Topic
Ammonium perchlorate
About: Ammonium perchlorate is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 2359 publications have been published within this topic receiving 33412 citations. The topic is also known as: AP.
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TL;DR: The properties of TNAA were found to be exceptional, with a calculated specific impulse exceeding that of AP, leading to its high potential as a replacement for AP.
Abstract: Considerable work has been focused on developing replacements for ammonium perchlorate (AP), a primary choice for solid rocket and missile propellants, due to environmental concerns resulting from the release of perchlorate into groundwater systems, which has been linked to thyroid cancer. Additionally, the generation of hydrochloric acid contributes to high concentrations of acid rain and to ozone layer depletion. En route to synthesizing salts that contain cationic FOX-7, a novel, high oxygen-containing oxidizer, tetranitroacetimidic acid (TNAA), has been synthesized and fully characterized. The properties of TNAA were found to be exceptional, with a calculated specific impulse exceeding that of AP, leading to its high potential as a replacement for AP. TNAA can be synthesized easily in a one-step process by the nitration of FOX-7 in high yield (>93%). The synthesis, properties, and chemical reactivity of TNAA have been examined.
79 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, X-ray diffraction, transition electron microscopy, thermogravimetry, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller technique, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and Raman phonon modes were used.
Abstract: CuO nanocrystals of different surface areas were prepared. All samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction, transition electron microscope, thermogravimetry, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller technique, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. CuO nanocrystals showed a stable monoclinic structure. With increasing surface areas, the surface hydration became significant, which is followed by shifts in infrared frequencies and Raman phonon modes. CuO nanocrystals were explored as an additive to catalytic decomposition of ammonium perchlorate (AP). AP decomposition underwent a two-stage process. Addition of CuO nanocrystals led to a downshift of high-temperature stage towards lower temperatures.
79 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a ballistic characterization of several nano-aluminum (nAl) powders is reported, for increasing nAl mass fraction or decreasing nAl size, higher steady burning rates with essentially the same pressure sensitivity and reduced average size of condensed combustion products.
Abstract: Experiments concerning the ballistic characterization of several nanoaluminum (nAl) powders are reported. Most studies were performed with laboratory composite solid rocket propellants based on ammonium perchlorate as oxidizer and hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene as inert binder. The ultimate objective is to understand the flame structure of differently metallized formulations and improve their specific impulse efficiency by mitigating the two-phase losses. Ballistic results confirm, for increasing nAl mass fraction or decreasing nAl size, higher steady burning rates with essentially the same pressure sensitivity and reduced average size of condensed combustion products. However, aggregation and agglomeration phenomena near the burning surface appear noticeably different for microaluminum (μAl) and nAl powders. By contrasting the associated flame structures, a particle-laden flame zone with a sensibly reduced particle size is disclosed in the case of nAl. Propellant microstructure is considered the main controlling factor. A way to predict the incipient agglomerate size for μAl propellants is proposed and verified by testing several additional ammonium perchlorate/hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene/aluminum formulations of industrial manufacture.
78 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors review the critical physical processes of ammonium perchlorate (AP) propellant combustion and explore the different experimental and computational avenues used to shed light on such a complex phenomenon.
78 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of 5-nitro-2-4-dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazole-3-one (NTO) and two of its transition metal salts, namely Cu(nTO) 2 and Fe(nto) 3, during the combustion of composite solid propellants of hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene (HTPB) and ammonium perchlorate (AP) has been studied.
77 citations