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Showing papers on "Amplitude published in 2015"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a review of the theory and theory of particle physics at low temperatures is presented, and the amplitude modes are decoupled from the phase oscillations only near particle-hole symmetry, where the equations of motion have an effective Lorentz symmetry and if there are no significant avenues for decay into other excitations.
Abstract: The order parameter and its variations in space and time in many different states in condensed matter physics at low temperatures are described by the complex function Ψ(r, t). These states include superfluids, superconductors, and a subclass of antiferromagnets and charge density waves. The collective fluctuations in the ordered state may then be categorized as oscillations of phase and amplitude of Ψ(r, t). The phase oscillations are the Goldstone modes of the broken continuous symmetry. The amplitude modes, even at long wavelengths, are well defined and are decoupled from the phase oscillations only near particle-hole symmetry, where the equations of motion have an effective Lorentz symmetry, as in particle physics and if there are no significant avenues for decay into other excitations. They bear close correspondence with the so-called Higgs modes in particle physics, whose prediction and discovery are very important for the standard model of particle physics. In this review, we discuss the theory and...

318 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This work proposes a natural classification of all scalar effective field theories according to two numbers which encode the derivative power counting and soft behavior of the corresponding amplitudes, in those cases where there is no consistent amplitude.
Abstract: We derive scalar effective field theories—Lagrangians, symmetries, and all—from on-shell scattering amplitudes constructed purely from Lorentz invariance, factorization, a fixed power counting order in derivatives, and a fixed order at which amplitudes vanish in the soft limit. These constraints leave free parameters in the amplitude which are the coupling constants of well-known theories: Nambu-Goldstone bosons, Dirac-Born-Infeld scalars, and Galilean internal shift symmetries. Moreover, soft limits imply conditions on the Noether current which can then be inverted to derive Lagrangians for each theory. We propose a natural classification of all scalar effective field theories according to two numbers which encode the derivative power counting and soft behavior of the corresponding amplitudes. In those cases where there is no consistent amplitude, the corresponding theory does not exist.

255 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors developed a method to internally preheat lithium-ion batteries at low temperatures with sinusoidal alternating current (AC) using a heat generation rate model in frequency domain based on the equivalent electrical circuit.

173 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, numerical simulations of binary neutron star mergers are presented, comparing irrotational binaries to binaries of NSs rotating aligned to the orbital angular momentum, showing that the strong radial oscillations of the NSs modulate the instantaneous frequency of the GW signal to an extend that leads to separate peaks in the corresponding Fourier spectrum.
Abstract: We present numerical simulations of binary neutron star mergers, comparing irrotational binaries to binaries of NSs rotating aligned to the orbital angular momentum. For the first time, we study spinning BNSs employing nuclear physics equations of state, namely the ones of Lattimer and Swesty as well as Shen, Horowitz, and Teige. We study mainly equal mass systems leading to a hypermassive neutron star (HMNS), and analyze in detail its structure and dynamics. In order to exclude gauge artifacts, we introduce a novel coordinate system used for post-processing. The results for our equal mass models show that the strong radial oscillations of the HMNS modulate the instantaneous frequency of the gravitational wave (GW) signal to an extend that leads to separate peaks in the corresponding Fourier spectrum. In particular, the high frequency peaks which are often attributed to combination frequencies can also be caused by the modulation of the $m=2$ mode frequency in the merger phase. As a consequence for GW data analysis, the offset of the high frequency peak does not necessarily carry information about the radial oscillation frequency. Further, the low frequency peak in our simulations is dominated by the contribution of the plunge and the first 1--2 bounces. The amplitude of the radial oscillations depends on the initial NS spin, which therefore has a complicated influence on the spectrum. Another important result is that HMNSs can consist of a slowly rotating core with an extended, massive envelope rotating close to Keplerian velocity, contrary to the common notion that a rapidly rotating core is necessary to prevent a prompt collapse. Finally, our estimates on the amount of unbound matter show a dependency on the initial NS spin, explained by the influence of the latter on the amplitude of radial oscillations, which in turn cause shock waves.

158 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: By designing simple configurations with phase-only spatial light modulators (SLMs), the ability to arbitrarily manipulate the spatial full field information (i.e. amplitude and phase) of a light beam is shown.
Abstract: Spatial structure of a light beam is an important degree of freedom to be extensively explored. By designing simple configurations with phase-only spatial light modulators (SLMs), we show the ability to arbitrarily manipulate the spatial full field information (i.e. amplitude and phase) of a light beam. Using this approach to facilitating arbitrary and independent control of spatial amplitude and phase, one can flexibly generate different special kinds of light beams for different specific applications. Multiple collinear orbital angular momentum (OAM) beams, Laguerre-Gaussian (LG) beams, and Bessel beams, having both spatial amplitude and phase distributions, are successfully generated in the experiments. Some arbitrary beams with odd-shaped intensity are also generated in the experiments.

