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Showing papers on "Ammonium perchlorate published in 1974"


Patent
03 Jul 1974
TL;DR: In this article, a strain of the microorganism Vibrio dechloraticans Cuznesove B-1168 was grown by successive inoculations on a liquid nutrient medium containing sources of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus under anaerobic conditions in the presence of a perchlorate as a donor of oxygen.
Abstract: The process of the present invention involves intermixing of industrial waste waters with household-communal waste waters with subsequent biochemical reduction of perchlorates and chlorates contained in said waters under anaerobic conditions by means of a strain of the microorganism Vibrio dechloraticans Cuznesove B-1168 grown by way of successive inoculations on a liquid nutrient medium containing sources of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus under anaerobic conditions in the presence of a perchlorate as a donor of oxygen; said strain having the following morphological characteristics and physiological properties: single cells, size 0.8-1×0.5-0.4μ mobile with one flagella of 1.5-2μ, bent-vibrio, sporeless, well-coloured with fuchsione and non-coloured with methylene blue, gram-negative; grows only on a liquid nutrient medium; does not grow on a meat-pentone agar or agarized medium; can be grown on an acetate under anaerobic conditions in the presence of a perchlorate; well-grown on ethanol with reduction of a perchlorate; lactose, starch, and salts of oxalic and citric acids cannot be used for reduction of perchlorates; glucose and sugars may be used but with diffuclties and only in the presence of a small amount of an acetate; reduces perchlorates and chlorates without dissolved gaseous oxygen in the presence of readily-oxidized organic substances; in minor amounts is capable of assimilating carbonic acid in proportion to the biomass growth; in small amounts capable of reducing nitrates to nitrites, i.e. an enzyme such as nitratereductase is present in cells; reduces perchlorates to chlorides at a rate of 5 g of a perchlorate for 3 days per 1 g of the biomass solids and may grow at a concentration of ammonium perchlorate of about 300 mg/l.

59 citations


Patent
26 Aug 1974
TL;DR: In this article, a pyrotechnic composition is adapted, upon combustion, for generating a low-flame temperature, non-toxic gas for inflating a vehicle safety bag or other inflatable device.
Abstract: This pyrotechnic composition is adapted, upon combustion, for generating a low-flame temperature, non-toxic gas for inflating a vehicle safety bag or other inflatable device. The composition comprises: a fuel, such as a carbonaceous material, aluminum or magnesium; an inorganic oxidizer, such as a metal chlorate, a metal perchlorate, a metal nitrate, ammonium chlorate, ammonium perchlorate or ammonium nitrate; and a coolant or combined binder and coolant, such as magnesium carbonate, magnesium hydroxide or a mixture of magnesium hydroxide and magnesium carbonate. A typical example of this composition comprises: carbon as the fuel; potassium chlorate as the oxidizer; and magnesium carbonate or a mixture of magnesium hydroxide and magnesium carbonate as the binder-coolant. One may use as much of this later mentioned binder-coolant as is necessary to obtain the desired binding properties in the composition, without raising the flame temperature of the gas to an unacceptable level.

41 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, an inhibitor-free styrene was polymerized by benzoyl peroxide and a copolymer was used as an intiator for 24 hours through the styrene.
Abstract: Burning rate, heat of combustion, flame temperature, and surface temperature of the two composites have been measured. Studies on thermal degradation kinetics and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) of the propellants have also been made. The inhibitor-free styrene was polymerized by benzoyl peroxide. To prepare the oxygen-styrene copolymer, azobis isobutyronitrile was used as the intiator and oxygen was passed at 1 atm pressure for 24 hr through the styrene. The reaction was completed by adding benzoyl peroxide and maintaining the solution in thermostat at 50°C for another 24 hr until it became sufficiently viscous. The yield of styrene peroxide was of the order of 21-22%. Styrene peroxide was characterized by microanalysis and infrared spectroscopy. Infrared spectra have weak characteristic absorption bands at 7.42 // and 11.15 n and a broad absorption band at 9.75 \i characteristic of peroxide linkage. Burning rate was measured in a manner described earlier. The products of combustion were analyzed by an Orsat Gas Analyzer. The heat of combustion of the PS and copolymer propellant was determined by a Parr Bomb Calorimeter. Thermal degradation of the propellants was determined by the weight-loss method. The flame temperature was measured by the sodium-line reversal technique. The stray light incident on the spectroscope was minimized by putting a diaphragm between the flame and the lens. The measured temperature was corrected for a shift in wavelength on account of the red filter in the pyrometer which was used for calibration. For the polystyrene +70% AP propellant, the flame temperature was found to be 1550±30°C whereas for the corresponding copolymer propellant, the value was 1850±30°C. The surface temperature of the PS and copolymer propellants during burning was determined by using a Pt-Pt (Rh 10%) thermocouple (0.45-mm-diam). The hot junction was kept touching the surface by putting a load of 60-80 g. The cold junction was kept in water at room temperature. The thermocouple was calibrated beforehand by taking measurements on the melting points of silver nitrate, potassium dichromate, and

