Showing papers on "Amylase published in 2002"
TL;DR: The alpha-amylase family of glycosyl hydrolases as discussed by the authors is one of the most common types of enzymes used in industrial applications and has a (beta/alpha) 8-barrel structure with conserved amino acid residues.
1,136 citations
TL;DR: The study indicates that there is a distinct microbial source of the digestiveenzymes – amylase, cellulase, lipase and protease, apart from endogenoussources in fish gut, that might contribute towards better feed formulations for carp at low cost, incorporating the enzyme producing bacterial isolates as probiotics.
Abstract: Isolationand enumeration of aerobic bacterial flora in the gastrointestinal tract of nineculturable freshwater teleosts, namely catla, rohu, mrigal, silver carp, grasscarp, common carp, tilapia, walking catfish and murrel have been carried outAmylolytic, cellulolytic, lipolytic and proteolytic microflora were identifiedfrom the culture plate using selective media The isolates were qualitativelyscreened on the basis of their extracellular enzyme producing ability Theselected strains were further quantitatively assayed for amylase, cellulase,lipase and protease activities Protease activity was exhibited by almost allthe bacterial isolates, while strains isolated from tilapia, grass carp andcommon carp showed considerable amylolytic and cellulolytic activities Maximumactivity of lipase was exhibited by a strain isolated from silver carp Thestudy indicates that there is a distinct microbial source of the digestiveenzymes – amylase, cellulase, lipase and protease, apart from endogenoussources in fish gut The information generated from the present investigationmight contribute towards better feed formulations for carp at low cost,incorporating the enzyme producing bacterial isolates as probiotics
351 citations
TL;DR: The aim of this study was to explore an in situ production of polyamines by Debaryomyces hansenii HF1 (DH), a yeast strain isolated from fish gut, in comparison with Saccharomyces cerevisiae X2180 (SC) (Goteborg University Collection).
263 citations
TL;DR: For the first time, a physiological role for a beta-amylase in plants has been demonstrated and it was shown that the antisense plants degraded only 8-30% of their total starch, in comparison with 50% in the wild type, over the dark period.
Abstract: A functional screen in Escherichia coli was established to identify potato genes coding for proteins involved in transitory starch degradation. One clone isolated had a sequence very similar to a recently described chloroplast-targeted beta-amylase of Arabidopsis. Expression of the gene in E. coli showed that the protein product was a functional beta-amylase that could degrade both starch granules and solubilized amylopectin, while import experiments demonstrated that the beta-amylase was imported and processed into pea chloroplasts. To study the function of the protein in transitory starch degradation, transgenic potato plants were generated where its activity was reduced using antisense techniques. Analysis of plants reduced in the presence of this beta-amylase isoform showed that their leaves had a starch-excess phenotype, indicating a defect in starch degradation. In addition, it was shown that the antisense plants degraded only 8-30% of their total starch, in comparison with 50% in the wild type, over the dark period. This is the first time that a physiological role for a beta-amylase in plants has been demonstrated.
221 citations
TL;DR: The structures of three dromedary VHH domains in complex with porcine pancreatic alpha-amylase are reported to illustrate the versatility and efficiency of V HH domains as protein binders and enzyme inhibitors and are arguments in favor of their use as drugs against diabetes.
192 citations
TL;DR: The higher amylase activity in shoot of primed seedlings enhanced the rapid hydrolysis of transitory starch of the shoot leading to more availability of glucose for shoot growth and this was confirmed by the low level of starch in shoots of primed Seedlings.