146 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is found that, either at high temperature or at large intercalation, CDW order becomes short-ranged with a well-defined amplitude, which has impacts on the electronic dispersion, giving rise to an energy gap.
Abstract: A charge-density wave (CDW) state has a broken symmetry described by a complex order parameter with an amplitude and a phase. The conventional view, based on clean, weak-coupling systems, is that a finite amplitude and long-range phase coherence set in simultaneously at the CDW transition temperature T(cdw). Here we investigate, using photoemission, X-ray scattering and scanning tunnelling microscopy, the canonical CDW compound 2H-NbSe2 intercalated with Mn and Co, and show that the conventional view is untenable. We find that, either at high temperature or at large intercalation, CDW order becomes short-ranged with a well-defined amplitude, which has impacts on the electronic dispersion, giving rise to an energy gap. The phase transition at T(cdw) marks the onset of long-range order with global phase coherence, leading to sharp electronic excitations. Our observations emphasize the importance of phase fluctuations in strongly coupled CDW systems and provide insights into the significance of phase incoherence in 'pseudogap' states.

131 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
23 Apr 2015-Sensors
TL;DR: The proposed angular displacement and angular velocity sensors based on coplanar waveguide transmission lines and S-shaped split ring resonators are presented and it is shown that the angular velocity can be accurately determined from the time-domain response of a carrier time-harmonic signal tuned at the S-SRR resonance frequency.
Abstract: In this paper, angular displacement and angular velocity sensors based on coplanar waveguide (CPW) transmission lines and S-shaped split ring resonators (S-SRRs) are presented. The sensor consists of two parts, namely a CPW and an S-SRR, both lying on parallel planes. By this means, line-to-resonator magnetic coupling arises, the coupling level being dependent on the line-to-resonator relative angular orientation. The line-to-resonator coupling level is the key parameter responsible for modulating the amplitude of the frequency response seen between the CPW ports in the vicinity of the S-SRR fundamental resonance frequency. Specifically, an amplitude notch that can be visualized in the transmission coefficient is changed by the coupling strength, and it is characterized as the sensing variable. Thus, the relative angular orientation between the two parts is measured, when the S-SRR is attached to a rotating object. It follows that the rotation angle and speed can be inferred either by measuring the frequency response of the S-SRR-loaded line, or the response amplitude at a fixed frequency in the vicinity of resonance. It is in addition shown that the angular velocity can be accurately determined from the time-domain response of a carrier time-harmonic signal tuned at the S-SRR resonance frequency. The main advantage of the proposed device is its small size directly related to the small electrical size of the S-SRR, which allows for the design of compact angular displacement and velocity sensors at low frequencies. Despite the small size of the fabricated proof-of-concept prototype (electrically small structures do not usually reject signals efficiently), it exhibits good linearity (on a logarithmic scale), sensitivity and dynamic range.

122 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors carried out a statistical study of kink oscillations using Extreme Ultra-Violet (EUV) imaging data from a previously compiled catalogue and found that the initial loop displacement and oscillation amplitude correlated with the initial amplitude of coronal loops.
Abstract: Despite intensive studies of kink oscillations of coronal loops in the last decade, a large scale statistically significant investigation of the oscillation parameters has not been made using data from the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO). We carry out a statistical study of kink oscillations using Extreme Ultra-Violet (EUV) imaging data from a previously compiled catalogue. We analysed 58 kink oscillation events observed by the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (AIA) onboard SDO during its first four years of operation (2010-2014). Parameters of the oscillations, including the initial apparent amplitude, period, length of the oscillating loop, and damping are studied for 120 individual loop oscillations. Analysis of the initial loop displacement and oscillation amplitude leads to the conclusion that the initial loop displacement prescribes the initial amplitude of oscillation in general. The period is found to scale with the loop length, and a linear fit of the data cloud gives a kink speed of Ck =(1330+/-50) km s-1 . The main body of the data corresponds to kink speeds in the range Ck =(800-3300) km s-1. Measurements of 52 exponential damping times were made, and it was noted that at least 22 of the damping profiles may be better approximated by a combination of non-exponential and exponential profiles, rather than a purely exponential damping envelope. There are an additional 10 cases where the profile appears to be purely non-exponential, and no damping time was measured. A scaling of the exponential damping time with the period is found, following the previously established linear scaling between these two parameters.

