Showing papers on "Annoyance published in 1975"
TL;DR: It was demonstrated that observers in carefully designed laboratory situations are able to use and produce scales of loudness, noisiness, and annoyance for aircraft noise.
Abstract: The capacity of man to differentiate and scale aircraft noise with regard to three psychological attributes frequently encountered in social survey research on ambient noise was tested. Calibrated scales for the attributes evolved from the two‐step psychological scaling procedure employed. It was demonstrated that observers in carefully designed laboratory situations are able to use and produce scales of loudness, noisiness, and annoyance for aircraft noise. The relationships between the attributes were satisfactorily described by linear functions. In general, aircraft noise was judged to be more annoying than noisy and more noisy than loud. For all three attributes, the psychophysical relationships were best described by power functions with dB(A)max as the physical measure (exponents 0.21–0.24).Subject Classification: 65.50, 65.75.
80 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the response criteria problem in annoyance surveys, particularly with respect to prognosis, is dealt with with data from self-rating questions in a survey conducted in five areas with different exposures to aircraft noise.
23 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a survey was conducted to test hypotheses dealing with the relationship between the necessity, controllability, and predictability of noise and noise annoyance in five different noise environments.
Abstract: Summary A survey was conducted to test hypotheses dealing with the relationship between the necessity, controllability, and predictability of noise and noise annoyance in five different noise environments. With the exception of noise on the job, the results obtained for the other noise environments indicated partial support for the hypotheses dealing with the necessity and controllability of noise and no support for the hypothesis dealing with the predictability of noise. The data showed a very low positive relationship between necessity and annoyance and between control and annoyance. Partial correlations indicated that necessity and control were independently correlated with annoyance.
19 citations
TL;DR: The relation between noise and mental ill-health calls for more direct investigation, and the pronounced individual variation in reactions to noise requires elucidation.
13 citations
TL;DR: Speech interference in percentage of words missed was well predicted by a straight line where percentage missed was a function of decibels on the A scale (dbA).
Abstract: How annoying is appliance noise? How much does appliance noise interfere with speech? While listening to the noise from 10 different home appliances, eight subjects wrote the words being read to them. Then they voted their annoyance with each noise on a 5-point scale. Annoyance score was well described by a straight line as a function of decibels on the A scale (dbA). Speech interference in percentage of words missed also was well predicted by a straight line where percentage missed was a function of dbA.
12 citations
TL;DR: Community response was analyzed as a function of noise level, and all response scales increased with increasing noise levels; for example, freeway noise was reported as the main cause of dissatisfaction, by 13% as main cause for complaints, by 25% as the reason for wanting to move, and by 43% ...
Abstract: Personal interviews were conducted with 562 freeway‐proximal residents and 134 residents in control neighborhoods. Five factor‐analyzed scales were used to measure community response to freeway noise in terms of (1) subjective reactions and (2) behavioral interruptions due to noise. The social survey allowed for spontaneously mentioned and directly elicited responses. Noise exposure was measured by an Environmental Noise Classifier; one representative noise sample was taken for every residence, and L10, L50, L90, NPL, and TNI were computed. These noise measures correlated highly with each other, except TNI, and none of the measures demonstrated superiority over the others as a predictor of community response. Community response was analyzed as a function of noise level, and all response scales increased with increasing noise levels; for example, freeway noise was reported by 50% as the main cause of dissatisfaction, by 13% as main cause for complaints, by 25% as the reason for wanting to move, and by 43% as the reason for awakening at night. Noise levels correlated 0.99 with mean annoyance ratings for groups of residents within specified noise strata, and 0.31 for ratings based on individual annoyance scores.Subject Classification: 50.70, 50.50, 50.20, 50.75.
9 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors describe the philosophy behind a social survey designed to eliminate some causes of this variability, by considering a small geographical area over which the noise from one aircraft flyover is nearly constant, is outlined.
9 citations
01 Jan 1975
TL;DR: In this article, the results of a community noise survey in which 1500 residents living in 11 communities near Kennedy Airport in New York were interviewed with regard to their night, day, and evening annoyance responses to aircraft noise were presented.
Abstract: The paper presents the results of a community noise survey in which 1500 residents living in 11 communities near Kennedy Airport in New York were interviewed with regard to their night, day, and evening annoyance responses to aircraft noise. It was found that, while nighttime operations are only 35% of evening a 48% of daytime activity, the reported mean annoyance during the night is 71% of evening and 90% of the daytime reported annoyance. This suggests that each nighttime flight has the equivalent annoyance effect of 2 day on evening flights. This is compared with the ENR, NEF and Ldn indexes that assume that 10 daytime flights are the equivalent of one nighttime flyover.