Abstract: Seven-day-old seedlings obtained from seeds primed with mannitol (4%)and water showed three to four fold more growth with respect to root and shootlength in comparison with seedlings obtained from non-primed seeds. Seedlingswere grown under water deficit stress conditions created by 15% polyethyleneglycol (PEG) 6000 in the medium. Priming of chickpea seeds with NaCl and PEGwasnot effective in increasing seedling growth under these water deficit stressconditions. The activities of amylase, invertases (acid and alkaline), sucrosesynthase (SS) and sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) were higher in shoots ofprimed seedlings. An increase in the activities of SS, and both the acid andalkaline invertases was also observed in roots of primed seedlings. The twofoldincrease in specific activity of sucrose phosphate synthase was observed incotyledons of primed seedlings. The higher amylase activity in shoots of primedseedlings enhanced the rapid hydrolysis of transitory starch of the shootleading to more availability of glucose for shoot growth and this was confirmedby the low level of starch in shoots of primed seedlings.
148 citations
TL;DR: The ability of a novel DNA-recombinated yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain YKU 107 (expressing alpha-amylase production) to hydrolyse gelatinised sago starch production has been studied with the aim of further utilizing sago flour to obtain value-added products.
106 citations
TL;DR: It is found that galactomannan has a direct noncompetitive inhibitory effect on alpha-amylase with a K(i) value of approximately 0.5%, which concludes that the inhibitory action of the polymer is not secondary to a decrease in available water.
105 citations
TL;DR: Among the three spice mixes examined, spice mix III which is customized so as to include spices that are desirable from the point of view of stimulation of digestion, had the highest stimulatory influence particularly on bile secretion, bile acid output and the activities of pancreatic enzymes.
Abstract: The present study examined the favourable influence of three spice mixes derived from a few commonly consumed spices of known digestive stimulant action on digestive enzymes of pancreas and small intestine, and on bile secretion and composition in experimental rats. The common ingredients of these mixes were coriander, turmeric, red chilli, black pepper and cumin, while the spice mix II additionally had ginger, and spice mix III contained onion. All the three spice mixes favourably enhanced the activities of pancreatic lipase, chymotrypsin and amylase when consumed during the diet. In addition, these spice mixes brought about a pronounced stimulation of bile flow and of bile acid secretion. Among the three spice mixes examined, spice mix III which is customized so as to include spices that are desirable from the point of view of stimulation of digestion, had the highest stimulatory influence particularly on bile secretion, bile acid output and the activities of pancreatic enzymes. While activities of pancreatic lipase, amylase and chymotrypsin were elevated by 40, 16 and 77%, respectively, the bile volume as well as the bile acid secretion were almost doubled in spice mix III treatment. The higher secretion of bile especially with an elevated level of bile acids and a beneficial stimulation of pancreatic digestive enzymes, particularly of lipase could probably be the two mechanisms by which these combinations of spices aid in digestion.
102 citations
TL;DR: The results suggest that physical processing in combination with enzyme treatments can be effective in extracting protein from HDRB.
Abstract: Physical processing with or without enzyme treatments on protein extraction from heat-stabilized defatted rice bran (HDRB) was evaluated. Freeze-thaw, sonication, high-speed blending, and high-pressure methods extracted 12%, 15%, 16%, and 11% protein, respectively. Sonication (0-100%, 750 W), followed by amylase and combined amylase and protease treatments, extracted 25.6-33.9% and 54.0-57.8% protein, respectively. Blending followed by amylase and protease treatment extracted 5.0% more protein than the nonblended enzymatic treatments. High-pressure treatments, 0-800 MPa, with water or amylase-protease combinations, extracted 10.5-11.1% or 61.8-66.6% protein, respectively. These results suggest that physical processing in combination with enzyme treatments can be effective in extracting protein from HDRB.
102 citations
TL;DR: Investigating the effect of source of carbohydrate on gut histology, digestion efficiency, and growth performance in early-weaned rabbits at the starter period indicates that digestive capability of early- weaned rabbits is limited and should be taken into account to establish optimal levels and sources of carbohydrates in the starter diet.