120 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Experimental gradient-based optimization is used to maximize the propulsive efficiency of a heaving and pitching flexible panel and the multi-dimensionality and multi-modality of the efficiency response demonstrate that experimental optimization is well-suited for the design of flexible underwater propulsors.
Abstract: Experimental gradient-based optimization is used to maximize the propulsive efficiency of a heaving and pitching flexible panel. Optimum and near-optimum conditions are studied via direct force measurements and particle image velocimetry (PIV). The net thrust and power scale predictably with the frequency and amplitude of the leading edge, but the efficiency shows a complex multimodal response. Optimum pitch and heave motions are found to produce nearly twice the efficiencies of optimum heave-only motions. Efficiency is globally optimized when (i) the Strouhal number is within an optimal range that varies weakly with amplitude and boundary conditions; (ii) the panel is actuated at a resonant frequency of the fluid–panel system; (iii) heave amplitude is tuned such that trailing-edge amplitude is maximized while the flow along the body remains attached; and (iv) the maximum pitch angle and phase lag are chosen so that the effective angle of attack is minimized. The multi-dimensionality and multi-modality of the efficiency response demonstrate that experimental optimization is well-suited for the design of flexible underwater propulsors.

120 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a postmerger dynamics and gravitational wave emission in binary neutron star mergers were studied, and a new mechanism by which a secondary peak in the gravitational wave spectrum is produced was identified.
Abstract: We introduce a classification scheme of the postmerger dynamics and gravitational wave emission in binary neutron star mergers, after identifying a new mechanism by which a secondary peak in the gravitational wave spectrum is produced. It is caused by a spiral deformation, the pattern of which rotates slower with respect to the double-core structure in the center of the remnant. This secondary peak is typically well separated in frequency from the secondary peak produced by a nonlinear interaction between a quadrupole and a quasiradial oscillation. The new mechanism allows for an explanation of low-frequency modulations seen in a number of physical characteristics of the remnant, such as the central lapse function, the maximum density and the separation between the two cores, but also in the gravitational wave amplitude. We find empirical relations for both types of secondary peaks between their gravitational wave frequency and the compactness of nonrotating individual neutron stars, that exist for fixed total binary masses. These findings are derived for equal-mass binaries without intrinsic neutron star spin analyzing hydrodynamical simulations without magnetic field effects. Our classification scheme may form the basis for the construction of detailed gravitational wave templates of the postmerger phase. We find that the quasiradial oscillation frequency of the remnant decreases with the total binary mass. For a given merger event, our classification scheme may allow one to determine the proximity of the measured total binary mass to the threshold mass for prompt black hole formation, which can, in turn, yield an estimate of the maximum neutron star mass.

