Showing papers on "Annotation published in 1993"

Corpus Annotation Schemes

Abstract: This paper explains the nature of corpus annotation, as an automatic procedure for adding interpretative information to a text corpus. It proposes principles or standards to be applied to corpus annotation. It also describes and illustrates different level of corpus annotation. Up to the present, the first three of these have been most fully developed, and grammatical tagging software, in particular, has become almost commonplace

Rapid data retrieval from data storage structures using prior access predictive annotations

Abstract: A data storage structure and its complementary selection data storage structure is provided with a complementary predictive annotation storage structure comprising a number of corresponding predictive annotation vectors, each having a number of predictive annotation tuples To retrieve data from a data block tuple of a data vector, a data vector and its corresponding data selection and predictive annotation vectors are read out concurrently Determination is made as to whether there is a selection hit and a prediction hit Concurrently, one of the predictive annotation tuples is selected and recorded for the next access based on the predictive annotation selected and recorded in the previous access Also concurrently, a data block tuple is selected based on the predictive annotation selected and recorded in the previous access, and a data element is selected from the selected data block tuple based on the access key, without waiting for the determination results Remedial actions are subsequently taken if it is determined that either there is no selection hit or no prediction hit Additionally, the data vector, selection vector, the predictive annotation vector and the previously recorded predictive annotations are conditionally updated depending on the selection and prediction hit determinations

Annotation data processing system with hypermedia processable and active annotations

Abstract: Electronic system architecture for electronic document annotation by hypermedia processable and active annotations, comprising a data processing system, (4,5,6,7,8,9) having at least a user terminal (1,2,3) an operating system (16) for information managing according to a plurality of structural models, navigation means (13,14,15) for navigation from anchors in an information structure, documents in particular, editing means (11,12) activated from terminal for getting access to the documents through the navigation means (13,14,15) and annotation means (17,18,19,20) coupled to the navigation means (13), to the terminal (1,2,3) and to the operating system (16) for creating and processing annotations comprising contents, treated as a linkable node (23) of the information structure and a set of entities-relations, structured in accordance to an entity-relation model, the set being connected to the node, so that each annotation is retrievable through the navigation means (13,14,15) and is further retrievable and processable by the annotation means (17,18,19) according to relational criteria and, based on events, identified as entities of the annotation structured set, automatically starts processes such as note deletion or notification to an addressee.

Document annotation: to write, type or speak?

Abstract: Although the visual display unit (VDU) is becoming an increasingly popular means of displaying documents, users often show a strong preference for the "hard-copy" medium of document presentation when it comes to reading activities such as those that involve proof-reading or refereeing the document. This is partly attributed to the difficulties of annotating documents presented in the electronic medium. Voice recording may be a more acceptable medium for annotating documents that are presented on VDUs, as it overcomes many of the problems associated with the typed annotation of electronic documents. Experiment 1 compared two computer-based annotation media (typed and spoken input) with the method of writing annotations on the document. Findings suggested that writing was a superior method of annotation to the other media in terms of number of annotations elicited, speed of recording and user preference. Experiment 2 differed from the first experiment in the way in which written annotations were recorded and in the amount of pre-trial practice given to subjects. In the second experiment voice resulted in shorter task completion times than either writing or typing. This is taken as limited support for a theory that a small amount of pre-trial practice is of greater benefit to the utility of a voice annotation facility than it is to a facility for typing annotations. The majority of differences between writing and the other conditions observed in Experiment 1 were not found in Experiment 2. The contrast between the two sets of results is discussed in terms of the subjects' familiarity with the methods of annotation involved and the advantages of a facility for annotating on the document. The discussion concludes with a set of guide-lines for the implementation of a voice annotation facility.

The Linguistic Annotation System of the Stockholm - Umea.

Abstract: In the Stockholm Ume~ Corpus project, SUC, we have developed and applied a system for representing lexical and morphological information about word forms in unrestricted text. Our poster presents results and experiences from the application of the system to 300,000 word forms, a subpart of a larger corpus. The application of the system is carried out in two steps, an automatic lexical look up followed by homograph separation, which is done partly automatically, partly manually. Lexical and morphological analysis and disambiguation of Swedish is a rather complicated task, a fact which should hold for several other languages as well. Below a sample text is given, showing both the amount of information that has to be specified for each word form and the degree of ambiguity to he resolved.

Data processing system for annotation of real time data

Abstract: Real time data can be annotated without pausing, or stopping, the normal operation of the data to be annotated. The data is quickly marked as needing annotation, while the data is being displayed, captured or performed. The marker maintains a pointer to an annotation file, such file to be completed at a later point in time so as to allow further markers to occur on other portions of data. At any time after the data has been marked, a user can supply the desired annotations in the appropriate annotation file which the marker points to. The procedure has applications in multi-media type applications, as well as monitoring of system performance data.