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Showing papers on "Annealing (metallurgy) published in 2020"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: By using a thermal expandable hole transporting layer to compensate the strain and result in most stable wide-bandgap perovskite solar cells so far, Xue et al. find that compressive strain increases the activation energy for ion migration, improving the stability of perovSKite films.
Abstract: Thermally-induced tensile strain that remains in perovskite films following annealing results in increased ion migration and is a known factor in the instability of these materials. Previously-reported strain regulation methods for perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have utilized substrates with high thermal expansion coefficients that limits the processing temperature of perovskites and compromises power conversion efficiency. Here we compensate residual tensile strain by introducing an external compressive strain from the hole-transport layer. By using a hole-transport layer with high thermal expansion coefficient, we compensate the tensile strain in PSCs by elevating the processing temperature of hole-transport layer. We find that compressive strain increases the activation energy for ion migration, improving the stability of perovskite films. We achieve an efficiency of 16.4% for compressively-strained PSCs; and these retain 96% of their initial efficiencies after heating at 85 °C for 1000 hours—the most stable wide-bandgap perovskites (above 1.75 eV) reported so far. Remnant tensile strain in the perovskite films induced in the thermal annealing step is a known source of material and device instabilities. Here Xue et al. use a thermal expandable hole transporting layer to compensate the strain and result in most stable wide-bandgap perovskite solar cells so far.

273 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, two-dimensional titanium carbide composites were prepared by simple hydrothermal method and subsequent annealing process, and an optimal reflection loss value of −50.96 dB was obtained at 2.18 mm.
Abstract: The appearance and development of two-dimensional titanium carbide materials provide a new idea for our research on microwave absorption materials. Its excellent electrical conductivity and surface functional groups allow it to be used as a microwave absorber. In this study, Ti3C2Tx@NiCo2O4 composites were prepared by simple hydrothermal method and subsequent annealing process. With the change of annealing temperature, the state of composites is changed, so the structure and properties of samples are further adjusted. When the annealing temperature is 350 °C, an optimal reflection loss value of −50.96 dB can be obtained at 2.18 mm. The excellent microwave absorption performance is not only caused by polarization behavior, but also related to multiple reflections and multiple scattering produced by unique structures. Therefore, the prepared Ti3C2Tx@NiCo2O4 is expected to be a promising microwave absorber with thin thickness and high absorption intensity.

186 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the results of the synthesis and subsequent phase transformations of FeCo nanowires depending on the annealing temperature are presented, and a three-stage process of phase transformations is established, accompanied by oxidation of the structure followed by the formation of oxide phases of the spinel type Fe2CoO4 and Co3O4.

173 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the influence of heterostructural parameters on the evolution of hetero-deformation induced (HDI) stress and mechanical behavior during tensile deformation is not well understood.

115 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the deformation-induced martensitic transformation, the transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP) effect, and the reversion annealing in the metastable austenitic stainless steels are reviewed.

110 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the annealing effect on the structural, elastic, thermodynamic, optical, magnetic, and electric properties of Ni0.6Zn0.4Fe1.5O4 (NZFAO) nanoparticles was presented.
Abstract: This article presents the annealing effect on the structural, elastic, thermodynamic, optical, magnetic, and electric properties of Ni0.6Zn0.4Fe1.5Al0.5O4 (NZFAO) nanoparticles (NPs). The samples were successfully synthesized by the sol–gel method followed by annealing of the as-synthesized at 600, 800, 900, 1050, and 1200 °C. This approach yielded the formation of a highly crystalline structure with crystallite size ranging from 17 nm to 40 nm. X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques, as well as energy disperse spectroscopy (EDS), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopy, were used in order to determine the structural and morphological properties of the prepared samples. Rietveld XRD refinement reveals that Ni–Zn–Al ferrite nanoparticles crystallize in inverse cubic (Fdm) spinel structure. Using FTIR spectra, the elastic and thermodynamic properties were estimated. It was observed that the particle size had a pronounced effect on elastic and thermodynamic properties. Magnetic measurements were performed up to 700 K. The prepared ferrite samples present the highest Curie temperature, which decreases with increasing particle size and which is consistent with finite-size scaling. The thickness of the surface shell of about 1 nm was estimated from size-dependent magnetization measurements using the core–shell model. Besides, spin resonance, magnetostriction, temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR), and electrical resistivity properties have been scientifically studied and appear to be different according to their size. The optical properties of synthesized NZFAO nanoparticles were investigated, and the differences caused by the particle sizes are discussed on the basis of the phonon confinement effect. This effect was also inspected by the Raman analysis. Tuning of the physical properties suggests that the Ni–Zn–Al ferrite samples may be promising for multifunctional diverse applications.