119 citations


Journal Article
TL;DR: A trade-off bound on the statistical variances for the joint estimation of phase and phase diffusion at the quantum limit is obtained and this bound is used to quantify the effectiveness of an actual experimental set-up for joint parameter estimation for polarimetry.
Abstract: Phase estimation, at the heart of many quantum metrology and communication schemes, can be strongly affected by noise, whose amplitude may not be known, or might be subject to drift. Here we investigate the joint estimation of a phase shift and the amplitude of phase diffusion at the quantum limit. For several relevant instances, this multiparameter estimation problem can be effectively reshaped as a two-dimensional Hilbert space model, encompassing the description of an interferometer phase probed with relevant quantum states--split single-photons, coherent states or N00N states. For these cases, we obtain a trade-off bound on the statistical variances for the joint estimation of phase and phase diffusion, as well as optimum measurement schemes. We use this bound to quantify the effectiveness of an actual experimental set-up for joint parameter estimation for polarimetry. We conclude by discussing the form of the trade-off relations for more general states and measurements.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a large-amplitude (>50mV/m) electric field was observed in the magnetotail of a bursty bulk flow (BBF) braking region.
Abstract: We report observations of large-amplitude (>50 mV/m) electric fields primarily associated with bursty bulk flow events. These electric fields reach ~500 mV/m, which are some of the largest electric fields (E) observed in the magnetotail. E not only has a larger than expected component perpendicular to the magnetic field but often has an intense parallel component. High time resolution waveforms reveal nonlinear structures such as electron phase-space holes and double layers, which suggest strong field-aligned currents or electron beams. Further examination shows that these large-amplitude electric fields are almost always accompanied by enhanced magnetic field fluctuations. The electric fields are enhanced both above and below the ion cyclotron frequency, whereas the magnetic field fluctuations (δB) are mostly below the ion cyclotron frequency. Analysis of the wave spectra and the Poynting flux suggest that shear Alfven waves are participating in these events. The Alfven waves are revealed through the |δE|/|δB| ratio and strong field-aligned Poynting flux, sometimes reaching nearly 1 mW/m2. This value, when mapped to the low-altitude auroral region, exceeds 1 W/m2, which is an extreme value for that region. This Alfvenic activity is accompanied by evidence of compressional modes. These observations support a hypothesis whereby intense currents or electron beams, generated by kinetic Alfvenic waves that result from a turbulent cascade in bursty bulk flow (BBF) braking region, may be an energy source for large-amplitude electric fields. The large-amplitude electric fields may act as a dissipation mechanism and relax the highly tangled magnetic fields that result from the turbulence. Furthermore, these observations offer strong support that Alfvenic Poynting flux from the BBF braking region can be the energy source for Alfvenic aurora.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors search for scaling relations between the fundamental AGN parameters and rest-frame UV/optical variability properties for a sample of X-ray selected AGNs covering a wide redshift range from the XMM-COSMOS survey, with optical light curves in four bands provided by the Pan-STARRS1 (PS1) Medium Deep Field 04 survey.
Abstract: [Abbreviated] We search for scaling relations between the fundamental AGN parameters and rest-frame UV/optical variability properties for a sample of $\sim$90 X-ray selected AGNs covering a wide redshift range from the XMM-COSMOS survey, with optical light curves in four bands provided by the Pan-STARRS1 (PS1) Medium Deep Field 04 survey. To estimate the variability amplitude we utilize the normalized excess variance ($\sigma_{\mathrm{rms}}^{2}$) and probe variability on rest-frame timescales of several months and years by calculating $\sigma_{\mathrm{rms}}^{2}$ from different parts of our light curves. In addition, we derive the rest-frame optical PSD for our sources using continuous-time autoregressive moving average (CARMA) models. We observe that the excess variance and the PSD amplitude are strongly anti-correlated with wavelength, bolometric luminosity and Eddington ratio. There is no evidence for a dependency of the variability amplitude on black hole mass and redshift. These results suggest that the accretion rate is the fundamental physical quantity determining the rest-frame UV/optical variability amplitude of quasars on timescales of months and years. The optical PSD of all of our sources is consistent with a broken power law showing a characteristic bend at rest-frame timescales ranging between $\sim$100 and $\sim$300 days. The break timescale exhibits no significant correlation with any of the fundamental AGN parameters. The low frequency slope of the PSD is consistent with a value of $-1$ for most of our objects, whereas the high frequency slope is characterized by a broad distribution of values between $\sim-2$ and $\sim-4$. These findings unveil significant deviations from the simple "damped random walk" model, frequently used in previous optical variability studies. We find a weak tendency for AGNs with higher black hole mass having steeper high frequency PSD slopes.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the integrand of the full-colour, two-loop, five-gluon scattering amplitude in pure Yang-Mills theory with all helicities positive, using generalized unitarity cuts, is computed.
Abstract: We compute the integrand of the full-colour, two-loop, five-gluon scattering amplitude in pure Yang-Mills theory with all helicities positive, using generalized unitarity cuts. Tree-level BCJ relations, satisfied by amplitudes appearing in the cuts, allow us to deduce all the necessary non-planar information for the full-colour amplitude from known planar data. We present our result in terms of irreducible numerators, with colour factors derived from the multi-peripheral colour decomposition. Finally, the leading soft divergences are checked to reproduce the expected infrared behaviour.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a phase-only liquid-crystal spatial light modulator (SLM) was proposed to control both the phase and amplitude using a single SLM, thereby making the amplitude filters unnecessary.
Abstract: A technique is presented to produce any desired partially coherent Schell-model source using a single phase-only liquid-crystal spatial light modulator (SLM). Existing methods use SLMs in combination with amplitude filters to manipulate the phase and amplitude of an initially coherent source. The technique presented here controls both the phase and amplitude using a single SLM, thereby making the amplitude filters unnecessary. This simplifies the optical setup and significantly increases the utility and flexibility of the resulting system. The analytical development of the technique is presented and discussed. To validate the proposed approach, experimental results of three partially coherent Schell-model sources are presented and analyzed. A brief discussion of possible applications is provided in closing.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a low-dimensional representation of the small-scale time-varying spectrum via two new time series: the instantaneous amplitude of the energy and the instantaneous frequency is constructed by employing a spectral separation scale.
