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Showing papers on "Ammonium perchlorate published in 2019"


Journal ArticleDOI
01 Jan 2019
TL;DR: In this paper, a direct write system was used to print ammonium perchlorate (AP) composite propellants at 85% solids loading using hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene (HTPB) and a UV-curable polyurethane binder.
Abstract: The effective solid propellant burning rate in a rocket depends on surface area and propellant composition. Currently, the surface area geometry in a rocket is limited to what can be practically cast using molds, etc. Additive manufacturing (AM) could allow the production of unique propellant grain geometries, however printing propellants with high solids loadings and viscosities is not readily possible using currently available printers. A new AM direct write system developed recently in our laboratory, is capable of printing visibly low-void propellants with high end mix viscosities into highly resolved geometries. The system was used to print ammonium perchlorate (AP) composite propellants at 85% solids loading using hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene (HTPB) and a UV-curable polyurethane binder. The change in HTPB propellant viscosity with time after mixing was measured and the microstructure of the strands was evaluated with X-ray tomography scans. The burning rate of printed and cast strands was measured to compare the quality of the strands at high pressure, since propellants with significant voids should catastrophically fail due to flame spreading. The printed samples burned in a planar fashion up to pressures of 10.34 MPa with consistent rates that were comparable to the cast propellants. The HTPB propellant used was not optimized and showed some porosity due to gas generation, but strands printed with the UV binder exhibited extremely low porosity. A strand printed with no gaps in one half and gaps in the other failed catastrophically where intended at high pressure, demonstrating the ability to spatially grade propellants. This new system can produce adequate strands of composite propellant with high solids loadings without the addition of solvents, special binders (low viscosity, thermal softening, etc.), or restricting use to formulations with lower viscosities, and enables the fabrication of complex propellant grain geometries.

82 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
15 Oct 2019-Fuel
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors review the critical physical processes of ammonium perchlorate (AP) propellant combustion and explore the different experimental and computational avenues used to shed light on such a complex phenomenon.

78 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
01 Nov 2019-Vacuum
TL;DR: In this article, an ammonium perchlorate-based molecular perovskite (DAP)/graphene energetic composite was prepared and characterized, and the results suggested functionalized graphene can contribute to the improvement of combustion properties of DAP effectively.

67 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Compound 3 is a green energetic oxidizer that has a positive oxygen balance (+8.7 %), high specific impulse (218 s) and an acceptable sensitivity (9J, 240N) making it a practi-cal replacement for AP in solid rocket.
Abstract: Ammonium perchlorate (AP) is most often used as a practical solid rocket propellant because of its excellent performance. However, AP has many shortcomings, including instability, high negative enthalpy of formation, and claimed health and environmental issues resulting from its combustion products. The pursuit of highly dense, high-performance, and environmentally friendly oxidizers as solid propellants has long attracted scientists around the world. In this work, bis(3-nitro-1-(trinitromethyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-5-yl)methanone (3) was obtained from bis(3-nitro-1H-1,2,4-triazol-5-yl)methane (1) with chloroacetone followed by nitration. The structure of 3 was confirmed by elemental analysis and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. By introducing the carbonyl moiety, the density of 3 was increased to 1.945 g/cm3 and the decomposition temperature increased to 164 °C. Compound 3 is a green energetic oxidizer that has a positive oxygen balance (+8.7%), a high specific impulse (218 s), and an acceptable sensitivity (9 J, 240 N), making it a practical replacement for AP in solid rocket propellant formulations.