Abstract: The effect of source of carbohydrate on gut histology, digestion efficiency, and growth performance in early-weaned (25 d) rabbits at the starter period (25 to 39 d) was investigated. Six diets were factorially arranged to study the effect of partial substitution of starch (0, 25, or 50%) by lactose at two levels of fiber (30 or 36% NDF). Diets were formulated to meet or exceed essential nutrient requirements of growing rabbits. A feeding trial was conducted to measure the effect of treatments on growth performance in 252 rabbits that were fed the experimental diets in the starter period and thereafter received a common feed until 60 d of age. Fecal apparent digestibility was determined at 35 d of age in nine animals per diet. The four diets with extreme lactose content were used to determine ileal apparent digestibility of starch and lactose (nine replicates per diet), weights of stomach and cecum, stomach pH, cecal fermentation traits, amylase and disaccharidase activities (10 animals per diet), and jejunal morphology (six animals per diet). Weaning increased (P < 0.001) amylase activity by 59% but decreased (P < 0.001) maltase, sucrase, and lactase activities by 30, 48, and 72%, in parallel with a reduction of villus height by 19%. Dietary NDF level did not affect either jejunal morphology or sucrase and lactase activities but increased amylase (P = 0.05) and maltase (P < 0.001) activities by 22 and 92%, respectively. Substitution of starch by lactose had no effect on jejunal morphology or enzymatic activity. Ileal lactose and starch digestibility were not affected by dietary NDF or lactose level and averaged 73.8 and 90.8%, respectively. Substitution of starch by fiber and lactose affected ileal flux of starch plus lactose (by -0.5 and +1.7 g/d) and cecal pH (by +2.1 and -2.8%, respectively). Fecal NDF digestibility was relatively low (23.1% on average) and was not affected by treatments, whereas that of lactose and starch was almost complete. An increase of dietary NDF level led to an impairment of ADG and feed efficiency in the starter (P < 0.002) and in the overall (P < 0.03) fattening period. Substitution of starch by lactose linearly decreased (P < 0.001) feed efficiency in the starter period and linearly increased (P < 0.001) diarrhea incidence in the fattening period. The results indicate that digestive capability of early-weaned rabbits is limited and should be taken into account to establish optimal levels and sources of carbohydrates in the starter diet.
TL;DR: The increase in NaCl concentration resulted in the decrease in α-amylase activity and break down of starch into reducing and non-reducing sugars in all cultivars, however, it was more pronounced in NIAB-86.
Abstract: Salinity induced changes in α-amylase activity in three cotton cultivars (NIAB-Karishma, NIAB-86 and K-115) was studied during germination and early seedling growth under controlled conditions. The increase in NaCl concentration resulted in the decrease in α-amylase activity and break down of starch into reducing and non-reducing sugars in all cultivars, however, it was more pronounced in NIAB-86. K-115 showed highest germination followed by NIAB-Karishma and NIAB-86.
TL;DR: Administration of LG2O inhibits carbohydrate digestion in the gut, and produces significant improvements in both blood glucose and insulin response following ingestion as part of the diet, and this evidence provides support for its therapeutic potential in treating diabetes mellitus and obesity.
TL;DR: The results suggest that Rab3D plays an important role in regulating the terminal steps of acinar exocytosis and that this effect is greatest on the early phase of amylase release.
TL;DR: An in vitro digestive system mimicking mouth and stomach processes to determine physical and chemical changes of bread during digestion proved to be a useful tool for understanding the dynamic digestion of various food components held within the structure of a food matrix.
Abstract: The release of nutrients from solid food depends on the physical and chemical characteristics of substrates, and on dynamic physiological events including pH, gastric emptying and enzymatic secretion. Our laboratory has developed an in vitro digestive system mimicking mouth and stomach processes to determine physical and chemical changes of bread during digestion. To simulate oral-phase digestion, bread was minced and subjected to in vitro amylase digestion, releasing 219 +/- 11 g oligosaccharides/kg total carbohydrate. During the gastric phase, bread proteins, which are converted into insoluble aggregated proteins during breadmaking, were emptied in various states of peptic digestion: undigested aggregated proteins and degraded proteins of intermediate and low molecular weight. The mean particle size of ground bread decreased progressively to the end of the gastric digestion (from 292 to 109 microm). The in vitro digestive system proved to be a useful tool for understanding the dynamic digestion of various food components held within the structure of a food matrix.
