Showing papers on "Antecedent (grammar) published in 2000"
TL;DR: The effect of clause wrap-up on eye movements in reading was examined and suggests that sometimes higher order processes that are related to making a decision about when to move the eyes impinge on lower level decisions that are typically associated with deciding where tomove the eyes.
Abstract: The effect of clause wrap-up on eye movements in reading was examined. Readers read passages in which a target category noun referred to either a high typical or a low typical antecedent. In addition, the category noun was either clause final or non-clause final. There were four primary results: (1) Readers looked longer at a category noun when its antecedent was a low typical member of the category than when it was a high typical member; (2) readers looked longer at the category noun and at the post-category region when they were clause final than when they were not clause final; (3) readers regressed from a category noun or post-category region more frequently when it was clause final than when it was not clause final; and (4) readers made longer initial saccades when their eyes left the category noun or post-category region when this word was in clause final position than when it was not clause final. The last result suggests that sometimes higher order processes that are related to making a decision about when to move the eyes impinge on lower level decisions that are typically associated with deciding where to move the eyes.
230 citations
01 Jan 2000
TL;DR: There is reason to believe, contrary to my previous view, this this strategy is not an instance of economy, as developed in recent syntactic theory.
Abstract: First draft: November 1997 (OTS Working Papers)
Revised: May 1999
Appeared in Hans Bennis, M. Everaert and E. Reuland (eds)
Interface Strategies North Holland Amsterdam (2000).Several corrections were added at the proofs stage, not included here.
The major points of this paper are:
a. The definition of binding in terms of coindexation (or identity of variables) should be replaced by a definition based on the traditional logical-syntax concept of binding. Apart for conceptual reasons, the coindexation view faces empirical problems and disables stating binding generalizations.
b. The traditional distinction between binding and coreference should be modified to distinguish between binding and covaluation. Covaluation is available regardless of the referential status of the antecedent, and shows up also in quantified contexts, as shown in Heim (1993).
c. Covaluation is not governed by considerations of the computational system but by an interface strategy in the spirit proposed in Reinhart (1983). However, although this still requires reference-set computation, there is reason to believe, contrary to my previous view, this this strategy is not an instance of economy, as developed in recent syntactic theory.
74 citations
Patent•
17 May 2000
TL;DR: In this article, implicit references to antecedent elements are inferred between elements of the segments of a query and the implicit references are used to answer the query in response to the query, where one or more segments are identified as relevant to a query based at least in part on implicit references.
Abstract: A method of utilizing implicit references to answer a query includes receiving segments of text, wherein individual segments have elements. Implicit references are inferred between elements of the segments. The inferring operation includes identifying implicit references to antecedent elements. A query is received. In response to the query, one or more segments are identified as relevant to the query based at least in part on the implicit references.
56 citations
TL;DR: This article found that when an antecedent is difficult to retrieve, and when the failure to connect an anaphor to its antecedents does not create a coherence break, readers may simply read on rather than devoting additional time and attention to identifying the antecedENT.
44 citations
01 Jan 2000
TL;DR: This chapter shows that Mandarin and Teochew differ with regard to whether "subcommanding" antecedents are possible for LD reflexives, and uses Sells's diagnostics for PIVOT, SOURCE, and SELF to demonstrate this.
Abstract: Our analysis of discourse conditions on Long Distance (LD) reflexives is based primarily on the taxonomy of logophoricity of Sells, who, like many authors, has argued that the notion of logophoricity plays a crucial role in understanding the felicity conditions on the use of LD reflexives. This chapter focuses on Sells's taxonomy that provides a useful tool for explaining the differences between the conditions on LD reflexives in Mandarin and Teochew. Using Sells's diagnostics for PIVOT, SOURCE, and SELF, the chapter demonstrates that Mandarin and Teochew differ with regard to which logophoric requirements apply in the dialect: In both Mandarin and Teochew, PIVOT requirements apply to the choice of antecedent for a LD reflexive. It shows that Mandarin and Teochew differ with regard to whether "subcommanding" antecedents are possible for LD reflexives. Keywords: logophoricity; Long Distance (LD) reflexives; Mandarin; Sells; Teochew
32 citations
TL;DR: In this article, Cheng and Huang show that Chinese wh-words behave like indefinites in the antecedent, while in the consequent they must be interpreted as bound pronouns.