59 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
Shuang Wang1, Baoyun Ye1, Chongwei An1, Jingyu Wang1, Qianbing Li1 
TL;DR: In this paper, a novel Cu-MOF@Carbon nanomaterial composite was prepared to catalyze the thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate (AP), and the structure was characterized by using scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray energy-dispersive spectrum (EDS), and XRD; the specific surface area was estimated by Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) method; and the pore volumes and pore size distributions were derived from the adsorption branches of isotherms using the Barrett-Joyner
Abstract: In this study, a novel Cu-MOF@Carbon nanomaterial composite was prepared to catalyze the thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate (AP). The structure was characterized by using scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray energy-dispersive spectrum (EDS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD); the specific surface area was estimated by Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) method; and the pore volumes and pore size distributions were derived from the adsorption branches of isotherms using the Barrett–Joyner–Halenda (BJH) model. And the thermal decomposition behavior was investigated by using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetry analysis (TGA). The results indicated that all products showed excellent catalytic activity. Among the samples investigated here, Cu-MOF@CNT-rGO exhibited the best catalytic activity, since the high-temperature decomposition peak of AP decreased to 313.8 °C, which is reduced nearly 100 °C than the raw material (409.7 °C). And this was attributed to the high thermal and electrical conductivities of carbon nanomaterials, and the large surface area of both Cu-MOF and carbon nanomaterials. This study provides a new choice to be used as the promising catalysts in modifying the burning performance of AP-based composite propellant.

53 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
01 Jan 2019-Vacuum
TL;DR: Hollow mesoporous CuO microspheres (CuO-HM) have been prepared by a hard-template method and their structure properties as well as catalytic performance in ammonium perchlorate (AP) decomposition were fully investigated by XRD, SEM, XPS, TG/DSC and TG/F-TIR methods as discussed by the authors.

52 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
Xuechun Xiao1, Zhanyu Zhang1, Linfeng Cai1, Yating Li1, Zhiyong Yan, Yude Wang1 
TL;DR: In this paper, a 3D macro-nanoporous spinel CuCo2O4 additive with a mass ratio of 2% was used for ammonium perchlorate (AP)-based composite solid rocket propellants.

50 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a novel copper alginate/ammonium perchlorate composite by facile air atomization is presented, based on inspiration from biological materials, which can smartly improve both the safety performance and thermal decomposition of AP.

45 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of CuO on ammonium perchlorate (AP) decomposition mechanism was evaluated using thermogravimetry-mass spectroscopy (TG-MS).
Abstract: Copper oxide (CuO) is an attractive burn rate modifier for composite solid propellant based on ammonium perchlorate (AP). However, the mechanism of catalytic decomposition of AP in the presence of CuO is still uncertain. Amount of gaseous products at various decomposition temperatures of AP in the presence and absence of CuO is lacking. Herein, a systematic study using thermogravimetry-mass spectroscopy (TG-MS) was carried out to evaluate the effect of CuO on AP decomposition mechanism. A novel hydrothermal method was reported for the preparation of nanosized copper oxide. The conversion of precursor Cu(NO3)2·3H2O to intermediate Cu2(NO3)(OH)3 was accomplished by in situ carbonization of small quantity of cotton fiber in the hydrothermal reaction chamber. pH of the reaction medium was controlled by utilizing the nitric acid in the reaction medium by in situ carbonization of cotton. This synthetic method aimed to minimize the shape-controlling agents and strong alkali for controlling the pH of the reaction medium for the preparation of catalyst grade CuO. Evolved gas analysis of AP decomposition products by TG-MS showed increased oxygen, chlorine and nitrogen evolution and decreased ammonia evolution in the presence of CuO, compared with that of AP without catalyst. This confirmed the enhanced interaction of ammonia and perchloric acid; the initial decomposition products of AP; and their further reaction in the presence of CuO. The change in composition of volatile products indicates change in mechanism of AP decomposition from proton transfer to electron transfer in the presence of CuO.

41 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the impact of copper oxide particles on APC thermal behavior has been investigated using DSC and TGA techniques and the main outcome is that the two main exothermic decomposition peaks were merged into one single peak with an increase in total heat release by 53%.