TL;DR: This work studied amylase, lipase, polygalacturonase and protease production by fifty-six isolates of Mucor belonging to 11 different taxa, selected from herbivores dung using solid media and showed that the majority of the isolates presented several enzymatic activities.
TL;DR: This study demonstrates expression of PAR-2 in rat pancreatic acini as well as parotid acini and indicates that nitric oxide participates in thePAR-2-mediated in vivo secretion of pancreatic amylase, and, to a certain extent, of salivary amylases, although capsaicin-sensitive sensory neurons are not involved in the evoked pancreatic or SalivaryAmylase secretion.
TL;DR: Polymer-based starch hydrolysis experiments containing PEO-PPO-2500/MgSO(4) indicated that the use of ATPS had a significant effect on soluble starch Hydrolysis, revealing the potential for thermoseparating polymer-enhanced extractive bioconversion of starch as a practical technology.
TL;DR: Time course analysis of the IMO production suggested that BSMA hydrolyzed maltopentaose and maltohexaose most favorably into maltose and maltotriose and transferred the resulting molecules simultaneously to acceptor molecules to form IMOs.
Abstract: Maltogenic amylase and alpha-glucanotransferase (alpha-GTase) were employed in an effort to develop an efficient process for the production of isomaltooligosaccharides (IMOs). Bacillus stearothermophilus maltogenic amylase (BSMA) and alpha-GTase from Thermotoga maritima were overexpressed in Escherichia coli using overexpression vectors. An IMO mixture containing 58% of various IMOs was produced from liquefied corn syrup by the hydrolyzing and transglycosylation activities of BSMA alone. When BSMA and alpha-GTase were reacted simultaneously, the IMO content increased to 68% and contained relatively larger IMOs compared with the products obtained by the reaction without alpha-GTase. Time course analysis of the IMO production suggested that BSMA hydrolyzed maltopentaose and maltohexaose most favorably into maltose and maltotriose and transferred the resulting molecules simultaneously to acceptor molecules to form IMOs. alpha-GTase transferred donor sugar molecules to the hydrolysis products such as maltose and maltotriose to form maltopentaose, which was then rehydrolyzed by BSMA as a favorable substrate.
TL;DR: It is suggested that compound diet can be included in the feeding sequences of sole larvae as early as 36 day post hatching (697 degree days) and may function as a nutritional indicator.
Abstract: The objective of this experiment was to analyse the digestive enzyme profile of Solea senegalensis post larvae fed two diets, live Artemia sp. metanauplii and ICES diet. The experiment lasted 46 days and the ICES diet group was co-fed with a decreasing percentage of Artemia sp. for 39 days. Post larvae were fed twice a day and the amount of food supplied was determined based on the predicted maximum growth attainable. The Artemia treatment exhibited higher growth and survival rates than the ICES treatment. Trypsin, amylase, pepsin, alkaline phosphatase and leucine-alanine peptidase activities (specific activity: U mg protein−1; segmental activity: U larva−1) were measured in the post larvae digestive tract. Amylase secretion was significantly higher in the ICES treatment, while trypsin secretion was lower. Alkaline phosphatase was adversely and significantly affected by the ICES diet. Leucine-alanine peptidase specific activity was higher in the ICES treatment indicating a delay in the enterocyte maturation also evidenced by the enterocyte maturation index. Alkaline phosphatase and amylase segmental activity had a good correlation with larval growth rate, and may function as a nutritional indicator. This study suggests that compound diet can be included in the feeding sequences of sole larvae as early as 36 day post hatching (697 degree days).
TL;DR: This study was conducted to evaluate the method performance of a rapid procedure for the measurement of alpha-amylase activity in flours and microbial enzyme preparations and analyzed 16 samples as blind duplicates.
