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Animal mortality

About: Animal mortality is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 526 publications have been published within this topic receiving 14887 citations.


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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The results revealed that tamoxifen metabolism in mouse brains is age-, strain- and dose-dependent, and these factors should be taken into account in the experimental design, and this process is influenced by mouse strains, age of animals, and dosage.
Abstract: The tamoxifen-inducible Cre-loxP system is widely used to overcome gene targeting pre-adult lethality, to modify a specific cell population at desired time-points, and to visualize and trace cells in fate-mapping studies. In this study we focused on tamoxifen degradation kinetics, because for all genetic fate-mapping studies, the period during which tamoxifen or its metabolites remain active in the CNS, is essential. Additionally, we aimed to define the tamoxifen administration scheme, enabling the maximal recombination rate together with minimal animal mortality. The time window between tamoxifen injection and the beginning of experiments should be large enough to allow complete degradation of tamoxifen and its metabolites. Otherwise, these substances could promote an undesired recombination, leading to data misinterpretation. We defined the optimal time window, allowing the complete degradation of tamoxifen and its metabolites, such as 4-hydroxytamoxifen, N-desmethyltamoxifen, endoxifen and norendoxifen, in the mouse brain after intraperitoneal tamoxifen injection. We determined the biological activity of these substances in vitro, as well as a minimal effective concentration of the most potent metabolite 4-hydroxytamoxifen causing recombination in vivo. For this purpose, we analyzed the recombination rate in double transgenic Cspg4-cre/Esr1/ROSA26Sortm14(CAG-tdTomato) mice, in which tamoxifen administration triggers the expression of red fluorescent protein in NG2-expressing cells, and employed a liquid chromatography, coupled with mass spectrometry, to determine the concentration of studied substances in the brain. We determined the degradation kinetics of these substances, and revealed that this process is influenced by mouse strains, age of animals, dosage, and disruption of the blood-brain barrier. Our results revealed that tamoxifen and its metabolites were completely degraded within 8 days in young adult C57BL/6J mice, while the age-matched FVB male mice displayed more effective degradation. Moreover, aged C57BL/6J mice were unable to metabolize all substances within 8 days. The lowering of initial tamoxifen dose leads to a significantly faster degradation of all studied substances. A disruption of the blood-brain barrier caused no concentration changes of any tamoxifen metabolites in the ipsilateral hemisphere. Taken together, we showed that tamoxifen metabolism in mouse brains is age-, strain- and dose-dependent, and these factors should be taken into account in the experimental design.

54 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Evidence is provided that IPF can be effectively treated by inhalation of the NLC-PGE2 in combination with siRNAs delivered locally into the lungs, and this effect could not be achieved by using NLC containing just PGE2 or siRNA(s) alone.

53 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Logistic regression models showed that habitat quality, Bufo bufo’s habitat preferences, and road ditches are positively associated with amphibians’ road mortality in northern Portugal, whereas average altitude and length of walls were negatively associated.
Abstract: Animal mortality caused by vehicle collisions is one of the main ecological impacts of roads. Amphibians are the most affected group and road fatalities have a significant impact on population dynamics and viability. Several studies on Iberian amphibians have shown the importance of country roads on amphibian road mortality, but still, little is known about the situation in northern Portugal. By being more permeable to amphibian passage, country roads represent a greater source of mortality than highways, which act as barriers. Thus, mitigation measures should be applied, but due to the extensive road network, the identification of precise locations (hotspots) and variables related to animal-vehicle collision is needed to plan these measures successfully. The aim of the study was to analyse the spatial occurrence and related factors linked to amphibian mortality on a number of country roads in northern Portugal, using spatial statistics implemented in GIS and applying a binary logistical regression. We surveyed 631 km of road corresponding to seven transects, and observed 404 individual amphibians: 74 (18.3%) alive and 330 (81.7%) road-killed. Bufo bufo represented 80% of the mortality records. Three transects showed clustered distribution of road-kills, and broadleaved forests and road ditches were the most important factors associated with hotspots of road-kill. Logistic regression models showed that habitat quality, Bufo bufo’s habitat preferences, and road ditches are positively associated with amphibians’ road mortality in northern Portugal, whereas average altitude and length of walls were negatively associated. This study is a useful tool to understand spatial occurrence of amphibian road-kills in the face of applying mitigation measures on country roads from northern Portugal. This study also considers the necessity of assessing the condition of amphibian local populations to understand their road-kills spatial patterns and the urgency to apply mitigation measures on country roads.

53 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
15 Dec 2013-Toxicon
TL;DR: The bibliometric approach applied in this study shows the evolution of research and identifies major gaps to be filled by future work on cyanotoxins that could potentially lead to the underestimation of the prevalence of toxic cyanobacterial blooms and the diversity of toxins worldwide.

52 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
H. Platt1
TL;DR: Some of the principal causes of stillbirth and foalhood mortality in the Thoroughbred are described, based on the interim findings of a Survey of perinatal disease and mortality, and on autopsy records.
Abstract: SUMMARY Some of the principal causes of stillbirth and foalhood mortality in the Thoroughbred are described, based on the interim findings of a Survey of perinatal disease and mortality, and on autopsy records. A high proportion of the early foalhood mortality can be attributed to defective intrauterine development in various forms. Twinning also is an important cause of perinatal mortality. Among diseases affecting foals during the first few weeks of life, alimentary disorders and generalized infections were the most important categories. Some of the factors influencing foetal development and maturity are discussed, and the need for more research into this subject in the equine is commented upon. RESUME Quelques unes des causes principales de la mortalite neo natale et durant les premieres semaines, chez le foal de Pur Sang, sont indiquees, compte tenu d'une etude des maladies peri-natales et des examens post mortem effectues. Une forte proportion des cas mortels durant le tres jeune age peut etre attributee a diverses formes de pertubations durant la vie intra uterine. La gemellite est egalement une cause importante de mortalite. Parmi les maladies les plus importantes affectant le foal durant les premieres semaines de sa vie, les troubles digestifs et les infections generalisees paraissent dominer. Quelques uns des facteurs modifiant le developpement foetal sont evoques et la necessite de recherches dans ce domaine est souligne. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Einige Hauptursachen von Totgeburten und Fohlen-verlusten beim Vollblut werden beschrieben, gestutzt auf vorlaufige Resultate einer Ueberblicksuntersuchung uber perinatale Krankheiten und Verluste und auf Sektions-befunde. Ein hoher Anteil an der Mortalitat im fruhen Fohlen-alter kann einer fehlerhaften intrauterinen Entwicklung verschiedener Art zugeschrieben werden. Unter den Krankediten des Fohlens in seinen ersten Lebenswochen sind Ernahrungsstorungen und generalisierte Infektionen die wichtigsten. Einige Faktoren, die die foetale Entwicklung und die Reifung beeinflussen, werden diskutiert und das Bedurfnis fur intensivere Erforschung dieses Gebiets beim Pferd wird kommentiert.

52 citations


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Performance
Metrics
No. of papers in the topic in previous years
YearPapers
202129
202025
201924
201822
201724
201620