Showing papers on "Ammonium hydroxide published in 1987"

Disposable semi-moist wipes

Abstract: A disposable article for light cleaning of hard surfaces comprises a non-woven substrate, preferably of cellulosic or cellulose-containing material, carrying an aqueous cleaning composition loaded onto the substrate at a level less than about 75%, preferably less than 50%, of its maximum absorbence capacity. The aqueous composition comprises one or more nonionic surfactants, one or more anionic surfactnats or a mixture of nonionic and anionic surfactants, a water miscible solvent for oils, (preferably a low molecular weight alcohol), and an alkalinity agent such as ammonium hydroxide in sufficient amount to maintain the pH of the extracted solution within the range of 8 to 12.

Small angle neutron scattering studies on micellar systems part 2. Mixed systems of ammonium decanoate and ammonium perfluoro-octanoate

Abstract: Mixtures of ammonium decanoate (AmDec) and ammonium perfluoro-octanoate (APFO), in ammonium chloride: ammonium hydroxide buffer at pH 8.8 and an ionic strength of 0.1, were examined by small angle neutron scattering with varying proportions of the two surface active agents. The results indicated that mixed micelles were formed and it is suggested from analysis of the data that these were cylindrical in shape at APFO: AmDec ratios of 2∶1, 1∶1 and 1∶2. At 2∶1 and 1∶1 the micelles were found to contain more APFO than expected on the basis of ideal mixing of the surface active agents in the micelle. At a ratio of 1∶9 the micelles were found to be spherical but larger than those formed from AmDec alone. A speculative model is proposed for the mixed micelle which still, however, allows for segregation between hydrocarbon and fluorocarbon chains within the micelle.

Method for producing high purity quaternary ammonium hydroxides

Abstract: A process is described for improving the purity of quaternary ammonium hydroxides. In one embodiment, the process of the present invention comprises the steps of (a) charging an aqueous solution containing the quaternary ammonium hydroxide to the anolyte compartment of an electrolysis cell which comprises an anolyte compartment and a catholyte compartment containing water separated from each other by a cation-exchange membrane, (b) passing a direct current through the electrolysis cell to produce a high purity quaternary ammonium hydroxide in the catholyte compartment, and (c) recovering the high purity quaternary ammonium hydroxide from the catholyte compartment. In a preferred embodiment, the aqueous solution containing the quaternary ammonium hydroxide charged to the anolyte compartment is heated to an elevated temperature for a given period of time prior to subjecting the quaternary ammonium hydroxide to the electrolytic process of the present invention. The process of the present invention results in the formation of quaternary ammonium hydroxide solutions containing significantly reduced amounts of halogen (both ionic and latent), carbonates and/or metals, and the solutions also are characterized by improved color.

Developing solution for positive type photoresist

Abstract: PURPOSE:To improve the selection rate of a solution velocity and to eliminate defective development and sharp-cutting by using a specific aq. org. quaternary ammonium hydroxide soln. as an essential component and incorporating an amphoteric surfactant without contg. metal ions and a specific quaternary ammonium compd. to be added at need therein. CONSTITUTION:The aq. org. quaternary ammonium hydroxide soln. expressed by formula I (where, R1-R4 denote alkyl groups or hydroxy-substd. alkyl groups of 1-3 C) is used as the essential component and the amphoteric surfactant without contg. the metal ions and the quaternary ammonium compd. which is expressed by II (where, R1-R3 denote alkyl groups of 1-4 C; R4 denotes an alkyl group of 8-18 C; X denotes OH or OCOOH) and is to be added at need are incorporated therein. The wettability of the developing soln. with a resist surface is thereby improved and the selection ratio of the solution velocity between the exposed part and the non-exposed part is improved without lowering the sensitivity and heat resistance of the resist; in addition, the defective development and the sharp-cutting are eliminated.

Process for the ammonium hydroxide hydrolysis of polymers of acetoxystyrene to polymers of vinylphenol

Abstract: Polymers of 4-acetoxystyrene are hydrolyzed to polymers of p-vinylphenol with ammonium hydroxide followed by sparging with carbon dioxide. Such polymers are useful in photoresist and as protective coatings for metal.