8 citations
TL;DR: The results confirm the assumption that forecasts based on empirical studies provide a reliable picture of what the occurrence and extent of the annoyance reactions will be.
Abstract: Studies of the effect of external environmental factors on the individual are often carried out in order to obtain a basis for forecasts. The aim of the case studies reported has been to check the reliability of predictions of annoyance from four different external sources of discomfort. The results confirm the assumption that forecasts based on empirical studies provide a reliable picture of what the occurrence and extent of the annoyance reactions will be.
8 citations
TL;DR: In a laboratory experiment it was possible to show that the choice of verbal expression for the reaction can influence the incidence of annoyance reactions, but this could not be verified in a field experiment.
2 citations
01 Jan 1975
TL;DR: In this paper, an explosion and explosion-sequence simulator was developed in the laboratories of Stanford Research Institute in Menlo Park, California, and the concomitant psychological annoyance was measured by the method of magnitude estimation with a jet aircraft noise as a scalar reference.
Abstract: : An explosion and explosion-sequence simulator was developed in the laboratories of Stanford Research Institute in Menlo Park, California. The simulator produces vibrations and sounds similar to those that would be experienced by people inside a typical frame dwelling located 1-3 km from an explosion site. Ten adult subjects were exposed to the sounds and vibrations caused by six different simulated explosions and explosion sequences. The concomitant psychological annoyance was measured by the method of magnitude estimation with a jet aircraft noise as a scalar reference. Six physical measures of the noises were obtained and were used to correlate with the psychological measures. Total energy measures, weighted spectrally by D1- and D2-type weights, were found to be the best physical predictors of psychological annoyance. In this pilot experiment it was also found that annoyance judgements of simulated explosions and explosion sequences were probably less reliable than similar judgements of the annoyance of aircraft noises. (Author)
01 Jan 1975
TL;DR: In this paper, the background for the development and determination of annoyance reactions among populations exposed to environmental noises is presented, where results from studies where varying levels of aircraft and traffic noise have been related to the extent of annoyance in the exposed community are reviewed.
Abstract: The paper presents the background for the development and determination of annoyance reactions among populations exposed to environmental noises. Results from studies where varying levels of aircraft and traffic noise have been related to the extent of annoyance in the exposed community are reviewed. The results demonstrate that epidemiological social survey methods to determine annoyance in exposed populations provide a useful basis for the establishment of dose-response relationships and hence noise standards. /TRRL/
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a conceptual method of quantifying the effects of a change in environmental noise on public health and welfare and, as an example of the application of this method, a first approximation to quantify the impact of motor vehicle noise regulations.
Abstract: This paper presents a conceptual method of quantifying the effects of a change in environmental noise on public health and welfare and, as an example of the application of this method, a first approximation to quantifying the impact of motor vehicle noise regulations. Health and welfare are assumed to include personal comfort and well-being as well as the absence of clinical symptoms. The approach is statistical; that is, emphasis is placed on the average response of groups of people to noise, where average response is a combination of factors. The measure of the response is expressed in terms of the magnitude of the population that would be expected to express in a social survey a high degree of annoyance as a result of the activity interference produced by a specific exposure level.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In this paper, neighbors living near heavily used high-speed roads such as limited access highways are often affected by traffic disamenities such as noise, odors, dirt, vibration and light.
Abstract: Residents living near heavily used high-speed roads such as limited access highways are often affected by traffic disamenities such as noise, odors, dirt, vibration and light. This study measures the perception and consequences of these environmental factors for the neighbors of the highway. Neighbors in four study areas were interviewed to determine which traffic disamenities were noticed by them, how far the influence of these traffic disamenities extend from the road into the suburban area, how the variation in annoyance with traffic among highway neighbors living in the zone of impact can be explained and what effect annoyance with traffic has on highway neighbors. Interview questions dealt with the demographic characteristics of residents, the features of their home, perceptions of traffic disamenities both indoors and outdoors, their use of the highway, outdoor recreational activities on their own property, neighborhood social interaction and satisfaction with home and neighborhood. The study found that noise outdoors, noise indoors, and dust on sills were the three most-noticed disamenities. A multiple regression analysis using ten independent variables found that distance from the road, elevation of the house in relation to the road and perceptions of highway influence on residential property values were the variables more closely correlated with perceived traffic annoyance. This study did not find a significant positive correlation between annoyance and socioeconomic status and rejects the idea that central air conditioning reduces annoyance with traffic.