31 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors analyzed the thermal decomposition of large single crystals of pure ammonium perchlorate and ammonium polychlorate doped with Ba2+ or SO2−4 ions over the temperature range 220-290°C.

27 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, an experimental program was designed to determine the burning-rate temperature sensitivity of various ammonium perchlorate (A.P.) based propellants in the temperature range from 0 to 140°C.
Abstract: This paper presents the results of an experimental program designed to determine the burning-rate temperature sensitivity of various ammonium perchlorate (A.P.) based propellants in the temperature range from 0 to 140°C The effect of aluminum, copper chromite, and lithium fluoride on the thermal-sensitivity coefficient ( β ≡ ∂ In vb / ∂ To) was also investgated. The results, which are generally well represented by the empirical law vb ≡ vb ∗ exp [β (To-T∗ )] indicate, that the aluminized propellants have a tower value of β and that the presence of additives in the propellants tends to decrease this coefficient still more. Scanning electron microscope observations of the burning surface after the quenching of the combustion, seem to reveal the influence of the difference between the thermal stabilites of the oxidizer (A.P.) and the binder (poly-butadiene, polyumhae).

16 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Beckstead and Hightower as discussed by the authors reported that the phase change zone is approximately 22 ju deep in single crystals of AP burned at pressures of 400 psi, and that the difference between their results and the results of this study may be due to removal of surface material during quench and/or to an inaccurate measurement of the penetration depth of the cubic structure obtained from recrystallized quench samples.
Abstract: order of 300 \i in width. The deflagration of all three burners appeared laminar, with a definite temperature peak above the center of the burner. The PP-COMM AP had a scalloped surface which accounted for a more unsteady appearance of the gas flow above the deflagrating AP. A yellow-green zone was visible within the SC-UHP AP extending from the burner surface to a depth of approximately 200 \i. This zone is thought to be related to the phase change from an orthorhombic crystalline structure to a cubic structure (the 243°C isotherm) as reported by Boggs and Kraeutle,2 Hightower and Price,3 and Beckstead and Hightower.4 Beckstead and Hightower4 found this phase change zone to be approximately 22 ju deep in single crystals of AP burned at pressures of 400 psi. The three studies just mentioned investigated quenched samples to determine the phase change zone thickness. The difference between their results and the results of this study may be due to removal of surface material during quench and/or to an inaccurate measurement of the penetration depth of the cubic structure obtained from the recrystallized quench samples. More likely, however, is the possibility of light scattering (due to small cracks, etc.) and/or other than phase change phenomena causing the larger thickness

16 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the dominant point defect structure deduced from electrical measurements, i.e. interstitial NH+4 ions would seem to favour electron transfer from ClO-4 to NH + 4 ions as the first step in the thermal decomposition of the solid, since this mechanism requires the existence of interstitial ammonium ions.
Abstract: D.c. electrical measurements are reported for sulphate-ion-doped and barium-ion-doped ammonium perchlorate. The extension of an impurity-dominated regime in sulphate-ion-doped ammonium perchlorate, and the fact that barium-ion-doped ammonium perchlorate displays no marked difference in electrical behaviour from that of the “pure” salt strongly suggests that the conduction process in ammonium perchlorate is controlled by interstitial ammonium ions. Measurements of surface conduction reveal no evidence for proton conduction at or near the surface where such a process would be expected to dominate via sublimation. The dominant point defect structure deduced from electrical measurements, i.e. interstitial NH+4 ions would seem to favour electron transfer from ClO–4 to NH+4 ions as the first step in the thermal decomposition of the solid, since this mechanism requires the existence of interstitial NH+4 ions.

12 citations


Patent
23 Dec 1974
TL;DR: A solid propellant composition that employs methyltricarboranylmethyl perorate as a replacement for some of the ammonium perchlorate and for all of the carboranyl plasticizer achieves both improved burning rate and improved mechanical properties as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: A solid propellant composition that employs methyltricarboranylmethyl perorate as a replacement for some of the ammonium perchlorate and for all of the carboranyl plasticizer achieves both improved burning rate and improved mechanical properties. In addition to methyltricarboranylmethyl perchlorate, the propellant of this invention comprises a diisocyanate crosslinking agent, hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene binder, an interfacial bonding agent and aluminum metal fuel.