Cryochemical method of preparing ultrafine particles of high-purity superconducting oxides

Abstract: The present invention pertains to a method of preparing particles of superconducting ceramic powders, which method comprises: (a) dissolving the soluble salts of the cations in aqueous medium; (b) obtaining a solution having pH of between about 4 and 7 by optionally treating the aqueous medium with ammonia, or ammonium hydroxide; (c) atomizing the solution of step (b) onto liquid nitrogen at about -196° C.; (d) removing the liquid nitrogen by evaporation; (e) removing the water by sublimation at reduced pressure; (f) heating the solid residue of step (e) at 40-60° C. at reduced pressure; (g) calcining the solid residue in flowing oxygen or air at temperature of between about 200° to 895° C.; and (h) cooling the solid at a temperature of between about 900° C. and ambient temperature in sufficient air or oxygen and recovering the superconducting powder having an average diameter of between about 0.1 and 10 microns. Optionally, substep (h), additionally includes during cooling, the annealing of the particles in sufficient oxygen at between about 200° and 500° C. for between about 2 and 30 hrs. YBa2 Cu3 O7-d (where d is 0-1) is preferred superconducting powder.

Ammonium vapor phase stripping of wafers

Abstract: A method is set forth of treating a surface of an object to remove impurities. The object is positioned within a treating chamber with the surface exposed. Ammonia vapor is contacted with water vapor and/or hydrogen peroxide vapor adjacent to the surface to provide a hot mixture comprising at least ammonia and ammonium hydroxide. The hot mixture is impinged on the surface. The contacting is immediately prior to and/or simultaneous with the impinging. Resist is quickly stripped from the surfaces of semiconductors by this method. And, the stripping is very complete. Group I and Group II metals are also removed.

Process for the depolymerization of heparin for obtaining heparin with a low molecular weight and having an antithrombotic activity

Abstract: Depolarised heparin having low mol. wt. is obtd. by treating a quaternary ammonium salt of heparin with a quaternary ammonium hydroxide in a non-hydroxylated solvent, and isolating the prod. as a sodium, calcium or magnesium salt. The heparin may be of various origins (cattle, pigs, sheep) and this is treated with the ammonium hydroxide at 10-60 deg.C. The solvent used may be dichloromethane, formamide, or dimethylformamide, or any other solvent free from hydroxyl gps.. The ammonium hydroxide used is pref. benzyl trimethyl ammonium hydroxide (Triton B; RTM). If desired the product may undergo a mild redn., e.g. with sodium or potassium borohydride, to stabilise terminal gps.. The final prod. has a mol. wt. between 2500 and 6000 daltons, and may be purified by fractional precipitation, chromatography, or ultrafiltration.

Method for detackification of paint spray operation wastes

Abstract: An improved method for detackifying over-sprayed paint, lacquer or enamel entrained in the circulating water of paint spray booths comprises maintaining in the wash water a small amount of an alkaline zinc solution containing ammonium hydroxide and ammonium chloride.

An experimental ammonia gas treatment method for oxidized pyritic mineral specimens

Abstract: The oxidation of pyrite or marcasite, the dimorphs of ferrous disulfide, commonly causes the destruction of geological specimens. Conditions that favor high rates of oxidation include fine grain size of the reactive material, high relative humidity, and high temperature. The predominant oxidation products in specimens are sulfuric acid and hydrated ferrous sulfates. It is probable that the presence of oxidation products in specimens accelerates both specific oxidation rates and mechanical disintegration of specimens. Exposure of affected specimens to ammonia gas over a solution of a humectant and ammonium hydroxide has been shown to be effective in converting oxidation products to more humidity-stable compounds. This will certainly reduce damage to specimens from crystalline oxidation product hydration and dehydration reactions, but further experimental work is required to assess the effect of treatment on specific oxidation rates. -- AATA

Manufacture of AMS-18 crystalline borosilicate molecular sieve

Abstract: AMS-1B crystalline borosilicate molecular sieve is prepared by reacting under crystallization conditions, in substantial absence of a metal or ammonium hydroxide, an aqueous mixture containing an oxide of silicon, an oxide of boron, an alkylammonium cation or a precursor of an alkylammonium cation, and ethylenediamine, and the product formed from such method.