Abstract: This study was conducted to evaluate the method performance of a rapid procedure for the measurement of α-amylase activity in flours and microbial enzyme preparations. Samples were milled (if necessary) to pass a 0.5 mm sieve and then extracted with a buffer/salt solution, and the extracts were clarified and diluted. Aliquots of diluted extract (containing α-amylase) were incubated with substrate mixture under defined conditions of pH, temperature, and time. The substrate used was nonreducing end-blocked p-nitrophenyl maltoheptaoside (BPNPG7) in the presence of excess quantities of thermostable α-glucosidase. The blocking group in BPNPG7 prevents hydrolysis of this substrate by exo-acting enzymes such as amyloglucosidase, α-glucosidase, and β-amylase. When the substrate is cleaved by endo-acting α-amylase, the nitrophenyl oligosaccharide is immediately and completely hydrolyzed to p-nitrophenol and free glucose by the excess quantities of α-glucosidase present in the substrate mixture. The reaction is terminated, and the phenolate color developed by the addition of an alkaline solution is measured at 400 nm. Amylase activity is expressed in terms of Ceralpha units; 1 unit is defined as the amount of enzyme required to release 1 μmol p-nitrophenyl (in the presence of excess quantities of α-glucosidase) in 1 min at 40°C. In the present study, 15 laboratories analyzed 16 samples as blind duplicates. The analyzed samples were white wheat flour, white wheat flour to which fungal α-amylase had been added, milled malt, and fungal and bacterial enzyme preparations. Repeatability relative standard deviations ranged from 1.4 to 14.4%, and reproducibility relative standard deviations ranged from 5.0 to 16.7%.
TL;DR: The enzymatically generated water-soluble dextrins (maltose and DP3, DP4, DP5, and DP6 dextRins) are the most effective in preserving crumb softness during bread storage.
Abstract: The influence of enzyme mixtures containing amylase and lipase activities on straight dough bread staling was studied. Amylopectin retrogradation, crumb firming, amylose-lipid complexes, and dextrin production were analyzed in bread samples supplemented with two enzyme mixtures. The addition of enzyme mixtures to bread formula causes a beneficial effect on bread keeping properties and the formation of a more thermostable amylose-lipid complex than the one found in control bread. Amylopectin retrogradation was inhibited by the use of the enzyme; the effect was accompanied by reduced crumb-firming rates. The enzymatically generated water-soluble dextrins (maltose and DP3, DP4, DP5, and DP6 dextrins) are the most effective in preserving crumb softness during bread storage.
TL;DR: The aims of this study were to purify and characterize an extracellular α‐amylase from the salt‐tolerant bacterium Bacillus dipsosauri.
Abstract: Aims: The aims of this study were to purify and characterize an extracellular α-amylase from the salt-tolerant bacterium Bacillus dipsosauri .
Methods and Results: An extracellular α-amylase from B. dipsosauri strain DD1 was studied using the synthetic substrate 2-chloro-4-nitrophenyl-α- D -maltotrioside. Formation of the enzyme was induced by starch, repressed by D -glucose and highest after growth in medium containing 1·0 mol l −1 KCl. The α-amylase activity increased with KCl concentration, showed a pH optimum of 6·5, was stable up to 60 °C and was stimulated by 1·0 mol l −1 Na 2SO4. The enzyme was purified from spent culture medium to apparent homogeneity by precipitation with ethanol, ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, centrifugal membrane filtration and gel-filtration chromatography on BioGel P-100. The purified enzyme had a denatured molecular mass of about 80 kDa but behaved on non-denaturing polyacrylamide gels as if it had a mass of about 30 kDa. The enzyme was partially inhibited by glucose-containing oligosaccharides of increasing length and strongly inhibited by the divalent cations Cd2+ and Zn2+.
