Showing papers on "Anthrax vaccines published in 1994"
TL;DR: The history of the development and use of the Soviet live spore human anthrax vaccine, and results of mass field trials on this vaccine following administration by scarification, by subcutaneous injection route or by aerosol exposure are presented.
102 citations
TL;DR: The efficacy of an anthrax vaccine licensed for human use, MDPH-PA, was tested in guinea-pigs intramuscularly challenged with 10, 100 or 1000 LD50 of spores from two virulent strains of Bacillus anthracis, Vollum 1B and Ames.
88 citations
TL;DR: It is suggested that the use of S. typhimurium to deliver PA is an effective approach for inducing protection against B. anthracis and that the degree of protection demonstrated in the mouse may not fully indicate the potential of the recombinant Salmonella as an effective vaccine in other species.
87 citations
TL;DR: All subjects with anthrax meningoencephalitis died, but the one with only a malignant pustule recovered and a large number of people who cooked or ate the cooked meat of the dead sheep remained well.
Abstract: We report a common-source outbreak of anthrax meningoencephalitis in Chittoor district in Andhra Pradesh, southern India, in October 1990. The source of infection was the carcass of a sheep. Of 5 persons who skinned and cut up its meat for human consumption, 4 developed anthrax meningoencephalitis and one a malignant pustule. Another person who wrapped the meat in a cloth and carried it home on his head developed a malignant pustule on his forehead and also meningoencephalitis. All subjects with anthrax meningoencephalitis died, but the one with only a malignant pustule recovered. A large number of people who cooked or ate the cooked meat of the dead sheep remained well. The medical, public health and veterinary authorities were alerted and sheep, goats and cattle in the locality were immunized with anthrax vaccine. Although rules against consumption of meat of dead animals exist, their violation shows a lack of public awareness. Health education should be undertaken to correct this situation.
19 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Development of cell-mediated immunity after anthrax vaccination is demonstrated and the Anthraxin skin test should have practical applications for the production of vaccines and for evaluation of the immune status of vaccinated livestock.
Abstract: To evaluate delayed hypersensitivity after anthrax vaccination, an Anthraxin skin test was performed in 682 guinea pigs at various times after immunization with veterinary unencapsulated active anthrax vaccine. Results were compared with those obtained in unimmunized control guinea pigs (n = 216), in guinea pigs that received a non-immunizing dose of live vaccine (n = 183) and in guinea pigs inoculated with inactivated vaccine (n = 120). Anthraxin skin tests were positive in the first postvaccination days. The incidence and intensity of positive tests peaked between two weeks and one month after vaccination and then gradually decreased during the first year. Study of resistance of guinea pigs to an inoculum at a lethal dose of a virulent strain of Bacillus anthracis showed a close correlation between positive tests and resistance. These findings demonstrate development of cell-mediated immunity after anthrax vaccination. The Anthraxin skin test should have practical applications for the production of vaccines and for evaluation of the immune status of vaccinated livestock [corrected].
2 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: It is confirmed that, regardless of the mode of administration, the vaccine induces cell-mediated immunity in man, as determined by positive anthraxine skin test, which is in agreement with those obtained in clinical epidemiological studies documenting the effectiveness of encapsulated live anthrax vaccine in man.
Abstract: To detect cell immunity characterized by delayed postvaccination hypersensitivity to anthrax in man and assess its dynamics, vaccination using unencapsulated live anthrax vaccine was performed in 668 healthy volunteers. Vaccination was performed either by scarification (n = 172), subcutaneous injection (n = 202), or low-dose (n = 202) or high-dose (n = 83) inhalation. The anthraxin intradermal tests were performed in each patient at various times during the year following vaccination (D7, D15, D90, D180, D365). This study confirm that, regardless of the mode of administration, the vaccine induces cell-mediated immunity in man, as determined by positive anthraxine skin test. The incidence of positive tests decreases with time regardless of the mode of vaccination. After one year, the test remained positive in 34.8% of subjects vaccinated by subcutaneous injection, 37.5% vaccinated by low-dose inhalation, 34.2% vaccinated by high-dose inhalation, and 22.4% vaccinated by scarification. These findings are in agreement with those obtained in clinical epidemiological studies documenting the effectiveness of encapsulated live anthrax vaccine in man.
1 citations