11 citations


Patent
10 Sep 1974
TL;DR: In this paper, a curable homogeneous gas-generating composition composed essentially of oxalyl dihydrazide coolant combined with a perchlorate oxidizer selected from the group consisting of ammonium perchlorates, the alkali metal per chlorates, and a combustible fuel binder, and propellant adjuvants is also disclosed.
Abstract: A curable homogeneous gas-generating composition composed essentially of oxalyl dihydrazide coolant combined with: (a) a perchlorate oxidizer selected from the group consisting of ammonium perchlorate, the alkali metal perchlorates, and the alkali earth metal perchlorates, (b) a combustible fuel binder, and (c) propellant adjuvants. A process for the preparation of oxalyl dihydrazide is also disclosed. The gas-generating compositions of the present invention have greatly improved combustion characteristics and exhibit reduced flame temperatures.

11 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The catalytic effect of Fe 2 O 3, carbon black and SiO 2 (Aerosil) on the burning rates, u, of ammonium perchlorate (AP) and AP-polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) mixtures was studied in this article.

11 citations


Patent
20 Nov 1974
TL;DR: In this article, a method for coating boron particles with ammonium perchlorate was proposed, which involves the steps of dissolving ammonium permchlorate in liquid ammonia, adding a volatile non-solvent diluent, and then vaporizing the mixture to form a coated product.
Abstract: A method for coating boron particles with ammonium perchlorate. The method involves the steps of dissolving ammonium perchlorate in liquid ammonia, adding a volatile non-solvent diluent and boron particles to the ammonia and then vaporizing the ammonia and diluent to form a coated product.

Patent
17 May 1974
TL;DR: In this article, a solid propellant grain is converted from a nonconductive filled elasto into a highly-conductive fill elastomer by introducing an effective amount of an alkali metal tungstate or the analogous ammonium salt which, in addition to imparting electrical conductance characteristics, also functions as an oxidizer in the propellant composition.
Abstract: A solid propellant grain is converted from a non-conductive filled elasto into a highly-conductive filled elastomer by introducing an effective amount of an alkali metal tungstate or the analogous ammonium salt which, in addition to imparting electrical conductance characteristics, also functions as an oxidizer in the propellant composition. When sodium tungstates, known as tungsten bronzes, or the analogous ammonium salt, are used to replace from 1 to 3 parts of the ammonium perchlorate oxidizer in the propellant formulation, it changes the grain to a highly-conductive grain, and, thereby, permits measuring the continuity of the propellant grain by means of electrical conductance measurements. These conductance measurements provide means of assessing the changes which take place in the solid propellant grain, such as, the physical and chemical changes (which affect mechanical properties) which the grain has undergone during storage or aging or when the grain is subjected to different load conditions, such as, acceleration, blast, shock, etc. In addition to the benefit of the reliable means for assessing such changes, the propellant grains employing the tungstates show an unpredicted increase in the propellant burning rate. The propellant density also increased due to the high density of the tungsten bronzes, and this is another benefit.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Isomeric Mannich bases derived from unsymmetrical ketones can be synthesised regioselectively simply by selecting the reaction conditions; reaction of dimethyl(methylene)ammonium trifluoroacetate in trifloroacetic acid yields the more substituted aminoketone while reaction of di-isopropyl(methylen) ammonium perchlorate in acetonitrile leads to the less substituted amineketone as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Isomeric Mannich bases derived from unsymmetrical ketones can be synthesised regioselectively simply by selecting the reaction conditions; reaction of dimethyl(methylene)ammonium trifluoroacetate in trifluoroacetic acid yields the more substituted aminoketone while reaction of di-isopropyl(methylene)ammonium perchlorate in acetonitrile leads to the less substituted aminoketone.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the thermal decomposition kinetics of ammonium perchlorate crystals subjected to fast neutron irradiation or to a fast neutrion irradiation followed by a gamma-ray irradiation were determined.
Abstract: The thermal decomposition kinetics have been determined for ammonium perchlorate crystals subjected to a fast neutron irradiation or to a fast neutron irradiation followed by a gamma‐ray irradiation. Qualitatively, the radiation induced changes are similar to those obtained in this and in previous studies, with samples exposed only to gamma rays. The induction period is shortened and the rate constants, obtained from an Avrami‐Erofeyev kinetic analysis, are modified. The acceleratory period constant increases and the decay period constant decreases. When compared on an equal deposited energy basis, the fast neutron induced changes are appreciably larger than the gamma‐ray induced changes. Some, or all, of the fast neutron induced effects might be attributable to the introduction of localized regions of concentrated radiation damage (``spikes'') by lattice atom recoils which become thermal decomposition sites when the crystals are heated.