39 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
04 Jan 2019
TL;DR: It is disclosed that the introduction of TAGN would not result in improvement in the energy performance of propellant performance, but due to its energetic property and high hydrogen content, proper introduction ofTAGN will not reduce the energyperformance of propellants in a large degree compared with the introduced of inert catalysts.
Abstract: Nanometer triaminoguanidine nitrate (TAGN) with mean size of 218.7 nm was fabricated, and its structures were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, IR, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analyses. As an energetic accelerator for thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate (AP) and ammonium nitrate (AN), 10% nano TAGN blended with AP and AN, and samples “[90% AP + 10% (nano TAGN)]” and “[90% AN + 10% (nano TAGN)]” were obtained, respectively. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analyses were employed to investigate the decomposition kinetics and thermodynamics of the samples. The results indicated that [90% AP + 10% (nano TAGN)] presented a higher activation energy (152.34 kJ mol–1) than pure AP (117.21 kJ mol–1) and [90% AN + 10% (nano TAGN)] possessed a lower activation energy (147.51 kJ mol–1) than pure AN (161.40 kJ mol–1). All activation free energies (ΔG≠) were positive values. This means that activation of the molecules was not a spontaneous process. The decomposi...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the effect of high gravity level (G) on the particle size and its distribution of α-Fe2O3 was explored and it was found that increasing the G of a rotating packed bed (RPB) is beneficial for the formation of particles with smaller particle sizes and narrower size distribution.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a composite solid propellant, AP-NC (Ammonium Perchlorate-Nitrocellulose) was demonstrated experimentally by coupling to 3-D, highly conductive, interconnected, porous and CuO-functionalized GF (graphene foam) micro-structures.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the microwave-supported plasma enhancement of an aluminized, ammonium perchlorate composite solid propellant flame was explored. But the authors focused on the effects of ionization on the flame structure and the steady-state burning rate.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the sustainable fabrication of TiO2 nanoparticles; a novel catalyzing agent for ammonium perchlorate (APC) was reported, which could inherit titanium oxide particles unique catalyzing ability for advanced highly energetic systems.
Abstract: Ammonium perchlorate (APC) is the most common oxidizer for highly energetic systems. The initial decomposition of APC is an endothermic process. This behavior withstands high activation energy and could render high burning rate. We report on the sustainable fabrication of TiO2 nanoparticles; a novel catalyzing agent for APC. Mono-dispersed TiO2 particles of 10 nm particle size were fabricated using hydrothermal processing. XRD diffractogram demonstrated highly crystalline structure. The synthesized colloidal TiO2 particles were effectively integrated into APC particles via co-precipitation technique. The impact of TiO2 particles (1 wt%) on APC thermal behavior was investigated using DSC and TGA. APC demonstrated an initial endothermic decomposition (with absorption heat of 102.5 J/g) at 242 °C, and two subsequent exothermic decomposition stages at 297.8 and 452.8 °C respectively. TiO2 offered a decrease in APC early endothermic decomposition by 80%. The two main exothermic decomposition stages were merged into one single stage with an increase in total heat release by 18%. These novel features could inherit titanium oxide particles unique catalyzing ability for advanced highly energetic systems.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, various nanothermites, such as nCuO/nano Al (nAl), nMoO 3 /nAl, nBi 2 O 3/nAl and nFe 2 O3 /n Al, were encapsulated into ammonium perchlorate (AP) by the evaporation induced self-assembly (EISA) method.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the rheology of composite propellant containing aluminum nanoparticles is investigated, as it is a highly filled mixture of solids and it is difficult to process.
Abstract: The aim of this article was to understand the rheology of composite propellant containing aluminum nanoparticles, as it is a highly filled mixture of solids and is difficult to process. Aluminum na...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, mesoporous nickel oxide (NiO) hierarchical nanostructures were synthesized by a facile approach by hydrothermal reaction and subsequent calcination, and the phase structure, microstructure, element composition, surface area, and pore size distribution of the as-prepared products were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Xray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) technique.
Abstract: In this work, mesoporous nickel oxide (NiO) hierarchical nanostructures were synthesized by a facile approach by hydrothermal reaction and subsequent calcination. The phase structure, microstructure, element composition, surface area, and pore size distribution of the as-prepared products were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) technique. The precursor of Ni3(NO3)2(OH)4 nanosheet, Ni3(NO3)2(OH)4 microsphere, and Ni(HCO3)2 sub-microsphere was obtained by hydrothermal reaction at 160 °C for 4 h when the ratio of Ni2+/HMT (hexamethylenetetramine) was 2:1, 1:2, and 1:3, respectively. After calcination at 400 °C for 2 h, the precursors were completely transformed to mesoporous NiO hierarchical nanosheet, microsphere, and sub-microsphere. When evaluated as additives of the thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate (AP), these NiO nanostructures significantly reduce the decomposition temperature of AP, showing obvious catalytic activity. In particular, NiO sub-microsphere have the best catalytic role, which can reduce the high temperature decomposition (HTD) and low temperature decomposition (LTD) temperature by 75.2 and 19.1 °C, respectively. The synthetic approach can easily control the morphology and pore structure of the NiO nanostructures by adjusting the ratio of Ni2+/HMT in the reactants and subsequent calcination, which avoids using expensive templates or surfactant and could be intended to prepare other transition metal oxide.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the synthesis, characterization and catalytic activity of pure and La doped ZnO (La-ZnO) towards thermal decomposition of Ammonium Perchlorate (AP).

