Showing papers on "Ammonium hydroxide published in 1988"

Surface-active hydroxysulfonates

Abstract: Aqueous solutions of surface-active hydroxysulfonates are obtained by reaction of unsaturated fatty alkenyl or fatty alkenyl polyalkoxyl esters, for example of oleyl acetate or oleyl polyethoxyl acetate, with sulfur trioxide, introduction of the reaction product into aqueous alkali metal, alkaline-earth or ammonium hydroxide and heating of the solutions until the ester and sultone groups present have been hydrolyzed.

Developing solution for positive-working photoresist comprising tmah and non-ionic surfactant

Abstract: The aqueous developing solution of the invention for positive-working photoresist compositions contains, in addition to an organic basic compound free from metallic ions, such as tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide and choline, as the principal ingredient, from 50 to 5000 ppm of an acetylene alcohol In comparison with conventional developing solutions, the inventive developing solution is advantageous in the uniformity of the patterned photoresist layer, higher sensitivity and smaller temperature dependency of development and less drawbacks due to foaming of the solution

Positive resist quaternary ammonium hydroxide containing developer with cationic and nonionic surfactant

Abstract: A positive resist developer comprising a solution containing a quaternary ammonium hydroxide, a cationic surfactant and a nonionic surfactant

Process for preparing microporous polyvinylidene fluoride membranes

Abstract: A process for preparing assymetric polyvinylidene fluoride microporous membranes using novel pore forming agents of an ammonium salt which is a non-solvent for the polymeric casting solution; such agents for example being ammonium hydroxide, ammonium chloride and the like.

Preparation of lanthanum chromite powders by sol-gel

Abstract: This invention relates to a process for the preparation of a crystalline compound having an empirical formula LaCrxA1-xO4.yH2O where A is a metal selected from the group consisting of Mg, Sr, Ca and Ba, x ranges from 0.99 to about 0.7 and y ranges from 0 to 0.15. The process comprises adding a solution of the appropriate metal salts to a solution of ammonium hydroxide thereby precipitating a hydroxide gel intermediate, which is dried and calcined in air to yield the resultant crystalline compound which has a huttonite structure. Additionally, this invention relates to a process for the preparation of a ceramic powder having the empirical formula LaCrxA1-xO3, where A is a metal selected from the group consisting of Mg, Sr, Ca and Ba, and x ranges from 0.99 to about 0.7. Finally, a ceramic composition having the empirical formula LaCrxA1-xO4.yH2O having a huttonite structure is also disclosed.

Process for preparing quaternary ammonium hydroxides

Abstract: A process is described for preparing quaternary ammonium hydroxides of improved purity. In one embodiment, the present invention relates to a process of preparing quaternary ammonium hydroxides from the corresponding quaternary ammonium salts in an electrolytic cell which comprises an anolyte compartment containing an anode and a catholyte compartment containing a cathode and water, said anolyte and catholyte compartments being separated from each other by a cation-exchange membrane, said process comprising the steps of (a) providing the catholyte compartment with a cathode of zinc, cadmium, tin, lead, or alloys thereof, mercury, or mercury amalgam, (b) charging an aqueous solution containing a quaternary ammonium salt to the anolyte compartment, (c) passing a current through the electrolytic cell to produce quaternary ammonium hydroxide in the catholyte compartment, and (d) recovering the quaternary ammonium hydroxide from the catholyte compartment.

Latex based adhesive composition containing ammonium zirconium carbonate for the enhancement of hot, green bond adhesive properties of paperboard and corrugated board

Abstract: An adhesive of starch, an ammonium-based latex and ammonium zirconium carbonate improves the hot, green bond properties of the adhesive formulation for paperboard and corrugated board. The latexes are typical styrene-butadiene and carboxylated styrene-butadiene latexes but untypically are polymerized in the presence of a volatile base such as ammonium hydroxide.

The stability of uric acid in ammonium hydroxide.

