Topic
Antibody
About: Antibody is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 113941 publications have been published within this topic receiving 4130181 citations. The topic is also known as: Ab & antibodies.
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TL;DR: The structural information that is emerging on three human immunoglobulin classes and their FcRs is reviewed, including an understanding of the antibody conformational adjustments that are required to bring effector cell and target cell membranes sufficiently close for efficient killing and signal transduction to occur.
Abstract: Immunoglobulins couple the recognition of invading pathogens with the triggering of potent effector mechanisms for pathogen elimination. Different immunoglobulin classes trigger different effector mechanisms through interaction of immunoglobulin Fc regions with specific Fc receptors (FcRs) on immune cells. Here, we review the structural information that is emerging on three human immunoglobulin classes and their FcRs. New insights are provided, including an understanding of the antibody conformational adjustments that are required to bring effector cell and target cell membranes sufficiently close for efficient killing and signal transduction to occur. The results might also open up new possibilities for the design of therapeutic antibodies.
412 citations
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TL;DR: It is demonstrated that an antigen present on normal B cells is expressed on the vast majority of B cell lymphomas and on approximately 75% of CALLA positive ALL, suggesting that these tumors may share a common B cell lineage.
Abstract: A monoclonal antibody (anti-B1) specific for a unique B cell surface differentiation antigen was used to characterize the malignant cells from patients with leukemias or lymphomas. All tumor cells from patients with lymphomas or chronic lymphocytic leukemias, bearing either monoclonal kappa lambda light chain, expressed the B1 antigen. In contrast, tumor cells from T cell leukemias and lymphomas or acute myeloblastic leukemia were unreactive. Approximately 50% of acute lymphoblastic leukemias (ALL) of non-T origin and 50% of chronic myelocytic leukemia in blast crisis were also anti-B1 reactive. moreover, 21 of 28 patients with the common ALL antigen (CALLA) positive form of ALL were anti-B1 positive, whereas 0 of 13 patients with CALLA negative ALL were reactive. These observations demonstrate that an antigen present on normal B cells is expressed on the vast majority of B cell lymphomas and on approximately 75% of CALLA positive ALL, suggesting that these tumors may share a common B cell lineage.
412 citations
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TL;DR: This review focuses on the various biological functions mediated by the different human Fc’yR, and utilizes a new nomenclature for these receptors recently proposed by other workers.
Abstract: A heterogeneous group of receptors binding the Fc region of Ig, Fc receptors, provides important links between the cellular and humoral branches ofthe immune system. The members of this receptor group, specific for essentially all the Ig isotypes, are expressed on a variety of cells and mediate multiple important functions. Receptors for IgG (Fc’yR) , a subgroup within the larger group of FcR, were recently shown to belong to the Ig supergene family . Three major classes of leukocyte Fc R are currently recognized, all of which contain several members. Although rapid progress has been made in elucidating the structure of Fc’yR and organization of their genes [see 107] , many questions about the functions of these Fc’yR remain unanswered. In this review we focus on the various biological functions mediated by the different human Fc’yR. We utilize a new nomenclature for these receptors recently proposed by other workers (Kinet, J.-P. and Ravetch, J. , personal communication).
412 citations
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TL;DR: A transplantable, murine reticulum cell sarcoma is described which exhibits the cytologic, adherence, and phagocytic properties of macrophages and mediate antibody-dependent cellular immunity as assayed by release of radioactivity from 51Cr-labeled erythrocytes.
Abstract: A transplantable, murine reticulum cell sarcoma is described which exhibits the cytologic, adherence, and phagocytic properties of macrophages. It forms specific rosettes with erythrocytes in the presence of the corresponding anti-serum. The ascites cells mediate antibody-dependent cellular immunity as assayed by release of radioactivity from 51Cr-labeled erythrocytes. The contribution of contaminating host cells in the cytotoxic reaction was ruled out by growing the tumor in F1 mice and removing the host cells by anti-H2 serum and complement. The tumor cells have receptors for IgG2a and IgG2b immunoglobulins. The availability of a pure population of effector cells in the immune system allows study of the biochemical processes pursuant to lysis of foreign cells.
411 citations
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TL;DR: Data show that IFN-gamma-producing Th1 cells infiltrate atherosclerotic lesions and provide T cell help for autoimmune responses to oxidized LDL in apo E-knockout mice, and severe hypercholesterolemia is associated with a switch from Th1 to Th2, which results not only in the formation of IgG1 autoantibodies to oxidization LDL, but also in the appearance of Th2-type cytokines in the atherosclerosis lesions.
Abstract: Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory-fibrotic response to accumulation of cholesterol in the artery wall. In hypercholesterolemia, low density lipoproteins (LDL) accumulate and are oxidized to proinflammatory compounds in the arterial intima, leading to activation of endothelial cells, macrophages, and T lymphocytes. We have studied immune cell activation and the autoimmune response to oxidized LDL in atherosclerotic apo E-knockout mice. Autoantibodies to oxidized LDL exhibited subclass specificities indicative of T cell help, and the increase in antibody titers in peripheral blood was associated with increased numbers of cytokine-expressing T cells in the spleen. In addition to T cell-dependent antibodies, IgM antibodies to oxidized LDL were also increased in apo E-knockout mice. This suggests that both T cell-dependent and T cell-independent epitopes may be present on oxidized LDL. In moderate hypercholesterolemia, IgG antibodies were largely of the IgG2a isotype, suggesting that T cell help was provided by proinflammatory T helper (Th) 1 cells, which are prominent components of atherosclerotic lesions. In severe hypercholesterolemia induced by cholesterol feeding of apo E-knockout mice, a switch to Th2-dependent help was evident. It was associated with a loss of IFN-gamma-producing Th1 cells in the spleen, whereas IL-4-producing Th2 cells were more resistant to hypercholesterolemia. IFN-gamma but not IL-4 mRNA was detected in atherosclerotic lesions of moderately hypercholesterolemic apo E-knockout mice, but IL-4 mRNA appeared in the lesions when mice were made severely hypercholesterolemic by cholesterol feeding. These data show that IFN-gamma-producing Th1 cells infiltrate atherosclerotic lesions and provide T cell help for autoimmune responses to oxidized LDL in apo E-knockout mice. However, severe hypercholesterolemia is associated with a switch from Th1 to Th2, which results not only in the formation of IgG1 autoantibodies to oxidized LDL, but also in the appearance of Th2-type cytokines in the atherosclerotic lesions. Since the two subsets of T cells counteract each other, this switch may have important consequences for the inflammatory/immune process in atherosclerosis.
411 citations