Book ChapterDOI
01 Jan 2019
TL;DR: In this article, various grades (particle size fractions) of ammonium perchlorate (AP) were used in propellant formulations and characterized with respect to physical and flow properties.
Abstract: Composite propellant based on hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene and ammonium perchlorate (AP) has become the workhorse propellant for modern-day missiles and space vehicles. AP is the main ingredient and is used as an oxidizer in composite propellant and accounts for approximately 70%–80% of the composition. AP plays a vital role in tailoring the burning rate of the propellant using multimodal particle size distributions and provides strength to the propellant as filler. AP is ground to different particle sizes for use in propellant formulations to achieve different burn rates and higher solid loading. Grinding of AP leads to generation of a large surface area with excess surface energy and there is a tendency for agglomeration, segregation, caking, bridging, and no flow in silo/bin/hopper, stockpile, feeder, chute, conveyor, etc. The propensity of the problems increases with increase in the time gap between grinding and mixing operations (with all propellant ingredients). Here, various grades (particle size fractions) of AP were used in propellant formulations and characterized with respect to physical and flow properties. Physical properties that were studied were particle size, shape, density, and moisture. Particle size distribution was determined using the sieve analysis and laser light scattering technique. Powder flowability was measured using shear strength, angle of repose, and tapped-to-bulk density measurements. The values of Hausner ratio and Carr index are highest for ultrafine AP, indicating that it is a highly compressible powder, whereas Hausner ratio and Carr index are lowest for the coarse AP, which indicates its free-flowing behavior.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The results of mechanical sensitivity tests indicated that nano AP was more sensitive than raw AP and both nano AN and raw AN were very insensitive to impact and friction stimuli.
Abstract: Nanometer (nano) ammonium perchlorate (AP) and ammonium nitrate (AN) were prepared with 2D network structures by the ultra-low temperature spray method. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffractometry (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis/infrared spectrometry (TG-IR) were employed to probe the micron structure, crystal phase, and thermal decomposition of nano AP and nano AN. SEM images revealed that the sizes of nano AP and AN were in the nanometer scale (<100 nm) in one dimension. XRD patterns showed that the crystal phases of nano AP and AN were in accordance with those of raw AP and raw AN, respectively. DSC traces indicated that the thermal decomposition process of AP depended on its particle size, while the thermolysis of AN was independent of the particle size of AN. TG-IR analyses illustrated that the decomposition products of nano AP were NO2, N2O, HCl and H2O, with a small amount of NOCl, and the main decomposition products of nano AN were N2O and H2O, with a small amount of NH3. The results of mechanical sensitivity tests indicated that nano AP was more sensitive than raw AP and both nano AN and raw AN were very insensitive to impact and friction stimuli.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a single crystal X-ray, infrared spectroscopy and elemental analysis was performed on the supramolecular complex of Bistetrazole and showed its attractive thermal stability and decomposition peak temperature at 556 K.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the catalytic activity of as-synthesized material was examined for thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate (AP) using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetry analysis (TGA).