Abstract: We examined the stability of uric acid in dilute aqueous ammonium hydroxide solution by mass spectrometry. Uric acid decomposes in ammonium hydroxide even as dilute as 15 mmol/L when the mole ratio of ammonium hydroxide to uric acid is 50:1. There are at least four products of the decomposition, two of which have been identified as allantoin and urea. The slope of the decomposition curve indicates that uric acid is destroyed at an initial rate of 2-3% per hour. In ammonium hydroxide at a concentration of 1 mmol/L and a mole ratio of ammonium hydroxide to uric acid of less than or equal to 3.4, uric acid is not detectably decomposed. Evidently, any method for determination of uric acid that involves treating the analyte with ammonium hydroxide before analysis may destroy it. Therefore, a published method described as being "definitive" for uric acid (J Clin Chem Clin Biochem 1985; 23:129-35) could produce incorrect results because it involves storing the uric acid in 15 mmol/L ammonium hydroxide at a mole ratio of ammonium hydroxide to uric acid of greater than 120:1.

Wet abrasion resistant yarn and cordage: aqueous finish with oxidized polyethylene and ammonium hydroxide

Abstract: Aqueous overfinish compositions, yarns treated therewith, and methods of producing wet abrasion resistant cordage from the yarn are all disclosed. One of the compositions includes an oxidized polyethylene emulsified with a nonnitrogen, nonionic emulsifier and neutralized with an alkali hydroxide, and a compound selected from the group consisting of a siloxane of the comonomers dimethyl and 3-[(2-aminoethyl)aminopropyl], and an amide melamine wax. An alternate finish composition comprises an oxidized polyethylene, neutralized with ammonium hydroxide and emulsified with a non-nitrogen, nonionic emulsifier. Yarn treated with this alternate finish has enhanced wet abrasion resistance. Yarns of this invention are ideally suited for heavy ropes and other industrial cordage applications where wet and dry abrasion resistance and strength are desirable.

Process for producing copper hydroxide

Abstract: A process of producing blue copper hydroxide, wherein copper metal is treated with an ammonium ion-containing aqueous solution with stirring and with a simultaneous introduction of an oxygen-containing gas and the reaction product is separated from the copper metal. A particulate, floatable copper (II) hydroxide is produced in that a material which contains copper metal is treated at a temperature of 0° to 40° with a solution which contains 0.1 to 10 g/l ammonium salt (calculated as NH4), 0 to 10 g/l ammonium hydroxide (calculated NH3) and, if desired, 0 to 5 g/l copper (II) salt and the resulting copper (II) hydroxide is separated.

Evaluation of ammonium hydroxide as preservative for ground meat

Abstract: Ammonium hydroxide when added at 0.134 to 0.67m to ground-meat, decreased the total number of aerobic bacteria and, to a lesser extent, Gram-negative bacteria at 37°C, 4°C and −20°C. The plate count at the same pH adjusted with 1m NaOH was considerably more than when 0.4m NH4OH had been used, indicating that NH4OH was acting as preservative for ground-meat and not the merely changing the pH. The changes in extract release volume, water holding capacity, soluble protein nitrogen and cook out losses were much less in ground meat containing NH4OH as compared to control (no preservative) or containing NaOH.

The thermochemistry of ammonium compounds and the energy barrier opposing ammonium ion reorientation