Recovery of alumina from aluminosilicates

Abstract: Alumina is recovered from an aluminosilicate vida leached water-soluble residue obtained from the reaction of the aluminosilicate with hydrated calcium and/or magnesium chloride, with or without a minor proportion of sodium chloride, the leached residue is treated, preferably with the application of heat, with a mineral acid such as hydrochloric acid which forms a water-soluble aluminium salt, this can be diluted with water to produce an aqueous solution of the aluminium salt and an insoluble residue comprising hydrated silica, the aluminium salt solution being separated from the insoluble residue and the aluminium hydroxide, alumina thereafter being recovered from the aluminium salt solution, for example by evaporation or by treatment with alkaline metal hydroxide or ammonium hydroxide.

Process for selectively removing sulfur dioxide

Abstract: Gas feed streams containing sulfur dioxide such as flue gas streams are first contacted with an aqueous solution of inorganic sulfites and bisulfites having a pH range from 2 to 6.5 to remove a minor amount of sulfur dioxide. The same gas stream is then contacted with a second aqueous solution of sulfites and bisulfites having a pH range from 7.0 to 12.5. Alkali metal hydroxide or ammonium hydroxide solution is added to the liquid inlet of the second contactor and the solution of the second contactor is pumped to the liquid inlet of the first contactor. 33,461A-F

Method for the chemical preparation of zirconia alloy powders and article

Abstract: A ceramic article having good fractured toughness comprising substantially spherical ceramic particles, which may be a ceramic oxide such as zirconia or zirconia combined with yttrium oxide. The ceramic particles are compacted and sintered to a density greater than 90 percent of theoretical density. The article is characterized by a substantially uniform chemical composition and a substantially inclusion-free, homogeneous microstructure, which may be a metastable crystalline phase with less than 10 volume percent monoclinic crystalline phase. The article is produced by dissolving, such as in water, a soluble compound containing a metal, e.g. zirconium, to form a solute. A precipitation agent, such as sodium hydroxide or ammonium hydroxide, is combined with the solute to precipitate a hydrophilic colloid of the metal hydroxide, such as zirconium hydroxide. The precipitate is formed into particles which are rapidly solidified while preventing agglomeration thereof. The particles are dried, compressed to increase density and reduce size, calcined to convert the metal hydroxide to oxide, e.g. zirconium oxide, and then the particles are compacted and sintered to form a dense ceramic article.

Developing solution for positive type photoresist

Abstract: PURPOSE:To improve the selection ratio in the velocity of dissolution between the exposed and unexposed parts of a resist, defective development and the sharpness at the bottom by adding a specified nonionic surfactant and a quat. ammonium type cationic surfactant or a quat. ammonium compd. to an aq. soln. of org. quat. ammonium hydroxide. CONSTITUTION:A developing soln. is produced by adding a 'Pluronic(R)' and/or 'Tetronic(R)' type nonionic surfactant having 6-15 HLB prepd. by adding ethylene oxide to polypropylene glycol and a quat. ammonium type cationic surfactant or a quat. ammonium compd. to an aq. soln. of an org. quat. ammonium hydroxide. The developing soln. well wets the surface of a resist and can improve the selection ratio in the velocity of dissolution between the exposed and unexposed parts of the resist, defective development and the sharpness at the bottom without lowering the sensitivity of the resist. The soln. foams up hardly and can easily be handled.