01 Jan 1975
TL;DR: In this paper, individual variations in annoyance and in susceptibility to noise were studied to establish a finer definition of the ingredients of the human annoyance response, and significant differences in annoyance ratings among the six noise stimuli, all equated for peak sound pressure level, were found.
Abstract: Individual variations in annoyance and in susceptibility to noise were studied to establish a finer definition of the ingredients of the human annoyance response. The study involved interactions among a heterogeneous sample of human subjects, various noise stimuli, and different physical environments of exposure. Significant differences in annoyance ratings among the six noise stimuli, all equated for peak sound pressure level, were found.
TL;DR: The Day-Night Noise Level (DNO) as discussed by the authors is the best available index for rating community annoyance caused by aircraft, which takes tonal content, duration, and number of operations into account, and penalizes night-time noise.
Abstract: The Day-Night Noise Level, which takes tonal content, duration, and number of operations into account, and penalizes night-time noise, is found to be the best available index for rating community annoyance caused by aircraft. A Day-Night level of 60 for communities with ambient noise levels up to 58 dBA, and a level of 2 dBA higher than the ambient for communities where it is above 58 dBA, is proposed as acceptable. Evaluation of a large transport helicopter showed that the guidelines do not impose severe economic penalties on helicopter operations.
01 Sep 1975
TL;DR: A series of exposure indexes, based on an arithmetic integration of aircraft operations, were correlated with summated aircraft noise annoyance responses, but none of these correlations were as good as the CNR index which assumes a logrithmetic integration of numbers of aircraft exposures and includes a day-night differential weighting of 10:1 as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: During the summer of 1972, about 1500 residents were interviewed twice in 11 communities near JFK airport. Detailed aircraft operations reports were also collected for this period, and an effort has been made to analyze recorded human response data in relation to a number of physical exposure parameters. A series of exposure indexes, based on an arithmetic integration of aircraft operations, were correlated with summated aircraft noise annoyance responses. None of these correlations were as good as the CNR index which assumes a logrithmetic integration of numbers of aircraft exposures and includes a day-night differential weighting of 10:1. There were substantial variations in average annoyance responses among communities with similar CNR exposures, substantiating previous findings that attitudinal and other personal variables also play an important role in determining annoyance differences.
01 Nov 1975
TL;DR: In this article, a computer simulation of the airport noise impact on the surrounding communities was used to evaluate alternate operational procedures, improved technology, and land use conversion as methods of reducing community noise impact in the airport vicinity.
Abstract: A computer simulation of the airport noise impact on the surrounding communities was used to evaluate alternate operational procedures, improved technology, and land use conversion as methods of reducing community noise impact in the airport vicinity. In addition, a constant density population distribution was analyzed for possible application to other airport communities with fairly uniform population densities and similar aircraft operational patterns. The introduction of sound absorption material (SAM) was found to reduce community noise annoyance by over 25 percent, and the introduction of refan was found to reduce community annoyance by over 60 percent. Replacing the present aircraft was found to reduce the noise problem to very small proportions, and the introduction of an advanced technology twin was found to essentially eliminate the community noise problem.
01 Apr 1975
TL;DR: In this paper, subjects were exposed to a series of recorded aircraft sounds at the rate of one flight every 2 minutes for a 1/2-hour session, and recorded their responses to the aircraft sounds, using a bipolar scale which covered the range from "very pleasant" to "extremely annoying".
Abstract: Subjects participated in an experiment in which they were engaged in TV viewing, telephone listening, or reverie (no activity) for a 1/2-hour session. During the session, they were exposed to a series of recorded aircraft sounds at the rate of one flight every 2 minutes. Within each session, four levels of flyover noise, separated by 5dB increments, were presented several times in a Latin Square balanced sequence. The peak level of the noisiest flyover in any session was fixed at 95, 90, 85, 75, or 70 dBA. At the end of the test session, subjects recorded their responses to the aircraft sounds, using a bipolar scale which covered the range from 'very pleasant' to 'extremely annoying'. Responses to aircraft noises were found to be significantly affected by the particular activity in which the subjects were engaged. Furthermore, not all subjects found the aircraft sounds to be annoying.