Abstract: As is well known, in conditionals and, more generally, in structures involving adverbs of quantification, indefinite NPs like a cat display a variable quantificational force. Within DRT this phenomenon is analyzed by assimilating indefinites to variables. Unlike other variable-like elements, however, indefinites cannot be anaphoric to something else. That is, one cannot say things like "a cat usually meows if a cat is hungry" meaning "a cat usually meows if it is hungry." This is generally explained in terms of a novelty condition: indefinites must introduce novel variables. Cheng and Huang (1996) discuss and analyze two types of Chinese conditionals in which wh- words display quantificational variability. In one type of conditional, their behavior is fully analogous to that of indefinites. In the other, they behave like indefinites in the antecedent, while in the consequent they must be interpreted as bound pronouns. Thus, in DR-theoretic terms, Chinese wh-words obey the novelty condition in the antecedent but not in the consequent of a conditional. This behavior is unexpected. The present paper addresses this issue. The main claim is that a certain version of Dynamic Semantics leads one to expect elements with exactly the properties of Chinese wh-words. In particular, Dynamic Semantics makes it possible to reverse, in a sense, the classic DR-theoretic strategy. One can view indefinites as existentially quantified terms: however, their existential force can be overridden by operators in their local environment that wipe out their existential force, as it were, and get them to act like variables. If one takes this line, the Novelty Condition becomes dispensable and the problem disappears. The behavior of Chinese wh-words is also compared to that of other elements analyzable as indefinite pronominals, such as si in Italian or one in English.
31 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a prominence hierarchy for computing a different degree of preference when there is more than one option for anaphor interpretations is presented. And the coreferential possibility between Korean caki and its antecedent is determined by the prominence principle, which is stated in terms of the prominence hierarchy.
Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to consider how the preference in the interpretation of anaphors and their distribution properties can interact and be best explained. To reach the goal, this paper presents the prominence hierarchy for computing a different degree of preference when there is more than one option for anaphor interpretations. This paper also argues that the coreferential possibility between the Korean anaphor caki and its antecedent is determined by the prominence principle, which is stated in terms of the prominence hierarchy: caki must be coreferential with a more prominent antecedent only if there exists such an antecedent. Finally, this paper extends its proposal to anaphors in other languages such as English, Icelandic, Japanese, and Chinese
26 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a study of learning difficulties in Australia is presented, where the authors argue that all empires fall, you just have to know where to push: Antecedent issues for a study on learning difficulties.
Abstract: (2000). All empires fall, you just have to know where to push: Antecedent issues for a study of learning difficulties in Australia. Australian Journal of Learning Disabilities: Vol. 5, No. 2, pp. 4-7.
20 citations
TL;DR: The interaction between order of antecedents and semantic context (in the form of preposed biasing modifiers) suggests that the initial comprehension of Chinese pronouns depends as much on contextual as on structural factors.
Abstract: Three reading time experiments were conducted in order to examine the relative contributions of order of antecedents and semantic context to the resolution of temporarily ambiguous Chinese pronouns. These pronouns were ambiguous because each of them was preceded by two antecedents, both of which were likely candidates for coreference. The identity of the pronoun was revealed by subsequent disambiguating information that constrained the pronoun to one particular interpretation. Experiment 1 showed that reading of the disambiguating phrase was slower when the phrase confined the pronoun to the second rather than to the first antecedent. Experiment 2 produced the same effect of antecedent order (first vs. second antecedent) regardless of whether the target antecedent was an actionperforming or an action-receiving entity. In Experiment 3, the order effect was eliminated by a biasing modifier inserted immediately before the pronoun. These results indicate that in a semantically neutral environment, the first-appearing antecedent is the preferred candidate for coreferencing the ambiguous Chinese pronoun. The interaction between order of antecedents and semantic context (in the form of preposed biasing modifiers) suggests that the initial comprehension of Chinese pronouns depends as much on contextual as on structural factors.
16 citations
TL;DR: This article argued that the Sapir-Whorf view of language as a causal determination is not compatible with Kaplan's (1966) position that rhetoric is evolved out of a culture, and that it is culture rather than the linguistic form which is the frame of reference for the use of language.