Abstract: There is a good linear correlation between the energy barrier opposing cation reorientation in a compound (NH4)nX and the quantity Δ(Xn–)=1//n{ΔH⊖f[(NH4)nX, s]–ΔH⊖f(RbnX, s)}. At zero barrier height, Δ(Xn–)= 143 ± 3 kJ mol–1. There is a sense in which depressions below this threshold are a measure of cation–anion hydrogen bonding but this sense is an unconventional one. The estimated value of ΔH⊖f(NH4+, g) derived from the threshold is 638 ± 9 kJ mol–1. The correlation is also used to improve literature thermodynamic data on ammonium and alkali-metal perrhenates, e.g., ΔH⊖f(NH4ReO4, s)=–965 ± 5 kJ mol–1. Unknown enthalpies of formation of some ammonium and rubidium salts are also predicted, and the procedure is used to explore the thermodynamic stability of non-existent solid ammonium compounds. Both metallic ammonium and ammonium hydroxide are unstable at normal pressures. The former is most unlikely to be stabilized at high pressure, but it may be possible to synthesize the hydroxide in this way. The problem of the ionic radius of NH4+ is also discussed.

Aqueous alkali metal halogenite compositions containing a colorant stabilized by NH4 OH

Abstract: Aqueous cleaner compositions containing an alkali metal halogenite, for example, NaClO 2 ; a stabilizable colorant; and a stabilizing amount of a stabilizer compound which is an ammonium hydroxide. The preferred embodiment further includes an anionic or anionic fluorocarbon surfactant.

Developing solution for positive type resist

Abstract: PURPOSE:To obtain the titled developing solution which is maintained process allowability, and has stability and does not generate scum in a fine pattern by composing an aqueous solution of a specific quarternary ammonium hydroxide and an amine, and having 25-50dyn/cm surface tension. CONSTITUTION:The titled developing solution comprises the aqueous solution of the quarternary ammonium hydroxide shown by formula I and the amine, and has 25-50dyn/cm the surface tension. In the formula, R1-R4 are each alkyl, aryl, aralkyl or hydroxy alkyl group. The quarternary ammonium hydroxide is exemplified preferably by tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide (TMAH) or choline. The amine is exemplified preferably by benzylamine and diethyl amine, etc. The compounding amount of the amine is the amount of giving 25-50dyn/cm the surface tension of the developing solution. If the surface tension is reduced, the permeability of the developing solution to the fine pattern improves, and the alkalinity of the developing solution stabilizes and the generation of scum in the developer reduces.

Determination of Glycyrrhizic Acid in Foods

Abstract: An analytical procedure for glycyrrhizic acid (GA) in foods by liquid-liquid extraction is presented. GA in a sample was extracted with 1% ammonium hydroxide solution. After the sample extract was adjusted pH to 2.0 with 3N hydrochloric acid, GA was extracted with 1-butanol-ethyl acetate (3:7) solvent mixture. GA in the organic layer was re-extracted with 1% ammonium hydroxide solution and the solvent was removed under reduced pressure. The residue was dissolved in 60% (v/v) methanol and GA was determined by high performance liquid chromatography.Recoveries of GA from a variety of food samples spiked at 20 and 100μg/g ranged from 86.9 to 98.7%, and averaged 93.4% with a coefficient of variation of 3.1%. The detection limit of GA was 1μg/g.In a survey of commercial foods, GA was detected at levels from 2 to 224μg/g in 16 out of 56 samples.

Metallic substrate having an adherent photo-product coating on its surface and a method of coating said metallic substrate

Abstract: This invention relates to a metallic substrate having on its surface an adherent photo-product coating, and a method for coating that substrate, which coating is formed by exposing to light in the presence of an oxygen source, a reactant mixture comprising: 2,2'4,4'-tetrahydroxybenzophenone, with (1) ammonium hydroxide and optionally a trace amount of at least one reactive metal, or (2) ammonium hydroxide and at least one metal salt, or (3) at least one metal salt and at least one amine, or (4) ammonium hydroxide, at least one metal salt and at least one amine; in a suitable solvent.

Process for the preparation of polysulphurized olefin compositions with a high sulphur and very low chlorine content.