The leaching kinetics of cobalt and nickel from aluminum-coprecipitated products

Abstract: The leaching behavior of cobalt and nickel from aluminum-coprecipitated products in ammoniacal solutions has been investigated. Cobalt and nickel were precipitated with aluminum in a solution containing 0.5 M of total ammonia, a mixture of ammonium hydroxide and ammonium nitrate at pH 10. The leaching was carried out at 2 M total ammonia concentration at pH 10. The effect of aging the coprecipitated products on the leaching behavior of cobalt and nickel was also investigated. The equation of continuity with a source term for a spherical coordinate was solved numerically using a forward finite differentiation technique to describe the leaching of cobalt. The nickel leaching kinetics was best described by chemical reaction at the solid/liquid interface of the grains of the precipitated product. The Arrhenius activation energy for cobalt and nickel was found to be very much influenced by the aging time of coprecipitated products and varying over a wide range, 10.5 to 26.8 kJ/mol for cobalt and 15.0 to 38.9 kJ/mole for nickel.

Process for preparing nitriles

Abstract: A facile and mild process for the preparation of nitriles from reagent sensitive primary carboxamides is described. The process utilizes a (carboxysulfamoyl)ammonium hydroxide compound as the dehydrating agent. It is useful for preparing nitriles which have present other groups which are sensitive to the more conventional methods of dehydration or to other methods of nitrile synthesis. Some novel nitriles prepared by the new method are also described.

Process for producing a high purity quaternary ammonium hydroxide

Abstract: A process for production of high purity quaternary ammonium hydroxides, comprising electrolyzing quaternary ammonium hydrogencarbonates represented by the general formula: (wherein the symbols are as defined in the appended claims) in an electrolytic cell comprising an anode compartment and a cathode compartment defined by a cation exchange membrane. In accordance with this process, high purity quaternary ammonium hydroxides can be produced with high electrolytic efficiency and further without causing corrosion of equip­ment. Since the quaternary ammonium hydroxides produced by the present invention are of high purity, they can be effectively used as, for example, cleaners, etchants or developers for wafers in the production of IC and LSI in the field of electronics and semiconductors.

Substrate having an adherent photo-product coating on its surface and a method of coating said substrate

Abstract: This invention relates to a natural or synthetic gemstone or mineral substrate having on its surface an adherent photo-product coating, and a method for coating that substrate, which coating is formed by exposing to light in the presence of an oxygen source, a reactant mixture comprising: 2,2'4,4'-tetrahydroxybenzophenone, with (1) ammonium hydroxide and optionally a trace amount of at least one reactive metal, or (2) ammonium hydroxide and at least one metal salt, or (3) at least one metal salt and at least one amine, or (4) ammonium hydroxide, at least one metal salt and at least one amine; in a suitable solvent.

Effect of ammonium fertilizer on NH3 loss and Ca, Mg, ammonium and nitrate content in a calcareous soil solution

Abstract: This study examined the effects of NH inf4 + fertilizers [(NH4)2SO4, (NH4)2HPO4, CO(NH2)2, NH4OH, and NH4NO3] on NH3 loss and the quantity of Ca + Mg, NH inf4 + and NO inf3 sup− in the solution of a calcareous soil (Harkey sicl, Typic Torrifluvent). Various NH4 fertilizers applied at a depth of 5 cm in the soil produced differing NH3 loss characteristics. Applying (NH4)2SO4 (AS) resulted in high volatile NH3 losses as compared with NH4OH (AH) and (NH4)2CO3 (AC). The AS treatment formed an equal molar amount of CaSO4, which increased the mobility of ammonium, while AH and AC treatments caused Ca precipitation and decreased ammonium mobility. Leaching the AS system before NH3 loss could occur resulted in the most rapid nitrification rate. Lower nitrification rates were found with AH and AC than AS under the same conditions. Surface placement of NH4 fertilizers resulted in variable leachate contents of Ca + Mg. Ammonium sulfate reacted with CaCO3 either to solubilize some Ca + Mg or simply to replace exchangeable Ca + Mg with NH4, while AH, AC, and (NH4)2HPO4 (DAP) precipitated essentially an equivalent molar amount of soluble and adsorbed Ca + Mg. Use of NH4NO3, which does not form an insoluble calcium precipitate, resulted in the leaching of an equivalent molar amount of exchangeable Ca + Mg from the Harkey soil.