Abstract: Connor (1996, 1997) claims that the origin of early contrastive rhetoric lies in the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis of linguistic relativity. This article argues that her claim does not appear tenable. The Sapir-Whorf view of language as a causal determination is not compatible with Kaplan's (1966) position that rhetoric is evolved out of a culture. Furthermore, the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis is actually rooted in German ideas which also conflict with Kaplan's view. On the other hand, Hymes’ethnography of communication approach can be seen as an important historical antecedent for contrastive rhetoric. Kaplan's view appears to reinforce Hymes’position that it is culture rather than the linguistic form which is the frame of reference for the use of language.
15 citations
TL;DR: In this article, an appositive relative clause (ARC) is coordinated with its antecedent to avoid problems that come with the adjunction analysis, and it predicts some interesting facts.
Abstract: The difference between restrictive and appositive relativization is usually represented in syntax as complementation versus adjunction with respect to the antecedent noun. Instead I propose that an appositive relative clause (ARC) is coordinated with its antecedent. This approach avoids problems that come with the adjunction analysis, and it predicts some interesting facts. First consider the structure of restrictive relatives. The two major analyses that can be found in the literature are depicted in (1).
Proceedings Article•
29 Apr 2000TL;DR: Results based on the annotation of twelve texts from four genres show that only a few factors have a strong influence on pronominalization across genres, i.e. distance from last mention, agreement, and form of the antecedent.
Abstract: Our aim in this paper is to identify genreindependent factors that influence the decision to pronominalize. Results based on the annotation of twelve texts from four genres show that only a few factors have a strong influence on pronominalization across genres, i.e. distance from last mention, agreement, and form of the antecedent. Finally, we describe a probabilistic model of pronominalization derived from our data.
TL;DR: The behavior-analytic point of view clarifies such important contemporary issues in psychology as (a) the role of scientific theories and explanations, (b) educational practices, and (c) equivalence classes, so that there is no risk of strengthening the traditional view that words are things that symbolically represent other things.
Abstract: On a traditional view, words are the fundamental units of verbal behavior. They are independent, autonomous things that symbolically represent or refer to other independent, autonomous things, often in some other dimension. Ascertaining what those other things are constitutes determining the meaning of a word. On a behavior-analytic view, verbal behavior is ongoing, functional operant activity occasioned by antecedent factors and reinforced by its consequences, particularly consequences that are mediated by other members of the same verbal community. Functional relations rather than structure select the response unit. The behavior-analytic point of view clarifies such important contemporary issues in psychology as (a) the role of scientific theories and explanations, (b) educational practices, and (c) equivalence classes, so that there is no risk of strengthening the traditional view that words are things that symbolically represent other things.
TL;DR: This article investigated the effect of pragmatic principles on the acquisition of English reflexives by adult Turkish second language (L2) learners and found that pragmatic bias towards a non-local antecedent overrides the parameter setting of English and causes learners to choose as possible antecedents NPs outside the binding domain.
Abstract: This study investigates the effects of pragmatic principles on the acquisition of the binding of English reflexives by adult Turkish second language (L2) learners. The study compares pragmatically biased and pragmatically neutral sentences to determine whether pragmatic bias towards a non-local antecedent overrides the parameter setting of English and causes learners to choose as possible antecedents NPs outside the binding domain. Both group and individual results indicate that pragmatically biased sentences compel the subjects to consider pragmatic information to the extent that it can affect their choice of local antecedent. Acquisition theories should account for the role that pragmatic information might play in the assignment of possible antecedents for reflexives.This study incorporates Huang's (1994) ‘pragmatic theory of anaphora’ in which the interpretation of a reflexive is subject to the I-principle, a pragmatic strategy which finds an antecedent for the reflexive that gives the most informative...
Patent•
25 Feb 2000
TL;DR: In this article, an anaphora analyzer is used to automatically estimate an antecedent of a noun for use in a natural language sentence, and a preference giving section calculates a predetermined estimated value for each of the remaining antecedents by referring to an information table including predetermined estimation information obtained from a predetermined training tagged corpus.