Abstract: A description is given of polysulphurised olefin compositions with a high sulphur content and a very low chlorine content, which are obtained by a process in which: (1) sulphur mono- and/or dichloride is reacted with at least one C2-C12 aliphatic monoolefin to form an addition product or adduct; (2) hydrogen sulphide is reacted with an alkali metal hydroxide or ammonium hydroxide in solution in at least one substantially anhydrous C1-C4 aliphatic monoalcohol with optional addition of elemental sulphur; (3) the said adduct and, conjointly, at least one monohalogenated hydrocarbon compound are placed in contact with the alcoholic solution obtained at the end of stage (2); (4) the mixture resulting from stage (3) is heated, the monoalcohol is removed while water is being added; and (5) after separation and removal of the aqueous phase the organic phase, consisting at least predominantly of the required polysulphurised olefin composition, is recovered. These compositions, which have a sulphur content which may go up to approximately 65 mass% and a chlorine content which is generally lower than approximately 0.1 mass%, are employed especially as additives for improving the extreme-pressure properties of lubricants.

Electrolyte for driving electrolytic condenser and manufacture thereof

Abstract: PURPOSE: To enhance the performance by electrolyzing unsymmetrical quaternary ammonium halide having a specified composition in an electrolytic bath making a cation exchange film a diaphragm, and by using carboxylic acid unsymmetrical quaternary ammonium salt synthesized with the aqueous solution of the unsymmetrical quaternary ammonium hydroxide obtained by the electrolysis and used as raw material CONSTITUTION: Unsymmetrical quaternary ammonium halide shown by the equation is electrolyzed in an electrolytic bath with a cation exchange film used as a diaphragm, and unsymmetrical quaternary ammonium hydroxide is obtained With its aqueous solution used as raw material, carboxylic acid, unsymmetrical quaternary ammonium salt is synthesized and used In the equation, R 1 expresses alkyl with a carbon number 1 to 4; R 2 and R 3 express alkyl with carbon numbers 2 to 4; and X expresses a halogen Chloride, bromide, iodide, etc, are given as examples of halide As examples of unsymmetrical quaternary ammonium triethyl methyl ammonium, triisopropyl methyl ammonium, etc, are given, and they are obtained by reacting alkyl halide and tertiary amine corresponding to their constitution with water used as a solvent COPYRIGHT: (C)1990,JPO&Japio

Untersuchungen zur Anionenkonstitution in Mischungen aus Diethyl-di(2-hydroxyethyl)ammonium-und Triethyl-(2-hydroxyethyl)ammoniumsilicatlösungen Bildung von Diethyl-di (2-hydroxyethyl)ammonium-/Triethyl-(2-hydroxyethyl)ammoniumsilicathydraten

Abstract: Untersucht werden Organoammoniumsilicatlosungen mit einem molaren Verhaltnis Base zu Siliciumdioxid von 2 zu 1 (SiO2-Konzentration von 1,1 und 1,7 mol · kg−1) und 1 zu 1 (SiO2-Konzentration von 2,5 mol · kg−1), wobei als Basekomponente unterschiedliche Anteile an Diethyl-di(2-hydroxyethyl)- und Triethyl-(2-hydroxyethyl)ammoniumhydroxid vorliegen. In allen Losungen werden 29Si-NMR-spektroskopisch Doppeldreiring- und Doppelvierringsilicationen nachgewiesen, der Gehalt an Doppelvierringspezies erhoht sich mit steigendem Anteil an Diethyl-di(2-hydroxyethyl)ammoniumhydroxid. Auskristallisierende Substanzen sind Organoammonium-Doppelvierring-Silicathydrate, in denen stets beide Basekationen nebeneinander vorliegen. Investigations of the Anion Constitution in Mixtures of Diethyl-di(2-hydroxyethyl)ammonium and Triethyl-(2-hydroxyethyl)ammonium Silicate Solutions. Formation of Diethyl-di(2-hydroxyethyl)-/Triethyl- (2-hydroxyethyl)ammonium Silicate Hydrates Organoammonium silicate solutions with a molar ratio base to silicon dioxide of 2 to 1 (cSiO2 =.1 and 1.7 mol · kg−1) and 1 to 1 (cSiO2 = 2.5 mol · kg−1) have been investigated with various amount of diethyl-di(2-hydroxyethyl)- and triethyl-(2-hydroxyethyl)ammonium hydroxide. Double-three and double-four ring silicate ions have been found in all solutions by 29Si n.m.r. spectroscopy. The amount of double-four ring species increases with increasing amount of diethyl-di-(2-hydroxyethyl)ammonium hydroxide. The substances crystallized are organoammonium double-four ring silicate hydrates, in which both of the mentioned base cations are present.

