Showing papers on "Antimony published in 1982"
TL;DR: In this article, the structural, electrical, and optical properties of F and Sb+F-doped tin oxide films prepared by spray pyrolysis technique have been presented, and the variation of mobility with doping concentration has been analyzed to understand the electron-conduction mechanism.
Abstract: This paper presents the structural, electrical, and optical properties of F‐ and (Sb+F)‐doped tin oxide films prepared by spray pyrolysis technique. Resistivity as low as 5.5×10−4 Ω cm with high optical transmission (≳80%) and high infrared reflection (∼90%) have been obtained in F‐doped tin oxide films. The figure of merit ΦTC = T10/Rsh (52.6×10−3Ω−1 at 0.65μm) of these films is the highest amongst the results reported on doped tin oxide films. The variation of mobility with doping concentration has been analyzed to understand the electron–conduction mechanism. The Drude theory has been used to explain the optical properties near the plasma edge.
237 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the early phase of oxidation in dry oxygen from 5 to 60 min has been studied as a function of oxidation time, and the diffusion of antimony in silicon has been shown to have a dual vacancy-interstitialcy diffusion mechanism.
Abstract: Oxidation‐enhanced diffusion of phosphorus, arsenic, and boron and oxidation‐reduced diffusion of antimony in silicon have been studied as a function of oxidation time. Data for the early phase of oxidation in dry oxygen from 5 to 60 min have been obtained. Oxidation‐enhanced diffusivities show a steady decrease with decreasing oxidation rate for phosphorus, arsenic, and boron, with enhancements at long oxidation times in agreement with previously reported results. Antimony shows a reduction in diffusivity during oxidation. A model allowing calculation of diffusivity enhancement or reduction for all elements and oxidation times has been developed. The present data support the theory of a dual vacancy‐interstitialcy diffusion mechanism for all the elements studied. The fraction of interstitialcy diffusion fI has been calculated, yielding fI=0.38 for phosphorus at 1000 °C, fI=0.30 for boron at 1000 °C, fI=0.35 for arsenic at 1090 °C, and fI=0.015 for antimony at 1100 °C. It has also been shown that the oxid...
178 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors show that surface antimony atoms are more tightly bound than surface tin atoms, and they speculate that this provides the thermodynamic driving force for surface enrichment in antimony.
147 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, electron microscopy combined with energy dispersive X-ray analysis (SEM-EDX) was used to determine new structural criteria to further substantiate the view that gunshot residue (GSR) particles have a characteristic structure.
Abstract: Scanning electron microscopy combined with energy dispersive X-ray analysis (SEM-EDX) was used to determine new structural criteria to further substantiate the view that gunshot residue (GSR) particles have a characteristic structure. Because GSR particles are formed by rapid cooling from extreme temperatures and high pressures, they should contain features of condensates not only on their surfaces, but also within their interiors. Both the surfaces and the cross sections of GSR were examined for X-ray mapping of elements and for topographic analysis. Vaporized lead, antimony, and barium may condense uniformly and concurrently, or irregularly and discontinuously, or as a layer of lead around a nucleus of barium and antimony. These three modes of GSR formation may correspond to the equilibrium state, the increasing temperature state, and the decreasing temperature state of the explosion gas mixture of the priming compound. Most GSR smaller than 10 $#X3BCm are formed as droplets at equilibrium. Larger spheres grow by coalescence of the smaller droplets. These residues pass through various metastable forms and then freeze. Only a few semisolid spheroids of barium and antimony may capture lead vapors of the etched bullet and burnt residues, and these appear as “peeled oranges.”
146 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the effects of donor impurities such as antimony, fluorine and antimony plus fluorine on the structural, electrical and optical properties of tin oxide films prepared by spray pyrolysis have been studied.
117 citations
TL;DR: In this article, high resolution channeling techniques have been used to investigate the maximum nonequilibrium solid solubility which can be achieved during low-temperature epitaxial regrowth of high-dose antimony and indium implanted (100) silicon.
Abstract: High resolution channeling techniques have been used to investigate the maximum nonequilibrium solid solubility which can be achieved during low‐temperature (⩽600 °C) epitaxial regrowth of high‐dose antimony and indium implanted (100) silicon. The substitutional impurity concentration is observed to increase with implant dose and saturate at a limiting concentration well above the maximum equilibrium solid solubility for antimony or indium in silicon. Observed correlations between the measured solubility limits, epitaxial regrowth rates, and intriguing impurity redistribution effects suggest that impurity size and attendant lattice strain at the crystal‐amorphous interface may determine the substitutional solubility limit for low‐temperature annealing, where impurity diffusion lengths are negligible during the time of epitaxial recrystallization.