Abstract: Wavelet analysis is employed to examine amplitude and frequency modulations in broadband signals. Of particular interest are the streamwise velocity fluctuations encountered in wall-bounded turbulent flows. Recent studies have shown that an important feature of the near-wall dynamics is the modulation of small scales by large-scale motions. Small- and large-scale components of the velocity time series are constructed by employing a spectral separation scale. Wavelet analysis of the small-scale component decomposes the energy in joint time–frequency space. The concept is to construct a low-dimensional representation of the small-scale time-varying spectrum via two new time series: the instantaneous amplitude of the small-scale energy and the instantaneous frequency. Having the latter in a time-continuous representation allows a more thorough analysis of frequency modulation. By correlating the large-scale velocity with the concurrent small-scale amplitude and frequency realizations, both amplitude and frequency modulations are studied. In addition, conditional averages of the small-scale amplitude and frequency realizations depict unique features of the scale interaction. For both modulation phenomena, the much studied time shifts, associated with peak correlations between the large-scale velocity and small-scale amplitude and frequency traces, are addressed. We confirm that the small-scale amplitude signal leads the large-scale fluctuation close to the wall. It is revealed that the time shift in frequency modulation is smaller than that in amplitude modulation. The current findings are described in the context of a conceptual mechanism of the near-wall modulation phenomena.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the properties of parallel propagating large amplitude electromagnetic solitons are investigated in a thermal, magnetized pair plasma and they are proven to be charge neutral and to have a linearly polarized magnetic but no electric field.
Abstract: The properties of parallel propagating large amplitude electromagnetic solitons are investigated in a thermal, magnetized pair plasma. These solitons are proven to be charge neutral and to have a linearly polarized magnetic but no electric field. From a Sagdeev pseudopotential analysis it transpires that such solitons are compressive in the species densities and destroyed when the species’ sound velocity exceeds a fraction of their Alfven speed. The existence domain in compositional parameter space shows maxima for the soliton Mach numbers, densities and perpendicular magnetic field components. These maxima depend on the ratio between thermal and Alfven velocities and do not themselves correspond to physically valid solutions. A short discussion is given about possible generalizations, and the assumptions required for that.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors studied the dynamic response of an s-wave BCS-BEC (atomic-molecular) condensate to detuning quenches within the two channel model beyond the weak coupling BCS limit.
Abstract: We study the dynamic response of an s-wave BCS-BEC (atomic-molecular) condensate to detuning quenches within the two channel model beyond the weak coupling BCS limit. At long times after the quench, the condensate ends up in one of three main asymptotic states (nonequilibrium phases), which are qualitatively similar to those in other fermionic condensates defined by a global complex order parameter. In phase I the amplitude of the order parameter vanishes as a power law, in phase II it goes to a nonzero constant, and in phase III it oscillates persistently. We construct exact quench phase diagrams that predict the asymptotic state (including the many-body wavefunction) depending on the initial and final detunings and on the Feshbach resonance width. Outside of the weak coupling regime, both the mechanism and the time dependence of the relaxation of the amplitude of the order parameter in phases I and II are modified. Also, quenches from arbitrarily weak initial to sufficiently strong final coupling do not produce persistent oscillations in contrast to the behavior in the BCS regime. The most remarkable feature of coherent condensate dynamics in various fermion superfluids is an effective reduction in the number of dynamic degrees of freedom as the evolution time goes to infinity. As a result, the long time dynamics can be fully described in terms of just a few new collective dynamical variables governed by the same Hamiltonian only with "renormalized" parameters. Combining this feature with the integrability of the underlying (e.g. the two channel) model, we develop and consistently present a general method that explicitly obtains the exact asymptotic state of the system.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors describe sophisticated new Bayesian analysis methods that make it possible to estimate quickly the masses and radii of rapidly rotating, oblate neutron stars by fitting oblate-star waveform models to energy-resolved observations of the waveforms of X-ray burst oscillations produced by such stars.
Abstract: We describe sophisticated new Bayesian analysis methods that make it possible to estimate quickly the masses and radii of rapidly rotating, oblate neutron stars by fitting oblate-star waveform models to energy-resolved observations of the waveforms of X-ray burst oscillations produced by such stars. We find that a 25% variation of the temperature of the hot spot in the north-south direction does not significantly bias estimates of the mass M and equatorial radius Req derived by fitting a model that assumes a uniform-temperature spot. Our results show that fits of oblate-star waveform models to waveform data can simultaneously determine M and R eq with 1σ uncertainties ≲7% if (1) the starʼs rotation rate is ≳600 Hz; (2) the spot center and observerʼs sightline are both within 30 of the starʼs rotational equator; and (3) 10 7 ~ counts are collected during burst oscillations that have a fractional rms amplitude ≳10%. A fractional amplitude of ∼10% is realistic, and the accepted NICER and proposed LOFT and AXTAR space missions could collect 10 7 counts from a single star by combining data from many X-ray bursts from the star. Uncertainties ≲7% are small enough to improve substantially our understanding of cold, ultradense matter.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is found that if the field direction and the gradient direction are close to ∼90°, the dipole amplitude is considerably suppressed and can be reconciled with observations, which sheds light on a long-standing problem.
Abstract: In the standard diffusive picture for transport of cosmic rays (CRs), a gradient in the CR density induces a typically small, dipolar anisotropy in their arrival directions. This is being widely advertised as a tool for finding nearby sources. However, the predicted dipole amplitude at TeV and PeV energies exceeds the measured one by almost 2 orders of magnitude. Here, we critically examine the validity of this prediction, which is based on averaging over an ensemble of turbulent magnetic fields. We focus on (1) the deviations of the dipole in a particular random realization from the ensemble average, and (2) the possibility of a misalignment between the regular magnetic field and the CR gradient. We find that if the field direction and the gradient direction are close to ∼90°, the dipole amplitude is considerably suppressed and can be reconciled with observations, which sheds light on a long-standing problem. Furthermore, we show that the dipole direction in general does not coincide with the gradient direction, thus hampering the search for nearby sources.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A beam shaping technique in controlling the complex amplitude of an optical beam is presented and a phase-only distribution is produced, which can be fabricated as diffractive optical element for higher diffraction efficiency.
Abstract: We present a beam shaping technique in controlling the complex amplitude of an optical beam. The constraint on the amplitude of the output beam in the Gerchberg-Saxton algorithm is replaced with constraints both on the amplitude and phase of the output beam in the proposed method. The total areas of the constrained regions and free regions on the complex amplitude of the output beam in the proposed method are maintained. An output beam with arbitrary complex amplitude can be realized with the proposed method. The computing result from the proposed method is a phase-only distribution, which can be fabricated as diffractive optical element for higher diffraction efficiency. Both simulations and experiments are present and the effectiveness of the proposed method is verified.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the photoacoustic signals are predicted based on the successive resolution of a thermal diffusion problem and a thermo-elastic problem, taking into account the finite size of the gold nanosphere, thermoelastic and elastic properties of both water and gold, and the temperature dependence of the thermal expansion coefficient of water.