109 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a tensile test of Mg-3Gd was performed at room temperature to characterize their strength and ductility, both of which were found to be significantly affected by transitions in mechanical behavior and deformation mechanisms.

100 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Electrical measurements indicate Nb-doping suppresses n-type conductivity in MoS2 and shows an ambipolar transport behavior after annealing under sulfur atmosphere, which highlights the p-type doping effect via Nb, corresponding to the density functional theory (DFT) calculations with Fermi-level shifting to valance band maximum.
Abstract: Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) with excellent properties has been widely reported in recent years. However, it is a great challenge to achieve p-type conductivity in MoS2 because of its native stubborn n-type conductivity. Substitutional transition metal doping has been proved to be an effective approach to tune their intrinsic properties and enhance device performance. Herein, we report the growth of Nb-doping large-area monolayer MoS2 by a one-step salt-assisted chemical vapor deposition method. Electrical measurements indicate that Nb doping suppresses n-type conductivity in MoS2 and shows an ambipolar transport behavior after annealing under the sulfur atmosphere, which highlights the p-type doping effect via Nb, corresponding to the density functional theory calculations with Fermi-level shifting to valence band maximum. This work provides a promising approach of two-dimensional materials in electronic and optoelectronic applications.

94 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
27 May 2020-Nature
TL;DR: A seeded growth technique for building a library of single-crystal copper foils with sizes of about 30 × 20 square centimetres and more than 30 kinds of facet, and it is shown that this technique is also applicable to the growth of high-index single-Crystal nickel foils, and the possibility of using the authors' high- index copper foiling as substrates for the epitaxial growth of two-dimensional materials is explored.
Abstract: The production of large single-crystal metal foils with various facet indices has long been a pursuit in materials science owing to their potential applications in crystal epitaxy, catalysis, electronics and thermal engineering1–5. For a given metal, there are only three sets of low-index facets ({100}, {110} and {111}). In comparison, high-index facets are in principle infinite and could afford richer surface structures and properties. However, the controlled preparation of single-crystal foils with high-index facets is challenging, because they are neither thermodynamically6,7 nor kinetically3 favourable compared to low-index facets6–18. Here we report a seeded growth technique for building a library of single-crystal copper foils with sizes of about 30 × 20 square centimetres and more than 30 kinds of facet. A mild pre-oxidation of polycrystalline copper foils, followed by annealing in a reducing atmosphere, leads to the growth of high-index copper facets that cover almost the entire foil and have the potential of growing to lengths of several metres. The creation of oxide surface layers on our foils means that surface energy minimization is not a key determinant of facet selection for growth, as is usually the case. Instead, facet selection is dictated randomly by the facet of the largest grain (irrespective of its surface energy), which consumes smaller grains and eliminates grain boundaries. Our high-index foils can be used as seeds for the growth of other Cu foils along either the in-plane or the out-of-plane direction. We show that this technique is also applicable to the growth of high-index single-crystal nickel foils, and we explore the possibility of using our high-index copper foils as substrates for the epitaxial growth of two-dimensional materials. Other applications are expected in selective catalysis, low-impedance electrical conduction and heat dissipation. Large-area single-crystal high-index copper and nickel foils with several types of facet are fabricated using mild pre-oxidation of the metal foil surface followed by annealing in a reducing atmosphere.