Abstract: An anaphora analyzing apparatus is disclosed for automatically estimating an anaphora referential relation or an antecedent of a noun for use in a natural language sentence. A storage unit stores analyzed results outputted from an analyzer, and an antecedent candidate generator detects a target component required for anaphora analysis in accordance with the current analyzed results and the past analyzed results stored in the storage unit, and generates antecedent candidates corresponding to the target component. Then, a candidate rejecting section rejects unnecessary candidates having no potential for anaphora referential relation among the antecedent candidates by using a predetermined rejecting criterion, and outputs the remaining antecedent candidates. Further, a preference giving section calculates a predetermined estimated value for each of the remaining antecedent candidates by referring to an information table including predetermined estimation information obtained from a predetermined training tagged corpus, and gives the antecedent candidates preference in accordance with the calculated estimated value. Finally, a candidate deciding section decides a predetermined number of antecedent candidates based on a given preference in accordance with the preferenced antecedent candidates.
Journal Article•
13 Sep 2000
TL;DR: A heuristic algorithm for detection of the indirect antecedents for dialogue phrases based on the use of a dictionary of prototypic scenarios associated with each headword as well as of a thesaurus of the standard type is presented.
Abstract: Resolution of referential ambiguity is one of the most challenging problems of natural language processing. Especially frequently it is faced within dialogues. We present a heuristic algorithm for detection of the indirect antecedents for dialogue phrases based on the use of a dictionary of prototypic scenarios associated with each headword as well as of a thesaurus of the standard type. The conditions for filtration of the candidates for the antecedent are presented. We also present a similar algorithm for reconstruction of elliptical phrases of a special kind using a combinatory dictionary.
TL;DR: In this paper, the ellipsis clause is used to describe the constituent that remains expressed in the ellipseis clause, which is referred to as the remnant (den Peter "the Peter") and the clause from which the elided information is retrieved.
Abstract: The following terminology will be used. The clause containing the ellipsis (dann besbI£he ieh immer den Peter "then I always -vts# Peter" in ( 1b)) is called ellipsis clause. The constituent --other than dann ("then"), immer ("always") and possibly other particles-that remains expressed in the ellipsis clause is called the remnant (den Peter "the Peter") . The clause from which the elided information is retrieved will be referred to as antecedent clause (ich wen besuche "I visit someone") . Finally, the constituent in the antecedent clause that corresponds to the remnant in the ellipsis clause will be called antecedent (constituent) or correlate (wen "someone" in ( 1b)) .
TL;DR: The authors examines the clinical and empirical literature on the impact of parental workaholism on adult children and presents a case study along with recommendations for family therapists on how to address the needs of adult children of workaholics in therapy.
Abstract: This article examines the clinical and empirical literature on the impact of parental workaholism on adult children. A case study is presented along with recommendations for family therapists on how to address the needs of adult children of workaholics in therapy.
02 Jun 2000
TL;DR: A method oriented to pronominal anaphora resolution in Spanish is presented, based on two ontologies, On and Ov, that define semantic concept branches for nouns and verbs respectively, that allows the identification of the noun phrase antecedents of a Spanish personal pronoun.
Abstract: Tendencies in Natural Language Processing (NLP) systems go towards the study of the semantic knowledge that can be extracted from the words within a context. For this reason, semantic information addition is necessary for the definition of new NLP strategies.
In this paper, a method oriented to pronominal anaphora resolution in Spanish is presented. This method is based on two ontologies, On and Ov, that define semantic concept branches for nouns and verbs respectively. Also, the method uses two relation sets in order to solve the anaphora. These sets are formed by semantic patterns that define the compatibility between a subject and its verb and verb and its complement, using the ontological concepts of their heads.
The semantic behaviour provided by these patterns allows the identification of the noun phrase antecedents of a Spanish personal pronoun. This antecedent has the best compatibility ratio among all proposed antecedents of the anaphoric pronoun. This compatibility ratio is measured using the relation level between concepts in the ontological branch of each pair member.
01 Jan 2000
TL;DR: This article examined whether the Moses illusion extends to longer passages of text and whether it is influenced by the presence of the correct term in the episodic representation of the text and found that the illusion does extend to reading comprehension, and more specifically to antecedent retrieval.