Abstract: We investigate theoretically the photoacoustic generation by a gold nanosphere in water in the thermoelastic regime. Specifically, we consider the long-pulse illumination regime, in which the time for electron-phonon thermalization can be neglected and photoacoustic wave generation arises solely from the thermoelastic stress caused by the temperature increase of the nanosphere or its liquid environment. Photoacoustic signals are predicted based on the successive resolution of a thermal diffusion problem and a thermoelastic problem, taking into account the finite size of the gold nanosphere, thermoelastic and elastic properties of both water and gold, and the temperature dependence of the thermal expansion coefficient of water. For sufficiently high illumination fluences, this temperature dependence yields a nonlinear relationship between the photoacoustic amplitude and the fluence. For nanosecond pulses in the linear regime, we show that more than $90%$ of the emitted photoacoustic energy is generated in water, and the thickness of the generating layer around the particle scales close to the square root of the pulse duration. The amplitude of the photoacoustic wave in the linear regime is accurately predicted by the point-absorber model introduced by Calasso et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 86, 3550 (2001)], but our results demonstrate that this model significantly overestimates the amplitude of photoacoustic waves in the nonlinear regime. We therefore provide quantitative estimates of a critical energy, defined as the absorbed energy required such that the nonlinear contribution is equal to that of the linear contribution. Our results suggest that the critical energy scales as the volume of water over which heat diffuses during the illumination pulse. Moreover, thermal nonlinearity is shown to be expected only for sufficiently high ultrasound frequency. Finally, we show that the relationship between the photoacoustic amplitude and the equilibrium temperature at sufficiently high fluence reflects the thermal diffusion at the nanoscale around the gold nanosphere.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, it was shown that the N-point function of matter is related to the response of the matter power spectrum to a long-wavelength density perturbation, with n=N−2.
Abstract: Assuming Gaussian initial conditions, we show that in a certain, angle-averaged squeezed limit the N-point function of matter is related to the response of the matter power spectrum to a long-wavelength density perturbation, P−1dnP(k|δL)/dδLn|δL=0, with n=N−2. By performing N-body simulations with a homogeneous overdensity superimposed on a flat Friedmann-Robertson-Lemaȋtre-Walker (FRLW) universe using the separate universe approach, we obtain measurements of the nonlinear matter power spectrum response up to n=3, which is equivalent to measuring the fully nonlinear matter 3- to 5-point function in this squeezed limit. The sub-percent to few percent accuracy of those measurements is unprecedented. We then test the hypothesis that nonlinear N-point functions at a given time are a function of the linear power spectrum at that time, which is predicted in an Einstein-de Sitter (EdS) universe by standard perturbation theory (SPT) and its variants that are based on the ideal pressureless fluid equations. Specifically, we compare the responses computed from the separate universe simulations and simulations with a rescaled initial (linear) power spectrum amplitude. We find discrepancies of 10% at k 0.2–0.5 h Mpc−1 for 5- to 3-point functions at z=0. The discrepancy occurs at higher wavenumbers at z=2. Thus, theoretical predictions that are insensitive to the growth history, such as SPT and its variants assuming EdS, even when carried out to arbitrarily high order, are guaranteed to fail to describe matter N-point functions (N>2) around that scale.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the effect of bounce resonance on the equatorially mirroring energetic electrons with a special interest in characterizing the effectiveness of bounce resonances and found that bounce resonance can reduce the equatorial pitch angle to values where resonant scattering by whistler mode waves becomes possible.
Abstract: Equatorially mirroring energetic electrons pose an interesting scientific problem, since they generally cannot resonate with any known plasma waves and hence cannot be scattered down to lower pitch angles. Observationally it is well known that the flux of these equatorial particles does not simply continue to build up indefinitely, and so a mechanism must necessarily exist that transports these particles from an equatorial pitch angle of 90 degrees down to lower values. However, this mechanism has not been uniquely identified yet. Here we investigate the mechanism of bounce resonance with equatorial noise (or fast magnetosonic waves). A test particle simulation is used to examine the effects of monochromatic magnetosonic waves on the equatorially mirroring energetic electrons, with a special interest in characterizing the effectiveness of bounce resonances. Our analysis shows that bounce resonances can occur at the first three harmonics of the bounce frequency (n omega(b), n = 1, 2, and 3) and can effectively reduce the equatorial pitch angle to values where resonant scattering by whistler mode waves becomes possible. We demonstrate that the nature of bounce resonance is nonlinear, and we propose a nonlinear oscillation model for characterizing bounce resonances using two key parameters, effective wave amplitude (A) over tilde and normalized wave number (k) over tilde (z). The threshold for higher harmonic resonance is more strict, favoring higher (A) over tilde and (k) over tilde (z), and the change in equatorial pitch angle is strongly controlled by (k) over tilde (z). We also investigate the dependence of bounce resonance effects on various physical parameters, including wave amplitude, frequency, wave normal angle and initial phase, plasma density, and electron energy. It is found that the effect of bounce resonance is sensitive to the wave normal angle. We suggest that the bounce resonant interaction might lead to an observed pitch angle distribution with a minimum at 90 degrees.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the phase difference and amplitude ratios between the first two harmonics vary tightly around a well-defined mean, which points to a geometric QPO origin, although the data presented here do not entirely rule out an alternative interpretation of variable disc ionization state.
Abstract: X-ray radiation from black hole binary (BHB) systems regularly displays quasi-periodic oscillations (QPOs). In principle, a number of suggested physical mechanisms can reproduce their power spectral properties, thus more powerful diagnostics which preserve phase are required to discern between different models. In this paper, we first find for two Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer observations of the BHB GRS 1915+105 that the QPO has a well-defined average waveform. That is, the phase difference and amplitude ratios between the first two harmonics vary tightly around a well-defined mean. This enables us to reconstruct QPO waveforms in each energy channel, in order to constrain QPO phase-resolved spectra. We fit these phase-resolved spectra across 16 phases with a model including Comptonization and reflection (Gaussian and smeared edge components) to find strong spectral pivoting and a modulation in the iron line equivalent width. The latter indicates the observed reflection fraction is changing throughout the QPO cycle. This points to a geometric QPO origin, although we note that the data presented here do not entirely rule out an alternative interpretation of variable disc ionization state. We also see tentative hints of modulations in the iron line centroid and width which, although not statistically significant, could result from a non-azimuthally symmetric QPO mechanism.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a large statistical analysis of frequency spectra of the solar wind density fluctuations in the range 0.001-5 Hz (corresponding to spatial scales of 100-5 × 105 km).
Abstract: This paper presents a large statistical analysis of frequency spectra of the solar wind density fluctuations in the range 0.001–5 Hz (corresponding to spatial scales of 100–5 × 105 km). The analysis confirms that the spectrum consists of three segments divided by two breakpoints and that each of the segments can be described by a power-law function with a spectral index α. The first segment corresponds to MHD scales and is followed by a plateau, and the third segment can be associated with the kinetic range. The statistics show that the values of the spectral slopes depend on the density fluctuations; their increasing amplitude leads to a steepening of each segment. The index of −1.8 can typically be found at MHD scales and averaging of the spectra in the frequency domain leads to an index of −8/3 at kinetic scales, whereas averaging in frequencies normalized to the ion gyrostructure frequency, fg, defined as the ratio of the solar wind bulk speed and thermal ion gyroradius, provides a value of −7/3. Both breakpoint locations are controlled by the gyrostructure frequency.