Production of quaternary ammonium hydroxide

Abstract: PURPOSE: To inexpensively obtain a compound useful as an intermediate for electrolysis in high purity without containing a halogen ion, by reacting a reaction product of a quaternary ammonium alkyl sulfate with water with a metal hydroxide, etc. CONSTITUTION: A quaternary ammonium alkylsulfate (e.g. tetraalkylammonium alkyl sulfate) is reacted with water, as necessary in the presence of sulfuric acid, etc., at ambient temperature or above. Then at least one kind of hydroxide, oxide or salt of metal selected from a group consisting of Mg, Ca and Ba is reacted therewith at ambient temperature for 5min-10hr to provide the aimed product. A salt of the aimed quaternary ammonium hydroxide with a carboxylic acid is useful as electrolysis for electrolytic condenser, electroplating, electrolytic polishing. COPYRIGHT: (C)1989,JPO&Japio

Continuous process for scrubbing hydrogen sulfide to produce elemental sulfur

Abstract: A continuous process for removing hydrogen sulfide from a gas stream by contacting the gas stream with a solution of ammonium hydroxide to produce an effluent liquid stream comprising ammonium sulfide which is fed to a heating zone maintained at least at the boiling temperature of said solution and supplied with an oxygen containing gas sparge wherein ammonia and hydrogen sulfide are removed from said zone as vapor and sulfur is removed from said zone as an aqueous dispersion, the sulfur being separated in a filtration zone from the residual aqueous liquid which is recycled back to a contact zone together with said ammonia and said hydrogen sulfide vapor.

Chronic ammonium hydroxide exposure.

Abstract: Excerpt To the editor: Ammonium hydroxide is a colorless, highly soluble, extremely irritant alkaline gas that is widely used in private and industrial settings (1). The major toxicity occurs secon...

Method of preparing N-acryloyl-alpha-amino acids

Abstract: A novel, one-pot procedure for the preparation of N-acryloyl-a-amino acids involves the steps of: i) reacting a ketone, an ammonium salt, and a cyanide salt in water, optionally in the presence of ammonium hydroxide and a co-solvent, to form an aminonitrile; ii) acryloylating the aminonitrile in aqueous media to afford an acrylamidonitrile; and iii) hydrolyzing with aqueous acid the acrylamidonitrile to provide the N-acryloyl-a-amino acid.

Method of producing improved amine salts of lignosulfonates

Abstract: A method of producing an amine-containing salt of a sulfonated lignin compound which may be effectively spray-dried for use in dry form comprising the steps of methylolating a lignin at an alkaline pH, lowering the pH of the methylolated lignin to precipitate the lignin, washing the precipitated lignin at an acid pH to remove impurities, sulfonating the methylolated lignin in the presence of a sulfur-oxygen-containing compound, an amine compound, and ammonium hydroxide and/or ammonium sulfite or bisulfite to produce an amine/ammonium salt thereof, and heating and spray-drying the sulfonated lignin amine/ammonium salt to effectively evaporate ammonia therefrom to produce the sulfonated lignin amine-containing salt in dry form.

Trans-n-(2-hydroxyethyl)-3-methylthiopropenamide

Abstract: NEW MATERIAL:trans-N-(2-Hydroxyethyl)-3-methylthiopropenamide of the formula. USE:It has an inhibitory action against 5-lipoxygenase and used in treatment for bronchial asthma. PREPARATION:Dried seeds of MODAMA (a leguminous plane, Entada phaseoloides Merrll) are extracted with an alcohol at room temperature, the extract is acidified with an acid such as hydrochloric acid, then shaken together with an organic solvent such as methylene chloride, and the water phase is taken. Subsequently, ammonium hydroxide is added to the aqueous phase to adjust the pH to 11, and extraction with an organic solvent is repeated to obtain the crude compound according to the present invention. The product is subjected to adsorption onto silica gel or alumina and eluted and separated with methanol, methylene chloride or the like, and filtered, when needed, to give the compound of the formula.