Showing papers on "Ammonium perchlorate published in 1969"
420 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a detailed mechanism for the chemical decomposition of ammonium perchlorate is proposed, which is adaptable to a wide range of conditions; to the low-temperature decomposition, to combustion, to the catalysed decomposition and to decomposition under various reactive gases.
138 citations
75 citations
01 Apr 1969
TL;DR: Granular ammonium perchlorate thermal decomposition analyzed by cinemicrography as discussed by the authors, discussing sublimation role and the role of sublimations in the decomposition.
Abstract: Granular ammonium perchlorate thermal decomposition analyzed by cinemicrography, discussing sublimation role
64 citations
TL;DR: Ammonium perchlorate decomposition, deflagration, sublimation, crystal growth and surface properties, using scanning electron microscope using microscopy images as discussed by the authors, using a single image.
Abstract: Ammonium perchlorate decomposition, deflagration, sublimation, crystal growth and surface properties, using scanning electron microscope
50 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the motion of the ammonium ion in crystal sites of different symmetry has been studied and it has been confirmed that the NH+4 ions in ammonium perchlorate are rotating freely.
Abstract: This paper is concerned with the motion of the ammonium ion in crystal sites of different symmetry. The symmetry of k= 0 modes of vibration of the NH+4 ion have been enumerated using group theoretical methods. The application of laser Raman scattering and infra-red spectroscopy to the study of molecular motion is discussed. The spectra of several salts containing the ammonium ion have been studied using the techniques in the temperature range 100–500 K. Confirmation as to whether the motion is translatory or rotatory (librational) has been obtained by deuteration.Two forms of ammonium fluorosilicate have been studied. An external mode at 180 cm–1 has been observed and identified to be translatory. No torsional modes have been found and the motion is therefore interpreted as resembling free rotation or to have a torsional frequency below 30 cm–1. It has been confirmed that the NH+4 ions in ammonium perchlorate are rotating freely. The ferroelectric transition in (NH4)2SO4 has been studied and a preliminary survey of the results is presented.
31 citations
01 Jan 1969
TL;DR: In this paper, a single crystal self-deflagration of pure ammonium perchlorate single crystal was studied, determining energy transfer mechanisms from pressure effects, combustion characteristics and subsurface profile.
Abstract: Pure ammonium perchlorate single crystal self deflagration, determining energy transfer mechanisms from pressure effects, combustion characteristics and subsurface profile
18 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors measured the relationship between the limiting pressure for deflagration and the initial solid temperature of single crystals and pressed pellets of ammonium perchlorate (AP).
Abstract: A new experimental method has been used to measure the relationship between the limiting pressure for deflagration and the initial solid temperature of single crystals and pressed pellets of ammonium perchlorate (AP). The technique depends upon setting a known linear temperature gradient of 10°–20°C/cm along the length of a sample pressurized in nitrogen or helium so that the warmer end of the AP sample could sustain deflagration, but the cooler end could not. The warmer end is then ignited, and essentially steady‐state deflagration propagates through the solid until the limiting solid temperature corresponding to the set pressure is reached. The length remaining unburned determines the limiting solid temperature. At solid temperatures between − 40°– + 50°C the limiting pressure fell essentially linearly from 385–225 psia, and above this solid temperature the limiting pressure appeared to be asymptotically approaching a minimum value. Since the results were the same for AP single crystals and pressed pellets in both nitrogen and helium, this limiting condition appears to be a unique property of ammonium perchlorate. These data provide a basis for uniting theories of AP ignition and deflagration.
15 citations
14 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the correlation of experimental results from three areas of propellant research, including low-temperature isothermal sublimation studies, the measurement of linear regression rates by the hot-plate pyrolysis technique, and combustion of ammonium perchlorate (AP) at low ambient pressures, was analyzed.
12 citations
TL;DR: In this article, an experimental study of the decomposition kinetics of ammonium perchlorate demonstrated that the action of the catalyst copper chromite in contact with solid AP differs markedly from that of the catalytic catalyst when applied to gaseous dissociation products.
01 Jan 1969
TL;DR: In this paper, the decomposition of polybutadiene-acrylic-acid copolymer, a common rocket-propellant fuel, was carried out in the presence of distributed fine ammonium perchlorate and of hot ambient oxygen, separately and together.