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TL;DR: In this article, the amplitude variations with time as the magnetoacoustic waves propagate through different layers of the solar atmosphere are investigated. But it is not clear whether these oscillations are externally driven or generated in situ.
Abstract: Recent high-resolution observations of sunspot oscillations using simultaneously operated ground- and space-based telescopes reveal the intrinsic connection between different layers of the solar atmosphere. However, it is not clear whether these oscillations are externally driven or generated in situ. We address this question by using observations of propagating slow magnetoacoustic waves along a coronal fan loop system. In addition to the generally observed decreases in oscillation amplitudes with distance, the observed wave amplitudes are also found to be modulated with time, with similar variations observed throughout the propagation path of the wave train. Employing multi-wavelength and multi-instrument data, we study the amplitude variations with time as the waves propagate through different layers of the solar atmosphere. By comparing the amplitude modulation period in different layers, we find that slow magnetoacoustic waves observed in sunspots are externally driven by photospheric p-modes, which propagate upward into the corona before becoming dissipated.

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TL;DR: This work investigates the fate of the Higgs mode in the unconventional case where 2E_{gap} becomes larger than 2Δ_{0}, as due to strong coupling or strong disorder, and shows that in this situation, the amplitude fluctuations never identify a real mode, since such a "bosonic" limit is always reached via strong mixing with the phase fluctuations, which dominate the low-energy part of the spectrum.
Abstract: Despite the formal analogy with the Higgs particle, the amplitude fluctuations of the order parameter in weakly coupled superconductors do not identify a real mode with a Lorentz-invariant dynamics. Indeed, its resonance occurs at 2Δ_{0}, which coincides with the threshold 2E_{gap} for quasiparticle excitations that spoil any relativistic dynamics. Here we investigate the fate of the Higgs mode in the unconventional case where 2E_{gap} becomes larger than 2Δ_{0}, as due to strong coupling or strong disorder. We show that also in this situation, the amplitude fluctuations never identify a real mode at 2Δ_{0}, since such a "bosonic" limit is always reached via strong mixing with the phase fluctuations, which dominate the low-energy part of the spectrum. Our results have direct implications for the interpretation of the subgap optical absorption in disordered superconductors.