71 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the electrochemistries of antimony and simple hydrocarbons were examined in HF/SbF/sub 5/. From cyclic voltammetric data, Sb(V) appears to be a strong oxidizing agent in the super acid media, capable of oxidizing polymeric material containing three or more carbon atoms.
Abstract: The electrochemistries of antimony and simple hydrocarbons were examined in HF/SbF/sub 5/. From cyclic voltammetric data, Sb(V) appears to be a strong oxidizing agent in the super acid media, capable of oxidizing hydrocarbons containing three or more carbon atoms. It is therefore reasonable that the Sb(V) reduction process supplies the energy required for the super acid ''catalyzed'' condensation of saturated hydrocarbons, confirming suggestions already in the literature. The anodic oxidation of aromatic hydrocarbons was also examined in acidic fluoride media (HF/SbF/sub 5/ and HF/NaF). It is observed that the oxidation of benzene results in the deposition of electronicallyconducting polymeric material on the anode. The material has been identified as p-polyphenylene. The conductivity of the polymer is assumed to result from the formation of a charge-transfer complex between the partially oxidized polymer and the Lewis acid.
65 citations
TL;DR: An improved, automated method for the determination of arsenic and antimony in geological materials is described in this paper, where the material is decomposed in a heated quartz tube in the optical path of an atomic absorption spectrometer.
65 citations
63 citations
56 citations
TL;DR: The recommended method has been applied satisfactorily to the determination of antimony (III) and antimony(V) in various types of water at sub-ng/ml levels.
TL;DR: In this paper, the surface oxidation of Cd, In, Sn and Sb has been investigated by employing valence bands, metal 4d levels and plasmon bands in X-ray photoelectron spectra.
TL;DR: In this article, the surface plasmon excitation associated with the carriers gives rise to a feature of 0.55 eV in high-resolution electron energy loss spectra.
TL;DR: In this paper, the electrical conductivity, thermoelectric power, magnetic susceptibility, and molar volume of liquid Cs-Sb alloys and, partly, NaSb and KSb are reported.
Abstract: Abstract The paper reports new measurements of the electrical conductivity, thermoelectric power, magnetic susceptibility, and molar volume of liquid Cs-Sb alloys and, partly, Na-Sb and K-Sb alloys. From the temperature and composition dependence of the electronic properties it is concluded that typical semiconducting behavior similar to liquid chalgogen based alloy semiconductors exists over a wide composition range. The change in bonding for 0.25≦XSb≦0.5 is qualitatively discussed and it is found that these liquid alloys are not essentially ionic in character.
TL;DR: In this paper, metal microclusters of lead, indium, bismuth and antimony in the size range between 2 to 500 atoms per cluster are generated by inert gas condensation, extracted into vacuum and detected by mass spectrometry.
Abstract: Metal microclusters of lead, indium, bismuth and antimony in the size range between 2 to 500 atoms per cluster are generated by inert gas condensation, extracted into vacuum and detected by mass spectrometry. Resolved clusterpeaks are observed up to Pb110, In50, Bi70 and Sb240. Condensation conditions, beam intensities and limitations of the cluster source are discussed.
TL;DR: A colorimetric field method for the determination of As and Sb was compared with atomic absorption (AA) techniques using both graphite furnace atomic absorption and the hydride generating technique with the heated quartz cell as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: A colorimetric field method for the determination of As and Sb was compared with atomic absorption (AA) techniques using both graphite furnace atomic absorption and the hydride generating technique with the heated quartz cell.
TL;DR: The differential pulse polarography of Ge(IV, Sn(IV), As(V, Sb(V), Se(IV) and Te(VI) has been investigated in perchlorate media containing catechol using a static mercury drop electrode.
TL;DR: In this paper, high-dose antimony-implanted (100) silicon has been activated by furnace annealing at temperatures ∼600°C to achieve active concentrations up to 3×1020 cm−3, an order of magnitude in excess of the equilibrium solubility limit for antimony in silicon.
Abstract: High‐dose antimony‐implanted (100) silicon has been activated by furnace annealing at temperatures ∼600 °C to achieve active concentrations up to 3×1020 cm−3, an order of magnitude in excess of the equilibrium solubility limit for antimony in silicon. Both channeling and electrical measurements indicate that such doping levels are metastable. Subsequent annealing for longer times at higher temperatures results in a return to near‐equilibrium conditions as indicated by a reduction in both the substitutional antimony fraction and the measured active concentration. The observed annealing behavior and deactivation processes for antimony in silicon appear to show important differences from results previously obtained for arsenic in silicon.