Abstract: The decomposition of polybutadiene-acrylic-acid copolymer, a common rocket-propellant fuel, was carried out in the presence of distributed fine ammonium perchlorate and of hot ambient oxygen, separately and together. The technique employed was one of heating an exposed surface of polymer at rates on the order of 100°C per sec and measuring the temperature 100 μ behind the surface. Also, the time of appearance of a flame or of hot particulate matter in the gas phase before the surface was determined. Whichever oxidant was present, a significant exothermic reaction was detected before the appearance of a flame. The rate of this reaction appears to be second order with respect to the amount of polymer surface in contact with oxidant. In experiments with hot ambient oxygen, the temperature at appearance and the rate of the exothermic reaction proved to be dependent on the bulk temperature of the oxygen away from the surface. Precursor reactions involving only small amounts of polymer are postulated. Measured in terms of the rate of heat release by the reaction responsible for the exotherm, ammonium perchlorate proved to be the more effective of the two oxidants. When both oxidants were present, however, hot oxygen appeared to initiate the exothermic reaction.
01 Jan 1969
TL;DR: In this article, the effects of aluminum additives on the deflagration of stoichiometric ammonium perchlorate/polyformaldehyde mixtures were investigated in a constant-pressure bomb over the pressure range 5 to 300 atm.
Abstract: The paper investigates effects of aluminum additives on the deflagration of stoichiometric ammonium perchlorate/polyformaldehyde mixtures. The experiments were performed in a constant-pressure bomb over the pressure range 5 to 300 atm. The temperature distribution through the combustion zone, the dependence of burning rate on pressure, and the heat flow due to radiation were determined, the former being measured by a method that used fine thermocouples and the latter by a microcalorimeter technique developed for this investigation. The simultaneous determinations of the main parameters: the temperature gradient in the gaseous phase near the surface, the surface temperature, the emission density, the quantity of heat, releasing in the condensed-phase and mass-burning rate give some information about a mechanism of metallic-additive effect on combustion process.
TL;DR: In this article, the effect of the nature and the concentration of the supporting electrolyte on the polarographic reduction of cobalt(II) acetate in acetonitrile has been investigated.
Abstract: The effect of the nature and the concentration of the supporting electrolyte on the polarographic reduction of cobalt(II) acetate in acetonitrile has been investigated An acetonitrile solution of cobalt(II) acetate yields a two-step and a three-step reduction wave in 005M LiClO4 and in 005M NaClO4 solution, respectively The same solution gives ill-defined reduction waves in the presence of quaternary ammonium perchlorates, such as (CH3)4NClO4, (C2H5)4NClO4, or (n-C4H9)4NClO4 The Co(CH3CN)n2+, Co(OAc)+, and Co(OAc)3−species are present in a solution containing alkali metal perchlorate electrolyte Co(OAc)+ and Co(OAc)3− are the predominant species in a quaternary ammonium perchlorate solution The reduction potential becomes more negative with increase in the number of acetate ions coordinated to cobalt(II) The reduction potential of cobalt(II) acetate becomes less negative upon the addition of alkali metal perchlorate to the quaternary ammonium perchlorate supporting electrolyte This effect is caus
TL;DR: In this paper, the possibility of a deceleration of chemical reactions in the deflagration of the explosives, ammonium nitrate (AN) and ammonium perchlorate (AP) and some of their mixtures, proceedings from the assumption of the possible role of nitric oxides and of a dissociation reaction of AN and AP.
09 Jun 1969
Patent•
31 Jul 1969TL;DR: In this article, the ferrocene-containing polymerizable monomers, such as pentaerythritol methacrylate tris (ferrocenoate), and polyethylene triacetate (pethacetate), were disclosed along with the pertinent preparative procedures therefor.
Abstract: The ferrocene-containing polymerizable monomers, pentaerythritol methacrylate tris (ferrocenoate) and pentaerythritol acrylate tris (ferrocenoate), are disclosed along with the pertinent preparative procedures therefor. The specified ferrocene-containing monomers when copolymerized with butadiene serve as the propellant binder and catalyst for fast-burning composite propellants. The copolymers perform the functions of binder and catalyst in a propellant composition containing ammonium perchlorate, a plasticizer, and aluminum metal fuel.
