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Showing papers on "Animal mortality published in 1997"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Tissue repair response in the 20% surviving rats was increased by about 5-fold, aptly demonstrating the critical role of tissue repair in overcoming injury and enabling these animals to survive.

98 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: BHAMG was less toxic than pHAM to SD rats based on measures of animal mortality, weight loss and hematological toxicity and all cured rats were completely protected from rechallenge with 2 × 107 AS‐30D cells, indicating that successful treatment of animals induced protective immunity.
Abstract: We examined the in vivo efficacy of targeting b-glucuronidase (bG) to activate a glucuronide prodrug (BHAMG) of p-hydroxyaniline mustard (pHAM) at hepatoma ascites in Sprague-Dawley rats. Injection i.p. of 500 mg RH1-bG, a conjugate formed between recombinant bG and monoclonal antibody RH1 with specificity for an antigen expressed on AS-30D rat hepatoma cells, into rats bearing AS-30D ascites resulted in the accumulation of 54 mg conjugate per 10 9 tumor cells after 2 hr. Ascites fluid and serum contained 0.53 and 0 mg/ml, respectively, RH1-bG 2 hr after injection of the conjugate. Conjugate binding to AS-30D cells was heterogeneous and non-saturated, as determined by flow cytometry. BHAMG was less toxic than pHAM to SD rats based on measures of animal mortality, weight loss and hematological toxicity. Treatment of rats bearing established hepatoma ascites with 500 mg RH1-bG followed 2 hr later with a single i.p. injection of 30 mg/kg BHAMG or 3 i.p. injections of 10 mg/kg BHAMG 2, 3 and 4 hr later resulted in the cure of 6/8 and 8/8 animals, respectively. Treatment with BHAMG or pHAM alone did not produce cures, whereas treatment with a control antibody‐bG conjugate and BHAMG produced significantly greater hematological toxicity compared to treatment with RH1-bG and BHAMG. All cured rats were completely protected from rechallenge with 2 3 107 AS-30D cells, indicating that successful treatment of animals induced protective immunity. Int. J. Cancer 73:392‐402, 1997. r 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

32 citations


Journal Article
TL;DR: The results suggest that survival times for carcasses are variable and dependent on habitat and, perhaps seasonal factors, in most cases, searches for carcass searches should be conducted within one day of the pesticide application.
Abstract: Estimates of nontarget animal mortality due to the effects of agricultural pesticides may be biased by the removal of carcasses by scavengers. We placed intact songbird carcasses in ripening sunflower fields in late-summer, and in harvested corn fields and woodlots in early spring to assess carcass removal by scavengers. Removal curves differed among the three habitats (P < 0.001). One day after placement, 58% of carcasses persisted in the sunflower fields, whereas 82% and 90% remained in the corn fields and woodlots, respectively. Our results suggest that survival times for carcasses are variable and dependent on habitat and, perhaps seasonal factors. In most cases, searches for carcasses should be conducted within one day of the pesticide application.

17 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Using a partial farm budget approach, the financial impact of an outbreak of T. evansi was analyzed in nine ranches in the Brazilian Pantanal in 1994 and results indicate that from 27 to 91% of losses could have been avoided through the timely and appropriate implementation of available treatment strategies.
Abstract: The Brazilian Pantanal is a seasonal flood plain of about 138,000 km2 located in the center of South America. Extensive cattle ranching is the most important economic activity controlling about 80% of the land. The Pantanal's approximately 1,100 ranches are populated with about 3 million head of cattle and 49,000 horses. Horses play a central role in the industry. Trypanosoma evansi, locally known as "Mal de Cadeiras," kills horses within about ten days and is endemic to the Pantanal. Using a partial farm budget approach, the financial impact of an outbreak of T. evansi was analyzed in nine ranches in the Brazilian Pantanal in 1994. Treatment, animal collection and diagnostic costs, animal mortality and risk estimates were used to assess the efficacy of curative and preventive treatments relative to the observed and expected disease losses. The infection of more than 750 horses and the subsequent death of more than 10% of them due to the disease represented an economic loss of more than US$38,000. Results indicate that from 27 to 91% of these losses could have been avoided through the timely and appropriate implementation of available treatment strategies.

4 citations


Journal Article
TL;DR: Following the studies on four compounds, classified in three different groups of toxicity, the validity of the up-down method and the fixed dose procedure was compared to classic Litchfield and Wilcoxon tests.
Abstract: Following the studies on four compounds, classified in three different groups of toxicity, the validity of the up-down method and the fixed dose procedure was compared to classic Litchfield and Wilcoxon tests. The study was based rather on a very careful clinical observation than on the estimation of animal mortality as recommended in DL50 test. The study showed a considerable consistency between classic tests and the up-down method and the fixed dose procedure. But the determination of acute toxicity of chemical compounds by means of alternative methods proved to be highly humanitarian, and it required much lower number of less suffering animals.

3 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Adaptation to stress reduces animal mortality in heat stress from 57 to 8% and prevents a decrease in blood pressure as well as excessive inhibition of constrictory and potentiation of dilatory reactions of isolated aorta associated with hyperproduction of NO.
Abstract: Adaptation to stress reduces animal mortality in heat stress from 57 to 8% and prevents a decrease in blood pressure as well as excessive inhibition of constrictory and potentiation of dilatory reactions of isolated aorta associated with hyperproduction of NO. It is assumed that beneficial effect of adaptation is due to accumulation of a reserve pool of NO, which either has a direct effect, or mediates activation or synthesis of another protective factor.

1 citations