TL;DR: In this article, the modifications induced in Fe-Sb catalysts by the introduction of an excess of antimony oxide, which is needed in order to obtain highly selective catalysts in the ammoxidation of propylene to acrylonitrile, were investigated by means of X-ray diffraction (X.r.d., X-Ray photoelectron spectroscopy (Xp.p.s.) and Mossbauer spectroscopic analysis.
Abstract: The modifications induced in Fe–Sb catalysts by the introduction of an excess of antimony oxide, which is needed in order to obtain highly selective catalysts in the ammoxidation of propylene to acrylonitrile, were investigated by means of X-ray diffraction (X.r.d.), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (X.p.s.) and Mossbauer spectroscopy.More important than increasing the surface Sb: Fe ratio, a promoting effect by an excess of Sb was found to develop during activation through the formation of structurally distorted and defective FeSbO4, which appears to be the active phase. Fe2+ ions are thus introduced into the iron antimonate rutile structure near oxygen vacancies. These vacancies are possibly connected with the adsorption sites for the more strongly bound oxygen species that is responsible for allylic oxidation.
15 Aug 1982
TL;DR: In this paper, a tetrahedral Td symmetry has been derived as the most reasonable choice for the Sb2 and Sb3 antimony clusters in inert-gas matrices.
Abstract: Antimony clusters up to Sb4 have been investigated in inert-gas matrices by means of Raman and fluorescence spectroscopy. The A → X system of Sb2 has been observed in emission and the spectroscopic constants derived agree very well with gas-phase values. The internuclear distance for the A state could be extracted. A resonant Raman line has been tentatively assigned to Sb3. For the first time all vibrational modes of Sb4 have been observed by nor-resonant Raman scattering. A tetrahedral Td symmetry has been derived as the most reasonable choice for this cluster.
TL;DR: In terpolymer (ABS) and antimony (III) oxide and chlorinated paraffin in high-density polyethylene (HDPE) have been measured and fitted by fourth-order polynomials.
TL;DR: In this paper, the EPR spectrum was used to deduce that for small implantation doses isolated broken bonds are created, while for higher implantation dose single broken bonds prevail.
Abstract: Antimony and nitrogen have been implanted at room temperature in type Ia diamonds. From the EPR spectrum we can deduce that for small implantation doses isolated broken bonds are created. Multiple defects are created for implantation doses D(Sb) = 2–5×1013 ions/cm2 and D(N) = 5×1014 ions/cm2. For higher implantation doses single broken bonds prevail. Complete graphitization is obtained for high doses: D(Sb)⩾5×1015 ions/cm2 and D(N)⩾1016 ions/cm2. In antimony doped diamonds the conductivity is only due to defects.
TL;DR: In this paper, laser-induced fluorescence was used to study antimony dimers in the vapor phase and two new states were identified in the 32 000 cm−1 region, for one of them the vibrational and rotational constants could be determined.
TL;DR: Electrothermal atomic-absorption spectrophotometry by use of a graphite furnace, in conjunction with sample pretreatment by homogenization, was evaluated as a rapid method for the determination of bismuth, thallium and vanadium in sewage sludge and was found to be applicable to this type of sample.
TL;DR: Arsenic, Se, Sb, Bi, Pb, Sn, and Te are determined in coal and fly ash samples by hydride generation and atomic absorption spectrometry.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the crystallization of amorphous antimony (a-Sb) films deposited onto glass substrates in an ultrahigh vacuum of 10−6−10−7 Pa through in situ observation with an optical microscope camera.
TL;DR: Antimony was found to be five times more effective than sulfur in promoting intergranular fracture of iron when tested in IN H2SO4 at cathodic potentials.
Abstract: Antimony, segregated to grain boundaries of iron, was found to be five times more effective than sulfur in promoting intergranular fracture of iron when tested in IN H2SO4 at cathodic potentials. A decrease in the ductility of iron accompanied the fracture mode change at increasing cathodic potentials. The effectiveness of antimony relative to sulfur was determined from straining electrode tests on iron and iron + 250 appm antimony alloys heat treated at 800 °C and 600 °C to produce different grain boundary chemical compositions. Grain boundary compositions were determined by Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES). Similar grain boundary sulfur concentrations of 0.2 monolayers were observed by AES for the iron and iron + 250 appm antimony alloy after an anneal of 240 hours at 600 °C, while 0.08 monolayers of antimony was observed for the iron + 250 appm antimony alloy. These results suggest that sulfur and antimony do not compete for grain boundary sites.
TL;DR: In this article, the formation and surface composition of catalytically active tin-antimony oxides prepared by the calcination of precipitates have been investigated by Mossbauer spectroscopy.