94 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the influence of different heat treatment processes, namely stress relieving, recrystallization annealing and solution-annealing, on the microstructure and tensile properties of Inconel 625 (IN625) alloy has been investigated.
Abstract: Inconel 625 (IN625) alloy has high-temperature strength coupled with high oxidation and corrosion resistance. Additionally, due to its excellent weldability, IN625 can be processed by laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) additive manufacturing (AM) process allowing the production of complex shapes. However, post-AM heat treatment is necessary to develop the desired microstructure and mechanical properties to meet industrial needs. This work is focused on the influence of different heat treatment processes, namely stress relieving, recrystallization annealing and solution annealing on the microstructure and tensile properties of LPBF IN625 alloy. Investigation of the crystallographic texture by electron backscattered diffraction indicated that heat treatments at 1080 °C and 1150 °C tend to eliminate anisotropy in the material by the recrystallization and grain growth resulting in the formation of equiaxed grains. Tensile properties of heat-treated LPBF IN625 alloy built along different orientations revealed higher tensile properties than the minimum recommended values of wrought IN625 alloy in the annealed and solution annealed states.

93 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a short overview of the opportunities that the conventional and innovative processing routes can offer for grain refinement of steels is presented, including thermal cycling, martensite process, and static recrystallization (SRX).
Abstract: Thermal mechanisms of microstructural refinement in steels were reviewed. These include thermal cycling, martensite process, and static recrystallization (SRX), in which the dominant stage of microstructural refinement is governed by an annealing treatment of a deformed or an undeformed material. Recent progress in grain refinement by thermal cycling for the body-centered cubic, face-centered cubic, and dual phase (DP) steels was introduced. The application of the cold rolling and subsequent annealing of a martensite starting structure (martensite process) for grain refinement of low-carbon and DP steels was reviewed. The formation and reversion of strain-induced martensite in metastable austenitic stainless steels and their effects on the microstructural evolutions were critically discussed. Moreover, the repetition of the martensite process and its limitations were explained. Important findings on the SRX of ferrite and austenite for grain refinement as well as the recrystallization kinetics were presented. Finally, the concepts of controlled rolling for grain refinement and the interaction of austenite recrystallization and strain-induced precipitation in microalloyed steels during thermomechanical processing were also reviewed. This short overview presents the opportunities that the conventional and innovative processing routes can offer for grain refinement of steels.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the microstructure, residual stress, and mechanical properties of the as-printed specimen and specimens annealed at 773-1573 K for 2'h were compared.
Abstract: To widen the applications of FeCoCrNi high-entropy alloys (HEAs) fabricated via selective laser melting, their mechanical properties must be improved, and annealing plays an important role in this regard. In this study, the microstructure, residual stress, and mechanical properties of the as-printed specimen and specimens annealed at 773–1573 K for 2 h were compared. As the annealing temperature increased, the specimen structure recrystallized from all columnar grains to equiaxial grains containing numerous annealing twins. The dislocation network, which formed during the solidification process under considerable shrinkage strain, decomposed into dislocations. The residual stress, yield strength, and hardness decreased, while the plasticity and impact toughness increased. During the deformation of as-printed and low-temperature-annealed specimens, the dislocation network remained unchanged and provided resistance to the dislocations moving within it, thus strengthening the specimen. The tensile strength remained largely unchanged owing to the reduction in the residual stress during low-temperature annealing, as well as the formation of the twinning network and dislocation wall under large deformation upon high-temperature annealing. Meanwhile, the ductility greatly increased, thus increasing the potential for industrial application of HEAs.