Abstract: Nickel cobalt bimetallic nanoparticles (NiCo NPs) with different molar ratios were stabilized over three-dimensional nitrogen-doped graphene [3D-(N)G] by a chemical coreduction method. Various spectroscopic and microscopic analysis techniques were employed to characterize the resulting NiCo@3D-(N)G samples. The catalytic activity of as-synthesized material was examined for thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate (AP) using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetry analysis (TGA). In presence of NiCo@3D-(N)G nanocomposite, the decomposition temperature was decreased by 140.9 °C and the high-temperature decomposition peak of AP disappeared. Also, the total heat release during decomposition of AP was significantly increased to about 1176.6 J g−1. The presented catalyst exhibits an impressive catalytic effect for thermal decomposition of AP, due to its unique properties including porous structure, good dispersion of NiCo NPs over 3D-(N)G, consolidated interaction between 3D-(N)G and NiCo NPs, and synergistic effect between two metals.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a sustainable fabrication of barium ferrite nanoparticles as a novel catalyzing agent for ammonium perchlorate (APC) oxidizer for solid rocket propulsion systems was reported.
Abstract: Ammonium perchlorate (APC) is the most common oxidizer in use for solid rocket propulsion systems. However its initial thermal decomposition is an endothermic process that requires 102.5 J/g. This behavior involves high activation energy and could render high burning rate regime. This study reports on the sustainable fabrication of barium ferrite nanoparticles as a novel catalyzing agent for APC oxidizer. Colloidal BaFe12O19 nanoparticles with consistent product quality were fabricated using hydrothermal processing. TEM micrographs demonstrated mono-dispersed particles of 10 nm particle size. XRD diffractogram demonstrated highly crystalline material. The synthesized colloidal BaFe12O19 particles were effectively coated with APC particles via co-precipitation using fast-crash solvent–antisolvent technique. The impact of ferrite particles on APC thermal behavior has been investigated using DSC and TGA techniques. APC demonstrated an initial endothermic decomposition stage at 142 °C with subsequent two exothermic decomposition stages at 297.8 and 452.8 °C respectively. At 1 wt%, barium ferrite offered decrease in initial endothermic decomposition stage by 42.5%. The main outcome of this study is that the two main exothermic decomposition peaks were merged into one single peak with an increase in total heat release by 19.7%. These novel features can inherit ferrite particles unique catalyzing ability for advanced highly energetic systems.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, an excellent material for thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate (AP) is urgently required, and inspired by natural biopolymer, the authors prepared CoMn-alginate/AP composite by air atomization method.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Ammonium perchlorate (AP) is an efficient energetic oxidizer with high density (1.95 g/cm3) and positive oxygen balance (34%), and it has been used as a potential rocket propellant with proper mixt...
Abstract: Ammonium perchlorate (AP) is an efficient energetic oxidizer with high density (1.95 g/cm3) and positive oxygen balance (34%), and it has been used as a potential rocket propellant with proper mixt...


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, three drying methods, oven drying, vacuum drying, and vacuum freeze-drying, were comparatively used to dry Cr2O3 nanoparticles by repeated wet mechanical milling technique.
Abstract: Cr2O3 nanoparticles were prepared by repeated wet mechanical milling technique. Three drying methods, oven drying, vacuum drying, and vacuum freeze-drying were comparatively used to dry Cr2O3 nanop...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, reduced graphene oxide/metal ferrite (rGO/MFe 2 O 4, M =Cu, Co, Ni) nanohybrids are successfully prepared through a simple, one-step hydrothermal method.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigate the burning rate, ignition delay, and flame characteristics of ammonium perchlorate (AP)-hydroxyl terminated poly-butadiene (HTPB) [AP/HTPB] based composite propellants (CSP's) in sub-atmospheric pressure regimes (13kPa-100kPa).