Liquid-solid extraction and HPLC determination of amiodarone metabolites in biological fluids

Abstract: An improved liquid-solid extraction procedure for the purification and determination of amiodarone and desethylamiodarone in biological fluids is proposed. The sample is passed through a silica-C18 column, and after washing, the analytes are eluted with methanol. The determination is then accomplished by RP HPLC using an octadecyl silica column and a mobile phase of methanol containing 0.0015% of ammonium hydroxide. The effect of ammonia concentration on the capacity factors of the analytes has been used for estimating the acid dissociation constants of the investigated secondary and tertiary amines in methanol.

Disposable semi-wet wiping paper

Abstract: A disposable article for light cleaning of hard surfaces comprises a non-woven substrate, preferably of cellulosic or cellulose-containing material, carrying an aqueous cleaning composition loaded onto the substrate at a level less than about 75%, preferably less than 50%, of its maximum absorbence capacity. The aqueous composition comprises one or more nonionic surfactants, one or more anionic surfactnats or a mixture of nonionic and anionic surfactants, a water miscible solvent for oils, (preferably a low molecular weight alcohol), and an alkalinity agent such as ammonium hydroxide in sufficient amount to maintain the pH of the extracted solution within the range of 8 to 12.

Method for separating tungsten from molybednum

Abstract: A method of separating tungsten from molybdenum wherein impure acid leached molybdenum trioxide containing tungsten is combined with ammonium hydroxide to form an ammonium molybdate solution, the solution is contacted with tin (IV) oxide hydrate to cause sorption of essentially all of the tungsten contained therein without causing sorption of molybdenum, the tin (IV) oxide hydrate with the sorped tungsten is separated from the ammonium molybdate solution, and the ammonium molybdate solution is dried and fired to obtain purified molybdenum trioxide.

An Electron Microscopy Study of the Alkaline Hydrolysis Products of Tetraethoxysilane

Abstract: The hydrolysis of tetraethoxysilane was studied in an ethanol-water system with ammonium hydroxide catalyst. Reactions were carried out with water concentrations of 5M and 10M and ammonia concentrations up to 1.7M, and the products examined by electron optical methods. Variation of reagent concentrations lead to changes in the product morphology from small irregular particles, through roughly spherical and spherical particles to large fused particles. Within the range of particulate material the variations in size can be related to the effect of reagent concentrations by consideration of the reactions occurring. The effect on morphology of replacing ammonia with ethylamine was investigated and resembles that of the use of much higher ammonia concentrations.

Fluorescent substance slurry for preparing fluorescent film

Abstract: PURPOSE: To obtain the above slurry, consisting of a specific zinc based fluorescent substance and an aqueous solution containing a dichromate and PVA and capable of providing a fluorescent film with hardly any color mixture and high exposure sensitivity. CONSTITUTION: The objective slurry consisting of (A) a fluorescent substance obtained by treating the surface of (i) a water-soluble zinc compound, such as zinc sulfate, zinc acetate, zinc nitrate or zinc halide, in an aqueous solution using (ii) an alkaline hydroxide, such as sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide or ammonium hydroxide and (B) an aqueous solution containing a dichromate and PVA. Furthermore, a dispersant, such as silicon dioxide, is preferably used in the above-mentioned surface treatment. COPYRIGHT: (C)1989,JPO&Japio