Journal ArticleDOI
Naoki Takata1, Mulin Liu1, Hirohisa Kodaira1, Asuka Suzuki1, Makoto Kobashi1 
TL;DR: In this article, microstructural characteristics of a SLM-built Al-Si-10Si-0.3Mg alloy and their changes upon annealing at elevated temperatures were investigated.
Abstract: To identify the dominant contributing factor in the anomalously high strength of Al–Si-based alloys fabricated by selective laser melting (SLM), microstructural characteristics of a SLM-built Al–10Si–0.3 Mg alloy (AlSi10Mg) and their changes upon annealing at elevated temperatures were investigated. The as-built AlSi10Mg alloy exhibits a peculiar microstructure comprising of a number of columnar α-Al (fcc) phase with concentrated Si in solution. Numerous nano-sized particles were observed within the α-Al matrix. At elevated temperatures, a number of Si phase (diamond structure) precipitates consumed the solute Si in the columnar α-Al phase, but the microstructure of the α-Al matrix changed slightly. After annealing at elevated temperatures, the tensile strength of the as-built AlSi10Mg alloy substantially decreased accompanied by a reduction in the strain hardening rate. The supersaturated solid solution of the α-Al phase containing numerous nano-sized particles enhanced the strain hardening, resulting in the anomalous strengthening of the SLM-built AlSi10Mg alloy. The microstructural features were formed due to rapid solidification at an extremely high cooling rate in the SLM process, which provides important insights into controlling the strength of Al–Si-based alloys fabricated by SLM.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the top interface of a TiN/Hf 0.5 Zr 0.71 ) stack annealed at different temperatures was investigated with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and the uniformity and continuity of the 2'nm TiN top electrode was verified by photoemission electron microscopy and conductive atomic force microscopy.
Abstract: Ferroelectric hafnia-based thin films are promising candidates for emerging high-density embedded nonvolatile memory technologies, thanks to their compatibility with silicon technology and the possibility of 3D integration. The electrode–ferroelectric interface and the crystallization annealing temperature may play an important role in such memory cells. The top interface in a TiN / Hf 0.5 Zr 0.5 O 2 / TiN metal–ferroelectric–metal stack annealed at different temperatures was investigated with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The uniformity and continuity of the 2 nm TiN top electrode was verified by photoemission electron microscopy and conductive atomic force microscopy. Partial oxidation of the electrode at the interface is identified. Hf is reduced near the top interface due to oxygen scavenging by the top electrode. The oxygen vacancy ( V O) profile showed a maximum at the top interface (0.71%) and a sharp decrease into the film, giving rise to an internal field. Annealing at higher temperatures did not affect the V O concentration at the top interface but causes the generation of additional V O in the film, leading to a decrease of the Schottky Barrier Height for electrons. The interface chemistry and n-type film doping are believed to be at the origin of several phenomena, including wake-up, imprint, and fatigue. Our results give insights into the physical chemistry of the top interface with the accumulation of defective charges acting as electronic traps, causing a local imprint effect. This may explain the wake-up behavior as well and also can be a possible reason of the weaker endurance observed in these systems when increasing the annealing temperature.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the microstructure evolution and tensile properties of a newly designed Fe-21Mn-10Al-1C-5Ni (wt.%) lightweight steel subjected to two annealing conditions (inducing partial recrystallization and full re-stallization) and subsequent aging treatment have been investigated.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the effect of different defects in the TiO2−x lattice on photocatalytic H2 evolution was investigated, and the defect types were characterized by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy.
Abstract: Reduced titanium dioxide has recently attracted large attention, particularly for its unique co-catalyst-free heterogeneous photocatalytic application for H2 generation. The enhanced photocatalytic activity of the reduced TiO2 was previously ascribed to the introduction of point crystal defects (mainly Ti3+ centers), which result in the formation of intrinsic co-catalytic centers and enhanced visible light absorption. In this work, we systematically investigate the effect of different defects in the TiO2−x lattice on photocatalytic H2 evolution. To introduce different types of defects, thermal annealing in air (oxidative), Ar (inert), Ar/H2 (reducing), and H2 (reducing) atmospheres was performed on commercially available anatase nanopowder. Then, the powders were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) to clarify the effect of treatment on material properties. Furthermore, the defect types were characterized by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. We show that thermal annealing in different atmospheres can form different amounts of different defect types in the TiO2 structure. The highest photocatalytic activation is achieved by annealing the anatase powder in a reducing atmosphere for an appropriate temperature/annealing time. By combining the results from H2 generation and EPR analysis we show that the simultaneous presence of two types of defects, i.e. surface exposed Ti3+ and lattice embedded Ti3+ centers in an optimum low concentration is the determining factor for an optimized photocatalytic H2 evolution rate. In fact, annealing anatase powder under the so-reported optimized conditions in reducing atmosphere leads to the generation of a considerable amount of H2, with rates as high as 338 μmol h−1 g−1.


