Antibody

About: Antibody is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 113941 publications have been published within this topic receiving 4130181 citations. The topic is also known as: Ab & antibodies.

Therapeutic efficacy of potent neutralizing HIV-1-specific monoclonal antibodies in SHIV-infected rhesus monkeys

Abstract: HIV-1-specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) with extraordinary potency and breadth have recently been described In humanized mice, combinations of mAbs have been shown to suppress viremia, but the therapeutic potential of these mAbs has not yet been evaluated in primates with an intact immune system Here we show that administration of a cocktail of HIV-1-specific mAbs, as well as the single glycan-dependent mAb PGT121, resulted in a rapid and precipitous decline of plasma viremia to undetectable levels in rhesus monkeys chronically infected with the pathogenic virus SHIV-SF162P3 A single mAb infusion afforded up to a 31 log decline of plasma viral RNA in 7 days and also reduced proviral DNA in peripheral blood, gastrointestinal mucosa, and

Quantitative aspects of the reaction between insulin and insulin-binding antibody.

Abstract: The presence of insulin-binding antibodies in the serums of insulin-treated subjects has been reported previously (1). With I\"ll-labeled insulin it has been shown that the antigen-antibody complexes do not precipitate, that the binding of insulin to antibody is a reversible process, and that, at constant antibody concentration, the ratio of bound insulin to free insulin is an inverse function of the concentration of insulin (1). In the present studies, experimental data on the reaction between insulin and insulin-binding antibody are tested against several theoretical models. The results are most compatible with a model composed of a univalent insulin reacting with two distinctly different orders of antibody sites. Data for equilibrium constants, forward and reverse velocity constants and various ther-modynamic constants are presented in terms of the model chosen. METHODS Antiserums were obtained from insulin-treated diabetic and schizophrenic subjects generally at least 24 hours and frequently many weeks following the last injection of insulin and were stored frozen or at 40 C. for weeks or months prior to use. Insulin-I131 was prepared from crystalline beef insulin' with specific activities of 10 to 100 mc. per mg. Methods employed in preparation and in protection of the insulin against extensive radiation damage have been described (2, 3). However, because of the extremely high specific activities of the preparations and the trauma incident to the labeling procedure, storage and dilution, occasionally as much as 10 per cent of the insulin-I'3l was damaged by the time of use. Recent preparations, with which the bulk of the quantitative data has been obtained, have uniformly contained less than 5 per cent damaged components. All dilutions were made in water or veronal buffer,2 0.1 ionic strength, pH 8.6, to which was added 2 per cent ' We are indebted to Dr. 0. K. Behrens and Dr. C. W. Pettinga of the Eli Lilly laboratories for generous supplies of crystalline beef insulin. 2 No significant differences in binding were detected when duplicate specimens of the same antiserum were diluted in water and in veronal. serum albumin to minimize losses of insulin or antibody by adsorption on glassware. Two types of experiments were performed. In one, henceforth termed \"equilibrium state\" studies, various relative concentrations of antiserum and insulin, including tracer quantities of insulin-I'3l, were incubated together at 370 C. The mixtures were allowed to come to equilibrium and were then analyzed for their content of free and bound insulin. No …

Experimental glomerulonephritis. The pathogenesis of a laboratory model resembling the spectrum of human glomerulonephritis.

Abstract: Daily injections of any one of several foreign serum proteins produced in rabbits functional and morphological alterations similar to those seen in acute, subacute, and chronic human glomerulonephritis. The critical factor determining whether a rabbit would develop renal disease and the type of disease developed was the amount of antibody the rabbit formed. Those responding with much antibody were likely to develop an acute, self-limited glomerulonephritis and to be subsequently immune to further renal damage. Those responding with antibody barely sufficient to neutralize the antigen injected developed subacute and chronic glomerulonephritis. In the circulation of the rabbits with chronic glomerulonephritis, there was a daily recurring antigen-antibody reaction in the region of near antigen excess to near antibody excess which presumably led to the disease. Antigen apparently in the form of antigen-antibody complexes was deposited along the renal capillary basement membranes coincident with the development of subacute and chronic glomerulonephritis. Once developed, the morphologic stigmata of chronic glomerulonephritis persisted even after injections of antigen were stopped. However, in milder instances the renal function recovered in part after stopping antigen. This experimental model has several implications: first, the renal injury is precipitated by antigens with no known affinity for, or immunologic relationship to, kidney; second, antigen antibody complexes localize in the kidney, apparently on the basis of non-immunologic factors, and may be an etiologic agent of renal injury; third, severe hypersensitivity disorders can be related specifically to relatively poor as well as to good antibody responses; and finally, the pathogenesis suggested here offers an alternative to that of nephrotoxic serum nephritis for the experimental approach to the study of human glomerulonephritis.

Stage-specific embryonic antigen involves alpha 1 goes to 3 fucosylated type 2 blood group chains.

Abstract: There is much interest in developmentally regulated molecules which may have function in cell interactions and sorting during embryogenesis and differentiation. Numerous antisera have been raised which detect antigens that are expressed in early embryonic cells and become restricted during differentiation, being expressed in only a minority of adult cells (reviewed in refs 1–3). The precise antigenic determinants recognized by such antisera have not been defined. However, studies using a hybri-doma antibody against mouse spleen cells4 and monoclonal autoantibodies of patients with cold agglutinin disease5 have shown that two defined carbohydrate antigen systems, the Forssman and the li antigens, have stage-specific expression in early mouse embryos. We now describe evidence that the stage-specific embryonic antigen SSEA-1 (ref. 6) involves the carbohydrate sequence Galβ1 → 4GlcNAc ↑1,3 Fucα This determinant is formed by α 1 → 3 fucosylation of blood group I or i antigens which are branched or linear oligosaccharides, respectively7–9, built of Galβ1 →4GlcNAc units and known as type 2 precursor chains10 of the major blood group antigens. Thus, we introduce the concept of simple glycosylation changes as a basis for stage-specific expression of embryonic antigens.

Major glycoprotein antigens that induce antibodies in AIDS patients are encoded by HTLV-III

Abstract: Antibodies from the serum of patients with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) or with the AIDS-related complex and from the serum of seropositive healthy homosexuals, recognize two major glycoproteins in cells infected with human T-cell lymphotropic virus type III (HTLV III). These glycoproteins, gp160 and gp120, are encoded by the 2.5-kilobase open reading frame located in the 3' end of the HTLV-III genome, as determined by amino terminus sequence analysis of the radiolabeled forms of these proteins. It is hypothesized that gp160 and gp120 represent the major species of virus-encoded envelope gene products for HTLV-III.