01 Mar 1974
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors developed an understanding of mechanisms of propellants burning in air and of factors that control limits of burning so that one may rationalize choices of propellant formulation, charge configuration, process techniques, and special additives to reduce accidental ignition and burning of the propellants in ambient air.
Abstract: : Studies were directed at developing an understanding of mechanisms of propellants burning in air and of factors that control limits of burning so that one may rationalize choices of propellant formulation, charge configuration, process techniques, and special additives to reduce accidental ignition and burning of propellants in ambient air. Propellants were categorized in terms of convective, conductive, and radiative ignition data and in terms of burning rate and extinguishment limit data. Significant improvements in the flammability limits have been achieved using coolants (at the 10% level) with composite propellants made from high decomposition-temperature ingredients (e.g., HMX and polyurethane).

Patent
04 Feb 1974
TL;DR: In this article, a binder of hydroxy terminated liquid polymer systems, (e.g., polybutadiene and the like) optional selected plasticizers, optional metal fuel, and the inorganic oxidizer, ammonium perchlorate, that is substantially of very fine particle size (less than 20 microns).
Abstract: Trioctylphosphine oxide and tributylphosphine oxide are representative of e phosphine oxide compounds which are utilized in isocyanate curable composite propellant compositions to extend usable pot life required for mixing and processing of the specified compositions. The compositions are comprised of a binder of hydroxy terminated liquid polymer systems, (e.g. hydroxy terminated polybutadiene and the like) optional selected plasticizers, optional metal fuel, and the inorganic oxidizer, ammonium perchlorate, that is substantially of very fine particle size (less than 20 microns).

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the adhesion between ammonium perchlorate filler and polybutadiene rubber matrix was investigated, and the aggregate composite was modified by surface pretreatment of the filler with various organofunctional silanes.
Abstract: : The adhesion between ammonium perchlorate filler and the polybutadiene rubber matrix was investigated. The aggregate composite was modified by surface pretreatment of the filler with various organofunctional silanes. For comparison, the adhesion of glass beads and glass powder, each coated with a fluorocarbon release agent, and carbon black were used as fillers in the cured polybutadiene matrix. Common testing methods used included the determination of Poisson's ratio, photographic analysis, and absorption of water. A new type of stress-strain analysis was introduced. Results closely agreed with established composite theory. The presence of methacryloxy- and amino-functional silanes improved adhesion to the resin system. Epoxy- and vinyl-functional silanes proved to be detrimental at the filler-rubber interface. A major function of the coupling agents appears to be to eliminate the weak boundary layer of surface moisture on the filler particles. (Author)

Journal ArticleDOI
M. Shorr1, Thomas F. Reinhardt1
TL;DR: In this article, a bipropellant demand-mode gas generator with ammonium perchlorate and polyethylene propellants was used to test the spark ignition of mixed fluidizing gases.
Abstract: Spark ignition tests were made on a fluidized powder bipropellant demand-mode gas generator. The propellants were ammonium perchlorate and polyethylene, fluidized with' air and hydrogen gas, respectively. Spark ignition of the mixed fluidizing gases released enough combustion energy to ignite the bipropellant powders. A detailed description of the concept, performance calculations, static tests, and ignition and combustion under flow conditions are presented.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, five methods were modified to test for interactions between binder and filler of composite solid propellants, based on uncured binder or model compounds, including rate of solution of binder from composite mixtures.
Abstract: Five methods were modified to test for interactions between binder and filler of composite solid propellants. Methods based on uncured binder or model compounds were rate of solution of binder from composite mixtures; centrifugal separation of binder from the filler; of composite mixtures; measurement of the contact angle between binder and filler; and adsorption of binder or model compounds by filler from solution. Stress–strain–birefringence was measured on cured binders containing small amounts of filler. In addition to the polymers used as binders and the model compounds, three physical forms of aluminum, and the additives tris [1-methylaziridinyl] phosphine oxide (MAPO) and a polysebacate of methyl-N-diethanolamine were included in the study. The filler was ammonium perchlorate in all experiments. The polysebacate was an effective adhesion improver in the polyurethane–ammonium perchlorate composite. MAPO was not as effective in the system polybutadiene–ammonium perchlorate. Fibrous forms of aluminum result in a weaker propellant then does powdered aluminum. Nonfunctionally terminated polymers were poorer in adhesion, contact angel, and adsorption tests compared with carboxyl- and hydroxyl-terminated types. The nonpolymeric model compounds yielded inconclusive data.