Journal ArticleDOI
28 Apr 2020
TL;DR: In this article, the effect of annealing on these four polymeric materials was investigated through dimensional analysis, ultrasonic testing, tensile testing, microstructural analysis and hardness testing.
Abstract: Fused filament fabrication (FFF) is a cost-effective additive manufacturing method that makes use of thermoplastics to produce customised products. However, there are several limitations associated with FFF that are adversely affecting its growth including variety of materials, rough surface finish and poor mechanical properties. This has resulted in the development of metal-infused thermoplastics that can provide better properties. Furthermore, FFF-printed parts can be subjected to post-processes to improve their surface finish and mechanical properties. This work takes into consideration two commonly used polymeric materials, i.e., ABS (acrylonitrile butadiene styrene) and PLA (polylactic acid) and compares the results with two metal-infused thermoplastics i.e., copper-enhanced PLA and aluminium-enhanced ASA (acrylonitrile styrene acrylate). The four different materials were subjected to a post-process called annealing to enhance their mechanical properties. The effect of annealing on these four materials was investigated through dimensional analysis, ultrasonic testing, tensile testing, microstructural analysis and hardness testing. The results showed that annealing affects the materials differently. However, a correlation among ultrasonic testing, tensile testing and microstructural analysis was observed for all the materials based on their crystallinity. It was found that the semi-crystalline materials (i.e., PLA and copper enhanced PLA) showed a considerable increase in tensile strength post-annealing. However, the amorphous materials (ABS and aluminium-enhanced ASA) showed a comparatively lower increase in tensile strength, demonstrating that they were less receptive to annealing. These results were supported by higher transmission times and a high percentage of voids in the amorphous materials. The highest hardness values were observed for the ASA material and the lowest for the ABS material. This work provides a good comparison for the metal-infused thermoplastics and their applicability with the commonly used PLA and ABS materials.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, β-gallium oxide (Ga2O3) films were deposited on Si (100) substrate using pulsed laser deposition (PLD) technique in order to observe the crystallinity variation due to the annealing.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a ring trial was carried out manufacturing specimens on 6 LPBF machines with different parameters and build-up strategies, in the as-built (AB) condition and after heat treatment at 300°C for 30min, respectively.
Abstract: AlSi10Mg is one of the most applied alloys for laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) technology, due to its great possibilities for implementing new lightweight concepts such as in automotive industries. For the component design it is necessary to know about the mechanical properties and the mechanical behaviour. The many published strength properties of LPBF processed AlSi10Mg show significant differences up to approximately 225 MPa in ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and 195 MPa in yield strength (YS). To understand these varying properties, a ring trial was carried out manufacturing specimens on 6 LPBF machines with different parameters and build-up strategies. They were studied in the as-built (AB) condition and after heat treatment at 300 °C for 30 min, respectively. For examining the mechanical properties, tensile tests and hardness measurements were carried out. The microstructure was characterized by optical light microscopy (OM), field emission scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and electron back-scatter diffraction (EBSD). The identified differences in strength properties were discussed based on the 4 strengthening mechanism known for metallic materials and at the background of material defects. It was found that the size of the typical sub-cell structure of LPBF AlSi10Mg affected substantially the mechanical properties in the AB condition, in which with decreasing sub-cell size strength increased. If heat treatment was applied, the strength properties decreased and did not differ anymore. Since annealing led to coarsened sub-cells, whereas the grains itself did not change in size, the influence of sub-cell structure on strength was further confirmed. In addition, acicular precipitates in the AB condition were observed at specimens from one LPBF machine showing the lowest tensile elongation.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a phase diagram including martensitic transition temperatures and austenite Curie temperatures is presented for Ni-Co-Mn-Ti all-d-metal Heusler alloys.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this work, a room‐temperature processable annealing‐free “aqueous” MoOx solution is developed and applied in non‐fullerene PBDB‐T‐2F:Y6 solar cells and an annealed‐free MoOx with excellent electrical properties is successfully developed.
