Ammonium perchlorate

About: Ammonium perchlorate is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 2359 publications have been published within this topic receiving 33412 citations. The topic is also known as: AP.

Comparison of thermal degradation behavior of epoxy/ammonium perchlorate composite propellants

Abstract: Non-isothermal degradation process of different mass ratios of epoxy/ammonium perchlorate (EP/AP) composites was studied by thermogravimetric (TG) analysis and differential scanning calorimetry. TG data were treated with AKTS-Thermokinetics software, Flynn–Wall–Ozawa and Friedman’s isoconversional methods for measuring the variation of apparent activation energy (E a) with degree of conversion (α). It was found that thermal degradation process of EP/AP composites is complex, and theirs thermal degradation temperatures are lower than that for epoxy and ammonium perchlorate (AP). The obtained results showed that the degradation activation energy of the EP/AP composites is equal or higher than that for epoxy at the beginning of the degradation. The most interesting finding was that epoxy resin can shift high-temperature decomposition peak of AP to a lower temperature. Self-accelerating decomposition temperature (T SADT) and explosion critical temperature (T b) of EP/AP composites were determined to evaluate the thermal stability of the samples. Finally, lifetime prediction of the samples was done by AKTS software.

Phase-stabilization of ammonium nitrate by zinc diammine complexes

Abstract: A phase-stable, oxidizer-grade zinc diammine complex stabilized ammonium nitrate that retains its phase-stability, has a minimum hygroscopicity and cure interference, is prepared by dissolving an anhydrous zinc diammine complex, which may be either the sulfate, perchlorate or nitrate, in dry molten ammonium nitrate. The complex is best prepared in a separate step by melting a 3/1 molar mixture of ammonium nitrate with zinc oxide which produces the zinc diammine dinitrate complex contaminated with the water of the reaction. The melt is dried by driving off the water. First by simple boiling, and the final traces by means of purging with dry air or nitrogen gas. The ammonia lost in this drying operation is exactly replenished by purging with anhydrous ammonia gas. The sulfate complex is obtained by co-dissolving an essentially stoichiometric quantity of ammonium sulfate in either the melt of the complex or the bulk of the molten ammonium nitrate. The perchlorate complex is prepared similarly by co-dissolving a stoichiometric quantity of ammonium perchlorate in the molten ammonium nitrate.

Nano-Computed Tomographic Measurements of Partially Decomposed Ammonium Perchlorate Particles

Abstract: High performance solid rocket motors typically contain ammonium perchlorate (AP) particles as the oxidizer. Ammonium perchlorate provides good performance, but thermal decomposition leads to safety concerns for handling and storing solid propellant. Computed tomography is shown to allow for visualization of the AP decomposition process, providing in-situ, quantitative data. The current work demonstrates the use of nano-computed tomography (nano-CT) scanning to elucidate aspects of AP decomposition by studying partially decomposed 400 μm diameter AP particles after isothermal heating at 200 °C. Data provides insight into shape and location of the pores. Analysis shows that the porosity developed within the particle begins approximately 15 μm below the particle surface and moves inward as well as outward towards the surface as the heating time increases. No substantial heating time dependence was observed on the pore size distribution. The size and location distributions of decomposition sites forming below the AP particle surface were quantified for the first time. Comparisons to previous work are discussed.

Modeling and rheology of HTPB based composite solid propellants

Abstract: The propellant with the minimum viscosity required for a defect-free casting can be obtained by proper selection of the size and fractions of solid components leading to maximum packing density. Furnas' model was used to predict the particulate composition for the maximum packing density. Components with certain size dispersions were combined to yield a size distribution that is closest to the optimum one given by Furnas for maximum packing. The closeness of the calculated size distribution to the optimum one was tested by using the least square technique. The results obtained were experimentally confirmed by viscosity measurement of uncured propellants having HTPB binder and trimodal solid part accordingly prepared by using aluminum (volumetric mean particle diameter of 10.4 μm) and ammonium perchlorate with four different sizes (volumetric mean particle diameters: 9.22, 31.4, 171, and 323 μm), The experimental measurements showed that the compositions for the minimum viscosity are in good agreement with those predicted by using the model for maximum packing. The propellant consisting of particles with mean diameters of 10.4, 31.4, and 323 μm was found to yield the minimum viscosity. This minimum viscosity was observed when the fraction of the sizes with respect to total solids was 0.141, 0.300, and 0.559, respectively.

Review on Typical Ingredients for Ammonium Perchlorate Based Solid Propellant

Abstract: Ammonium perchlorate (AP) based solid propellant is a modern solid rocket propellant used in various applications. The combustion characteristics of AP based composite propellants were extensively studied by many research scholars to gain higher thrust. The amount of thrust and the thrust profile, which may be obtained from a specific grain design, is mainly determined by the propellant composition and the manufacturing process that produces the solid propellant. This article is intended to review and discuss several aspects of the composition and preparation of the solid rocket propellant. The analysis covers the main ingredients of AP based propellants such as the binder, oxidizer, metal fuel, and plasticizers. The main conclusions are derived from each of its components with specific methods of good manufacturing practices. In conclusion, the AP based solid propellant, like other composite propellants is highly influenced by its composition. However, the quality of the finished grain is mainly due to the manufacturing process.