Abstract: The Moses Illusion refers to participants' failure to detect distortions in questions such as, "How many animals of each kind did Moses take on the Ark?" although it was actually Noah's Ark. The Illusion is thought to depend on the semantic relation between the distorted term (e.g., Moses) and the correct term (e.g., Noah). The Illusion literature has been limited mostly to investigations of semantic memory and to a single-question format. The experiments reported in this dissertation examined whether the Illusion extends to longer passages of text and whether it is influenced by the presence of the correct term in the episodic representation of the text. Passages in which an anaphor was either correct, incorrect but highly related, or incorrect but low-related with respect to its antecedent were presented. Experiments 1a and 1b were rating and priming studies that demonstrated that the incorrect - high overlap antecedent shared higher featural overlap with the correct antecedent than the incorrect low overlap antecedent did. In Experiments 2a and 2b, passages focused on the similarities between the incorrect - high overlap and correct antecedents. In Experiment 3, the passages focused on the dissimilarities between the incorrect - high overlap and correct antecedents. In Experiment 4, syntactic focus was used to highlight the incorrect - high overlap antecedent. In Experiments 2a – 4, reading time differences demonstrated that readers failed to detect the distortion more often when the distorted anaphor and its antecedent shared high featural overlap. Thus, the Moses Illusion does extend to reading comprehension, and more specifically, to antecedent retrieval. In addition, semantic information about the relation between the antecedent and anaphor appeared to be more available during integration than episodic information about the antecedent. These results are discussed in terms of the memory-based view of text processing.
TL;DR: In this paper Richard Jeffrey's 'Logic of Decision' is extended by examination of agents' attitudes to the sorts of possibilities identified by indicative conditional sentences and an expression for the desirability of conditionals is proposed and a representation theorem is given.
Abstract: In this paper Richard Jeffrey's 'Logic of Decision' is extended by examination of agents' attitudes to the sorts of possibilities identified by indicative conditional sentences. An expression for the desirability of conditionals is proposed and, along with Adams' thesis that the probability of a conditional equals the conditional probability of its antecedent given its consequent, is defended by informally deriving it from Jeffrey's notion of desirability and some weak constraints on rational preference for conditional possibilities. Finally a statement is given of a representation theorem establishing the conditions under which a rational agent's preferences for conditionals determines the existence of unique measures (up to choice of scale) of her degrees of belief and desire.
02 Jun 2000
TL;DR: This algorithm is based on the relationships between pre and post-modifier of both noun phrase and anaphoric expression and considers as an antecedent all kinds of noun phrase, but does not considers other kinds of antecedents like sentences or full text.
Abstract: In this paper, an algorithm in order to solve definite descriptions in Spanish texts with the same head noun as their antecedent is presented. This algorithm is based on the relationships between pre and post-modifier of both noun phrase (antecedent and anaphoric expression). This algorithm only considers as an antecedent all kinds of noun phrase, but do not considers other kinds of antecedents like sentences or full text. This algorithm has achieved an average precision score of 83.6%.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors identify antecedent manipulation and the role of establishing operations as primary themes of the book as well as crucial elements in the design of a broadly applicable behavior support technology.
Abstract: This review identifies antecedent manipulation and the role of establishing operations as primary themes of the book as well as crucial elements in the design of a broadly applicable behavior support technology. The discussion of the book's thematic treatment of these elements highlights the traditional importance of elaborate antecedent interactions within the field of behavior analysis and welcomes researchers' efforts to broaden their credibility and influence through comprehensive and durable applications of behavior support technologies in a variety of natural settings. The reviewers rate the book as representative of the most recent developments and directions within applied behavior support.
TL;DR: For instance, the authors concludes that Cesti probably designed Gelone for an alto voice type for buffo servants in the mid-late seventeenth century, and warns against using eighteenth-century models to interpret the seventeenth-century repertory.
Abstract: Cesti's Orontea (Innsbruck, 1656), one of the most celebrated operas of the seventeenth century, is considered a significant antecedent of eighteenth-century opera buffa; the important role of Gelone is deemed one of the first basso buffo roles in opera history. Yet this view is based on incomplete and problematic historical data. This article reexamines that data and develops strategies for handling the text-critical problems that plague seventeenth-century opera. It concludes that Cesti probably designed Gelone for an alto – the most common voice type for buffo servants in the mid-late seventeenth century – and warns against using eighteenth-century models to interpret the seventeenth-century repertory.
01 Mar 2000
TL;DR: In this paper, a learning algorithm for the class of inequated range restricted Horn expressions is presented and proved correct, where the main property of this class is that all the terms in the conclusion of a clause appear in the antecedent of the clause, possibly as subterms of more complex terms.