Abstract: A charge transport layer based on transition metal-oxides prepared by an anhydrous sol-gel method normally requires high-temperature annealing to achieve the desired quality. Although annealing is not a difficult process in the laboratory, it is definitely not a simple process in mass production, such as roll-to-roll, because of the inevitable long cooling step that follows. Therefore, the development of an annealing-free solution-processable metal-oxide is essential for the large-scale commercialization. In this work, a room-temperature processable annealing-free "aqueous" MoO x solution is developed and applied in non-fullerene PBDB-T-2F:Y6 solar cells. By adjusting the concentration of water in the sol-gel route, an annealing-free MoO x with excellent electrical properties is successfully developed. The PBDB-T-2F:Y6 solar cell with the general MoO x prepared by the anhydrous sol-gel method shows a low efficiency of 7.7% without annealing. If this anhydrous MoO x is annealed at 200 °C, the efficiency is recovered to 17.1%, which is a normal value typically observed in conventional structure PBDB-T-2F:Y6 solar cells. However, without any annealing process, the solar cell with aqueous MoO x exhibits comparable performance of 17.0%. In addition, the solar cell with annealing-free aqueous MoO x exhibits better performance and stability without high-temperature annealing compared to the solar cells with PEDOT:PSS.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The thermal conductivity of AlSi10Mg made by laser powder bed fusion (LPBF), and its modification via heat treatment, has received little attention despite possible applications for heat exchangers and thermo-mechanical components as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The thermal conductivity of AlSi10Mg made by laser powder bed fusion (LPBF), and its modification via heat treatment, has received little attention despite possible applications for heat exchangers and thermo-mechanical components. Here, we show that heat treatment can increase the thermal conductivity of LPBF AlSi10Mg to that of cast material. Our results indicate that post-manufacture annealing eliminates the thermal conductivity anisotropy present in the as-built condition, and enhances the conductivity by close to 30 % in the transverse direction (perpendicular to the LPBF build orientation). A solution heat treatment increases the thermal conductivity further still (36 % compared to the as-built condition), while a T6-like treatment provides the greatest increase (44 % compared to the as-built condition). These improvements are related to the evolution of the AlSi10Mg microstructure, especially the breakdown of the Si cellular structure. Additionally, the thermal conductivities of gyroid lattice structures were examined in the as-built and annealed conditions. Contrary to solid specimens, the lattice structures exhibited almost isotropic thermal conductivity in the as-built condition. Their thermal conductivities were increased by the annealing treatment in proportion to their volume fraction. Our findings contribute to the development of a general design-for-additive-manufacturing (DfAM) framework which will make the best possible use of AM materials and lattice structures for heat transfer components.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a highly selective NO2 sensor based on TiO2/ZnO heterostructure nanowires (NWs) has been demonstrated successfully, where the sensor film is realised by modifying the ZnO NWs surface with Ti (~30nm) and subsequent annealing at 350 °C.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the influence of annealing temperature of ZnS nano filler on the structure properties of composite films was studied by x-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) techniques.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors systematically investigated the tradeoff of the annealing process on the Hf0.5Zr 0.5O2/Si interface properties of ferroelectric FETs.
Abstract: Crystallization annealing is a key process for the formation of the ferroelectric phase in HfO2-based ferroelectric thin films. In this study, we systematically investigate the notable tradeoff of the annealing process, with temperature varied from 300°C to 700°C, on the Hf0.5Zr0.5O2/Si interface properties of ferroelectric FETs. While high-temperature annealing leads to improved ferroelectricity, it results in the unintentional formation of an interfacial layer and the increased interface state density. Ferroelectric FETs prepared with high annealing temperature consequently show degraded subthreshold swing, decreased memory window, and increased OFF current. Our results suggest that annealing ferroelectric FETs at temperature as low as possible for sufficient ferroelectricity, which is 400°C in this study, is an effective approach to improve the device performance of Hf0.5Zr0.5O2 ferroelectric FETs.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the thermal, structural, magnetic and optical properties of aluminum substituted zinc ferrite nanoparticles were reported by cost effective co-precipitation method, where the typical sample was subjected to thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) to probe the annealing temperature.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of the annealing ambient, the thermal stability and reversibility of hydrogenation, the poly-Si doping level and c-Si surface texture is discussed.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, pure cobalt ferrite nanoparticles were synthesized by hydrothermal method and their structure and improved crystallinity was confirmed by X-ray diffraction analysis.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the influence of carbonization temperature on microwave absorption properties was studied in detail, and the microwave absorption mechanism was attributed to dielectric loss, magnetic loss, multiple reflections and scattering.