Conclusions: The extracellular α-amylase from B. dipsosauri strain DD1 was purified to homogeneity and found to exhibit an unusually high degree of salt tolerance.
Significance and Impact of the Study: The α-amylase from B. dipsosauri differs from previously described enzymes and may be useful for the processing of starches under high-salt conditions.
01 Jan 2002
TL;DR: Cellulose fibers from bagasse were oxidized by periodic acid at positions 2 and 3 of the anhydroglucose unit to obtain dialdehyde cellulose immobilized enzyme, which was very effective in reducing starch viscosity and stable.
Abstract: Cellulose fibers from bagasse were oxidized by periodic acid at positions 2 and 3 of the anhydroglucose unit to obtain dialdehyde cellulose. The aldehyde groups of the dialdehyde cellulose were able to react with amino groups of a thermostable alpha-amylase to form covalent bonds and resulted in a dialdehyde cellulose immobilized enzyme. The optimum pH of this immobilized enzyme was pH 7-9 while that of the free enzyme was pH 7.0. The optimum temperature for free and immobilized enzymes was 90 °C and 95 °C, respectively. The activity yield of the immobilized enzyme was 44% . Thermostable alpha- amylase is normally used as starch liquefying enzyme in the production of dextrose. The stability of immobilized enzyme was tested by studying its ability to liquefy 5% gelatinized tapioca starch over 10 reused cycles. The viscosity of 5% gelatinized tapioca starch solution was 2330 cP, while viscosity of the liquefied starch solution produced by the reused immobilized enzyme after more than 10 reused cycles was only 50 cP. Thus, it was very effective in reducing starch viscosity and the immobilized enzyme was very stable.
TL;DR: The CCK-A receptor is important for pancreatic exocrine secretion, but not essential for maintaining glucose concentration and pancreatic growth in mice.
Abstract: Introduction The cholecystokinin (CCK) family of peptides and receptors is present throughout the brain and gastrointestinal tract. The CCK receptors can be pharmacologically subdivided into two subtypes: CCK-A and CCK-B. CCK-A receptor is enriched in the pancreas of mice. Aims To determine pancreatic functions in a CCK-A receptor deficient mouse mutant generated by gene targeting in embryonic stem cells. The targeting vector contained lacZ and neo insertions in exon 2. Methodology To examine exocrine functions, amylase release from the dispersed acini in vitro was examined. In the in vivo study, the mixture of bile-pancreatic juice was collected, and amylase, bicarbonate, and bile acid outputs were determined after the administration of various stimulants. The cystic duct of the gallbladder and the pylorus were ligated to exclude the involvement of gallbladder contraction and gastric acid. Pancreatic enzyme content was measured, and histologic examinations by HE and lacZ staining were conducted. To examine endocrine functions, oral glucose tolerance test (2 g/kg) was determined. Results The body weight, pancreatic wet weight, and enzyme content in the pancreas were similar among the three genotypes. Amylase release in vivo and in vitro and bicarbonate secretion in vivo were not stimulated by CCK-8 in CCK-AR (-/-) mice, whereas the responses to other stimulants were substantial in (-/-) mice. Administration of secretin did not increase bicarbonate secretion regardless of genotype. A normal glucose tolerance was observed in (-/-) mice. Acinar cells, islets, and duct cells were stained by lacZ, and HE staining revealed no pathologic findings. Conclusion The CCK-A receptor is important for pancreatic exocrine secretion, but not essential for maintaining glucose concentration and pancreatic growth in mice.
TL;DR: The increase of lipase or amylase, without typical symptoms, makes a pancreatitis with a required therapy unlikely and the therapy should be guided by the requirements of the IBD therapy.