TL;DR: Saturated carboxy-terminated hydrocarbon prepolymers and selected aziridine, epoxide, and isocyanate curing agents were evaluated with the purpose of preparing an elastomeric binder for solid propellants.
Abstract: Saturated carboxy- and hydroxy-terminated hydrocarbon prepolymers and selected aziridine, epoxide, and isocyanate curing agents were evaluated with the purpose of preparing an elastomeric binder for solid propellants. Viscosities at a given molecular weight were higher for polyisoprenes than for polybutadienes and higher for carboxy terminated than for hydroxy terminated. Isocyanates showed much less side reactions in the presence of ammonium perchlorate than did the aziridines or the epoxides. The polymers had glass transition temperatures between -40° and -82°C when measured by density change. Differential thermal analysis indicated two secondorder transitions at about -64° and -38° for the saturated prepolymers and single transitions at about -75° and -90°C, respectively, for unsaturated prepolymers and polymers made from them. The polymers showed no tendency to crystallize. All of the polymers and propellants showed poor low-temperature behavior. The poor low-temperature properties have imped...
Patent•
05 Aug 1969
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors describe a mixture of speakers with very high burning rates (E.g., BURNING RATE in the range of J to 20 INCHs/second) and demonstrate that the majority of the speakers have no CARBONARANE or GEMINAL NF CARBORANE Ballistic MODIFIER.
Abstract: COMPOSITE PROPELLANTS WITH VERY HIGH BURNING RATES (E.G., BURNING RATES IN THE ARRANGE OF J TO 20 INCHES/SECOND) RESULT WHEN DERIVATIVES OF CARBONARANE (E.G., ALKYLCARBORANES OR GEMINAL NF CARBORANES) ARE INCORPORATED INTO THE PROPELLANT MIXTURE OF THIS INVENTION. PROPELLANTS OF THIS INVENTION, WHICH ARE CONSTITUTED OF A POLYBUTADIENE BINDER (HYDROXY-TERMINATED OR CARBOXY-TERMINATED) AN AKYLCARBORANE BALLISTIC MODIFIER (E.G., N-BUTYLACARBORANE, ISOBUTYLCARBORANE, OR N-HEXYLCARBORANE), A SILOXANYL- OR SILYLCARBORANES (E.G., BIS(PENTAMETHYLDISILOXANYL)-METACARBORANE, 1-N-BUTYL-2-TRIMETHYL-SILYLCARBORANE), OR A GEMINAL NF CARBORANE BALLISTIC MODIFIER, AMMONIUM PERCHLORATE OXIDIZER, METAL ADDITIVE OF ALUMINUM POWDER, PROCESSING AID (E.G., LECITHIN, HEXANE, ETC.), AND A CURING AGENT SELECTED FROM A DIAZIRIDINE OR A TRAIZIRIDINE AND DIISOCYANATE, BURN AT APPROXIMATELY FOUR TIMES THE BURNING RATE OF A CONTROL PROPELLANT CONTAINING NO ALKYLCARBORANE BALLISTIC MODIFIER OR GEMINAL NF CARBORANE BALLISTIC MODIFIER.
Patent•
08 Jul 1969
TL;DR: A GELLED LIQUID MONOPROPELLANT COMPRISING AN AQUEOUS SOLUTION of a MIXTURE OF OXIDANTS SUCH AS SODIUM PERCHLORATE and HYDROXYLAMMONIUM PERHLORate, a FUEL SUCH as BORON, POWDER and a GELLING AGENT SUCH As SILICA GEL.
Abstract: A GELLED LIQUID MONOPROPELLANT COMPRISING AN AQUEOUS SOLUTION OF A MIXTURE OF OXIDANTS SUCH AS SODIUM PERCHLORATE AND HYDROXYLAMMONIUM PERCHLORATE, A FUEL SUCH AS BORON, POWDER AND A GELLING AGENT SUCH AS SILICA GEL.
01 Jan 1969
TL;DR: In this article, the authors extended the temperature domain of the ammonium perchlorate (A.P.) linear pyrolysis studies by a method derived from the porous plate technique but substituting an electrically heated grid.
