUTE AQUEOUS SOLUTION, 5% TO 25% W./V., TO CYCLIZE TO CAPROLACTAM. THE CAPROLACTAM IS THEN EXTRACTED WITH AN ORGANIC SOLVENT, SUCH AS TRICHLOROETHYLENE, AND THE UNCONVERTED AQUEOUS AMINO CAPROIC ACID RECYCLE TO THE CYCLIZATION STEP. SOLVENT IS THEN REMOVED AND THE CAPROLACTAM PURIFIED BY KNOWN MEANS. AN IMPORTANT PART OF THE PROCESS IS THAT THERE IS NO AMMONIUM SULFATE FORMED, WHICH IN EARLIER PROCESSES WAS AN UNDESIRABLE BY-PRODUCT. THE AMMONIA USED IN THE CLEAVAGE REACTION IS RECYCLED AND THERE IS NO LARGE LOSS OF RAW MATERIAL.

Patent
17 Jan 1969
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors describe a system for making VINYLIDENE FLUORIDE at high conversion and high selectivity by using 1,1,1-HALODIFLUOROETHANE in LIQUID PHASE.
Abstract: A LIQUID SYSTEM CONTAINING AN ALKALI METAL HYDROXIDE OR A QUATERNARY AMMONIUM HYDROXIDE DISPERSED OR DISSOLVED IN A SOLVENT WHICH COMPRISES DIMETHYL SULFOXIDE IS USED TO DEHYDROHALOGENATE HALOGEN-CONTAINING ORGANIC COMPOUNDS IN LIQUID PHASE. THIS DEHYDROHALOGENATION SYSTEM IS PARTICULARLY USEFUL IN MAKING VINYLIDENE FLUORIDE AT HIGH CONVERSION AND HIGH SELECTIVITY BY DEHYDROHALOGENATION OF 1,1,1-HALODIFLUOROETHANE IN LIQUID PHASE.

Patent
20 Oct 1969
TL;DR: In this paper, the corresponding halogenated diphenylacetic acid alkyl ester was oxidized in a polar-aprotic solvent in the presence of a quaternary ammonium hydroxide.
Abstract: Halogenated benzilic acid alkyl esters are prepared by oxidizing the corresponding halogenated diphenylacetic acid alkyl ester in a polar-aprotic solvent in the presence of a quaternary ammonium hydroxide.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the relationship between aspartic acid yield and radiation dose was examined, and found to attain about 12 % at a dose of 3×106 R, though it depended on the amount of fumaric acid used.
Abstract: Solutions containing fumaric acid and ammonium hydroxide in various mole ratios were irradiated with γ-rays from 60Co source (3×104 R/hr). The formation of aspartic acid was detected by paper-electrophoresis, and the amounts produced were determined by spectrophotometry. The relation between aspartic acid yield and radiation dose was examined, and found to attain about 12 % at a dose of 3×106 R, though it depended on the amount of fumaric acid used. The mechanism of the reactions involved is discussed.