Abstract: A learning algorithm for the class of inequated range restricted Horn expressions is presented and proved correct. The main property of this class is that all the terms in the conclusion of a clause appear in the antecedent of the clause, possibly as subterms of more complex terms. And every clause includes in its antecedent all inequalities possible between all terms appearing in it. The algorithm works within the framework of learning from entailment, where the goal is to exactly identify some pre-fixed and unknown expression by making questions to membership and equivalence oracles.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors contrast the bare que' hypothesis -that a prepositionless que' is always a complementizer and never a relative pronoun -to the unique que'' hypothesis, that que'' is a complementary pronoun even when preceded by a prior preposition.
Abstract: To study the alleged ambiguity of bare que' it is necessary to contrast the bare que' hypothesis - a prepositionless que' is always a complementizer and never a relative pronoun - to the unique que' hypothesis - que' is a complementizer even when preceded by a preposition. The argumentation favors the bare que' hypothesis, a hypothesis which also demonstrates that the determiner in prepositionless art + que' is the indicator of a partial antecedent. Pedagogical recommendations for the teaching of relative clauses close the discussion.
01 Jan 2000
TL;DR: The Reunion, ile deserte jusqu’en 1665, s’est peuplee par migrations successives depuis la colonisation: arrivee des colons, mise en place de l’esclavage puis de l'engagisme, plus tard, the modernisation and l'accroissement economique lies a la departementalisation ont fait de cette ile un veritable pole d’attraction dans la zone de l ocean Indien RE
Abstract: La Reunion, ile deserte jusqu’en 1665, s’est peuplee par migrations successives depuis la colonisation : arrivee des colons, mise en place de l’esclavage puis de l’engagisme. Plus tard, la modernisation et l’accroissement economique lies a la departementalisation ont fait de cette ile un veritable pole d’attraction dans la zone de l’ocean Indien. Avec ses origines pluri-ethniques, la population actuelle est une veritable mosaique ou le metissage s’opere a tous les niveaux : dans les croyances, dans les mœurs, dans les langues... C’est a partir d’une telle diversite que se constituent depuis toujours les familles creoles, que se transmettent les valeurs, les savoirs, les biens, les noms. Mais c’est aussi a partir de cette realite que se creent les enjeux, que se trament les secrets, que se nouent les conflits, que s’operent les ruptures. Qu’en est-il pour chaque sujet de la problematique de la transmission (recevoir/donner) et du lien (lier/delier) dans un contexte pluriel ? De la complexite et de la dynamique de chaque situation familiale nait ce qui constituera sa singularite, sa richesse, parfois aussi sa fragilite, sa souffrance. Pour avancer dans ce questionnement sur la filiation, cet expose s’est particulierement centre sur une approche anthroponymique. La reflexion porte sur deux axes : celui de l’histoire et de la legislation (application du Code Noir, pratiques de l’emigration, mise en adequation suivant les regles de l’etat civil...) ; celui des donnees issues de la clinique en psychopathologie infantile (prise en consideration dans la dimension therapeutique de tout ce qui concerne le nom des enfants). L’objectif de cette recherche est d’approcher la fonction symbolique de l’acte de nomination et les consequences liees aux atteintes de ce processus constitutif de l’identite. Car etre nomme c’est se placer par rapport aux autres et etre reconnu en tant que tel, c’est experimenter la dialectique de l’intimite et de l’alterite, c’est introduire la dimension de l’histoire avec ce qu’elle ouvre du cote du reve et de la fiction. Etre nomme, c’est s’inscrire dans la temporalite, car le nom resiste au temps et au metissage, c’est peut-etre d’une certaine facon retrouver une part de bonheur et de liberte...
TL;DR: For fifty years after the publication of Ulysses, the relation between Homer's epic and Joyce's novel was a central feature of Joyce criticism as discussed by the authors, and as interest in the Homeric parallels began to wane, Bakhtinian and poststructuralist approaches continued to enhance our knowledge of Joyce's ties to antecedent texts and discursive practices.
Abstract: For fifty years after the publication of Ulysses, the relation between Homer's epic and Joyce's novel was a central feature of Joyce criticism. Since the seventies, as interest in the Homeric parallels began to wane, Bakhtinian and poststructuralist approaches continued to enhance our knowledge of Joyce's ties to antecedent texts and discursive practices. Between the earlier studies of allusion and influence and more recent