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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors measured the large-scale anisotropy in the distribution of cosmic-ray arrival directions using the data collected by the air shower detector ARGO-YBJ from 2008 January to 2009 December, during the minimum of solar activity between cycles 23 and 24.
Abstract: This paper reports on the measurement of the large-scale anisotropy in the distribution of cosmic-ray arrival directions using the data collected by the air shower detector ARGO-YBJ from 2008 January to 2009 December, during the minimum of solar activity between cycles 23 and 24. In this period, more than 2 × 10 11 showers were recorded with energies between ∼1 and 30 TeV. The observed two-dimensional distribution of cosmic rays is characterized by two wide regions of excess and deficit, respectively, both of relative intensity ∼10 −3 with respect to a uniform flux, superimposed on smaller size structures. The harmonic analysis shows that the large-scale cosmic-ray relative intensity as a function of R.A. can be described by the first and second terms of a Fouries series. The high event statistics allow the study of the energy dependence of the anistropy, showing that the amplitude increases with energy, with a maximum intensity at ∼10 TeV, and then decreases while the phase slowly shifts toward lower values of R.A. with increasing energy. The ARGO-YBJ data provide accurate observations over more than a decade of energy around this feature of the anisotropy spectrum.

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TL;DR: In this article, an electromechanical energy harvesting system with a fractional order current-voltage relationship for the electrical circuit and fractional power law in the restoring force of its mechanical part is considered.
Abstract: An electromechanical energy harvesting system with a fractional order current–voltage relationship for the electrical circuit and fractional power law in the restoring force of its mechanical part is considered to act as an energy harvester. Our results show that, under a single-well potential configuration, for a small amplitude of the perturbation, as the order of derivative increases, the resonant amplitude of mechanical vibration decreases while the bending degree (hardening case) remains fairly constant. For a large amplitude of the perturbation, the output power is increased due to the hardening effects. Under a double-well configuration, the fractional power stiffness $$\alpha $$ strongly affects the crossing well dynamics (large amplitude motion) and consequently the output electrical power. The harvested electric power appears to be maximal for deterministic and random excitation for small $$\alpha $$ . High-level noise intensity is found to reduce the output power in the region of resonance and surprisingly increases the output in other regions of $$\alpha $$ . For sufficiently large amplitude of harmonic excitation, this effect is realized in a stochastic resonance.