Abstract: Background and objective Elevated serum lipase and amylase are often observed in IBD patients (Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis) without clinical symptoms of a pancreatitis. The intention of this prospective study is to evaluate the frequency of elevated serum lipase and amylase with these patients and to try to explain this phenomenon in consideration of the existing literature. Patients and methods 136 IBD patients (MC: 66; CU: 70) participated in this prospective study which lasted 3 months. All patients with increased levels of serum lipase and amylase were prospectively followed-up for another 3 months. Results We found an asymptomatic elevation of serum lipase and amylase without symptoms of a pancreatitis in 14 % of the observed IBD patients. A significance between the elevation of lipase/amylase and the activity index (CDAI,CAI) or the CRP level could not be found. A significant increase of lipase/amylase (more than twice the normal standard) was shown more often in lipase (4.4 %) than in amylase levels (0.7 %). The possible reasons for an asymptomatic increase of lipase/amylase in IBD patients (e. g. latent extra-intestinal involvement of the pancreas in IBD with pancreatitis; extra-pancreatic release of lipase/amylase from the inflammatory bowel; intestinal reabsorption of released lipase/amylase in the inflammatory bowel) are discussed in this text. Conclusion An asymptomatic elevation of lipase/amylase in IBD patients is not infrequent (14 %). The increase of lipase or amylase, without typical symptoms, makes a pancreatitis with a required therapy unlikely. A specific pancreatitis therapy is not necessary in these cases. The therapy should be guided by the requirements of the IBD therapy.
TL;DR: The authors report on the components of stimulated whole saliva from children with Down syndrome--including pH, flow rate, sialic acid and protein concentrations, and amylase and peroxidase activity, which were lower among the children with down syndrome than among children without Down syndrome.
Abstract: The authors report on the components of stimulated whole saliva from children with Down syndrome—including pH, flow rate, sialic acid and protein concentrations, and amylase and peroxidase activity. Saliva samples were collected from 35 children aged 6–10 years. Of the participants, 17 had Down syndrome and 18 did not. To stimulate saliva production, the children chewed a piece of parafilm for 10 minutes before the sample was collected. Soon after collecting the saliva sample, the authors measured pH using a portable pH-meter. Sialic acid levels were determined with a thiobarbituric acid assay. Protein content was determined with Folin's phenol reagent. Amylase was assayed and the authors measured the maltose produced by the breakdown of starch and peroxidase using ortho-dianisidine.
No statistically significant difference was observed in levels of sialic acid (free and total) between the two groups. Protein concentration was about 36% higher in the group with Down syndrome. However, the salivary flow rate, pH, and amylase and peroxidase activities were lower among the children with Down syndrome.
TL;DR: The majority of patients with nonspecific abdominal pain and isolated Elevations of amylase and/or lipase had no identifiable pancreatic pathology, and the diagnostic yield in patients with mild elevations of lipase alone was particularly poor.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Serum amylase and lipase levels are widely used as markers of pancreatic inflammation. However, it would seem that mild elevations of amylase and lipase rarely predict significant pancreatic pathology. Pancreatic imaging tests are expensive. The gold standard, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, carries risk of morbidity and mortality.
TL;DR: The results of the study reveal that for stimulating amylase release from midgut tissue, the peptides require an FXRF amide (X may be methionine or leucine) sequence at the C-terminal of peptides, which may inhibit the release of amyl enzyme.
TL;DR: Tarso had higher falling number, amylase activities, protein concentration and amount of most protein components compared to Kosack, and the environment influenced the bread-making quality to a higher extent than break-down of starch and proteins.
Abstract: Variation in falling number, amylase activities, protein concentration and composition were investigated in two wheat cultivars grown in Sweden over two seasons, in four locations, with four N fertilizer rates, with and without fungicide treatment. The results showed that;
Tarso had higher falling number, amylase activities, protein concentration and amount of most protein components compared to Kosack.
The environment (year, location, N rate and fungicide treatment) influenced falling number, alpha amylase activities, and protein concentration and composition.
Two processes were related to low falling numbers; late maturity leading to poor starch and protein quality and excessive rains leading to break-down of starch and proteins.
Poor starch and protein properties influenced the bread-making quality to a higher extent than break-down of starch and proteins.