01 Oct 1974
TL;DR: In this article, the primary exhaust from fuel-rich motors containing boron was characterized and its ignition and combustion characteristics, especially as compared to the known information for pure borons.
Abstract: : The objective of the present work has been to characterize the nature of the primary exhaust from fuel-rich motors containing boron, and to study its ignition and combustion characteristics, especially as compared to the known information for pure boron. Section II of the present report describes (a) the rocket-motor firing program in which the condensed exhaust (CE) from two different composite ammonium perchlorate propellants was collected, and (b) the results of thermodynamic computations for these formulations. Sections III and IV contain the results of the physical (microscopy, density measurement) and chemical analyses of the CE. Section V deals with combustion of the CE. Finally, Sections VI and VII report the results of modeling studies describing the ignition of single boron particles in hot gas streams and propagation of flames in boron-oxygen-nitrogen dust clouds.


01 Aug 1974
TL;DR: The spectral transmittance of large single crystals of ammonium perchlorate and deuterated amperchlorate grown from aqueous solution has been measured in the ultraviolet, visible, near infrared, and infrared regions of the spectrum as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: : Ammonium perchlorate is widely used as an oxidizer in solid propellants. Little information about its spectral transmittance, is available. Such information would be helpful, for example, in estimating the effectiveness of radiation of a given wavelength in heating a crystal for decomposition. The spectral transmittance of large single crystals of ammonium perchlorate and deuterated ammonium perchlorate grown from aqueous solution has been measured in the ultraviolet, visible, near infrared, and infrared regions of the spectrum. The absorption edge of both the deuterated and undeuterated crystals lies in the ultraviolet regions near 200 nanometers. There are strong absorption bands in the near infrared and infrared regions.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the diammonia compound of ammonium perchlorate (AP) along with electrical data relating to rubidium perchlorates, its ammonia compound, and liquid ammonia, suggest that the exceptional room temperature conductivity of AP,2NH3 arises from protonic migration.
Abstract: A.c. measurements on the diammonia compound of ammonium perchlorate (AP) along with electrical data relating to rubidium perchlorate, its ammonia compound, and liquid ammonia, suggest that the exceptional room temperature conductivity of AP,2NH3 arises from protonic migration.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The electrolytic reduction of acrylonitrile using a mercury cathode in liquid airanonia employing ammonium perchlorate as a supporting salt was examined in this paper.
Abstract: The electrolytic reduction of acrylonitrile using a mercury cathode in liquid airanonia employing ammonium perchlorate as a supporting salt was examined. It was found that acrylonitrile was dimerized to adiponitrile in an excellent yield without significant formation of by-products under such reaction conditions, compared with the usual cathodic reduction in an aqueous solution.

ReportDOI
26 Nov 1974
TL;DR: In this paper, it is shown that the nucleation occurs as a result of the primary stage of the dissociation of salt and subsequent secondary reactions, and the growth of the nuclei is caused by the oxidation-reduction reactions of the active oxidizers being regenerated in the course of the process.
Abstract: : It is known that in the course of the thermal decomposition of crystals of ammonium perchlorate at low temperatures occurs the formation and growth of nuclei. For the understanding of the mechanism of decomposition of NH4ClO4 it is necessary to know which stages of process are connected with nucleation, and which are connected to the growth. The authors propose that the nucleation occurs as a result of the course of the primary stage of the dissociation of salt and subsequent secondary reactions, and the growth of the nuclei is caused by the oxidation-reduction reactions of the active oxidizers being regenerated in the course of the process.

Proceedings ArticleDOI
30 Jan 1974
TL;DR: In this article, a theoretical solution for the shape of a deflagrating ammonium perchlorate surface when it is adjacent to an inert, pyrolysing, dry binder is presented.
Abstract: A theoretical solution has been obtained for the shape of a deflagrating ammonium perchlorate surface when it is adjacent to an inert, pyrolysing, dry binder. The eigenvalue, the regression rate, is shown to be independent of binder type and very close to the burn rate of pure AP, as has been experimentally observed. A slope discontinuity of the surface should exist at the binder-oxidizer interface and typical binders should incline very near to 90° to the nearly horizontal AP surface, at the junction of the two. The transition from AP to binder should take place on a distance scale of the order of microns and all results are quite insensitive to pressure level.