Abstract: Experiments extending the temperature domain of the ammonium perchlorate (A.P.) linear pyrolysis studies were performed by a method derived from the porous plate technique but substituting an electrically heated grid. The temperature region which was explored extended from 590° to 1540°K and the pressure region from 0.026 to 26 atm. In the most interesting region, above 910°K, the results are well represented by an empirical relation which expresses a dependency of the regression rate upon the pressure. The pressure sensitivity depends upon the surface temperature and vice versa. Below 21 atm, at a given pressure, the regression rate seems to increase with increasing temperature, whereas it decreases above 21 atm. The concept of free pyrolysis (adiabatic) is introduced, as opposed to forced pyrolysis (diabatic). Ordinary combustion of A.P. under pressure can be assimilated to a free pyrolysis and the agreement between the free pyrolysis data and the burning rate data is excellent. The burning rate or free pyrolysis rate is then proportional to the 0.5th power of the pressure at low pressures (1 to 5 atm) and to the 0.9th power at high pressures. At low temperaturs, the regression rate is not sensitive to pressure.
Patent•
05 Dec 1969
TL;DR: A NOVEL COMPOUND, POLYBUTADIENEIMINE, SERVES as a CROSSLINKING AGENT or CHAIN-extending AGENT for CARBOXYLTERMINATED POLYbutadIENE PREPOLYMER or HYDROGENATED CARBOYL-TERMINated POLYButadiENE PREPLYMER as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: A NOVEL COMPOUND, POLYBUTADIENEIMINE, SERVES AS A CROSSLINKING AGENT OR CHAIN-EXTENDING AGENT FOR CARBOXYLTERMINATED POLYBUTADIENE PREPOLYMER OR HYDROGENATED CARBOXYL-TERMINATED POLYBUTADIENE PREPOLYMER. THE CROSSLINKED PREPOLYMER IS USED IN CONJUNCTION WITH ALUMINUM AS THE METAL FUEL, AMMONIUM PERCHLORATE AS THE INORGANIC OXIDIZER, AND OTHER ADDITIVES TO FORM A HIGH TEMPERATURE-RESISTANT PROPELLANT. THE CHAIN-EXTENDED PREPOLYMER IS USED IN A LIKE MANNER WITH THE SPECIFIED PROPELLANT INGREDIENTS.
Patent•
26 May 1969TL;DR: Granular ammonium perchlorate having a particle size of -40 to 50 mesh is packed to a bulk density of from about 1.0 to 1.5 g/cc in a rocket motor casing restricted to maintain a chamber pressure in the range of from approximately 100 to about 2,000 psia and is used as the sole source of propellant gases for propelling a rocket as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Granular ammonium perchlorate having a particle size of -40 to 50 mesh is packed to a bulk density of from about 1.0 to 1.5 g/cc in a rocket motor casing restricted to maintain a chamber pressure in the range of from about 100 to about 2,000 psia and is used as the sole source of propellant gases for propelling a rocket. A flame similarly provided may be used for other pyrotechnic applications.
11 Dec 1969
TL;DR: In this paper, an ammonium perchlorate combustion at an initial temperature in the 20-150 degrees centigrade range and pressures up to 350 atm was described. But the results showed that the burning rate U of the compacted 7 mm diameter samples increased, the lower explosion limit decreased, and the region of stable combustion was extended, when initial T was increased.
Abstract: : Experiments were described with ammonium perchlorate combustion at an initial temperature in the 20-150 degrees centigrade range and pressures up to 350 atm. The purpose was to explain the earlier observed anomalies of combustion characteristics and to explore the possibility of eliminating the upper explosion limit and of increasing combustion stability by increasing initial T. The burning rate U of the compacted 7 mm diameter samples increased, the lower explosion limit decreased, and the region of stable combustion was extended, when initial T was increased. Critical pressure also increased. Unstable combustion of a different kind appeared at initial T of 175 degrees centigrade. The minimum temperature coefficient of the burning rate coincided with the maximum U at 150 atm in the region of stable combustion. The observed anomalies were believed to be the result of combustion inhibition by water accumulated in the reaction zone.