Showing papers on "Antimony published in 2002"
TL;DR: Antimony is ubiquitously present in the environment as a result of natural processes and human activities as discussed by the authors and is considered to be priority pollutants interest by the USEPA and the EU.
1,051 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors showed that the activity of a photocatalyst with antimony and chromium was remarkably higher than that of one with only chromium and that the charge balance was kept by codoping of Sb5+ and Cr3+ ions, resulting in the suppression of formation of Cr6+ ions and oxygen defects in the lattice.
Abstract: TiO2 and SrTiO3 codoped with antimony and chromium showed intense absorption bands in the visible light region and possessed 2.2 and 2.4 eV of energy gaps, respectively. TiO2 codoped with antimony and chromium evolved O2 from an aqueous silver nitrate solution under visible light irradiation, while SrTiO3 codoped with antimony and chromium evolved H2 from an aqueous methanol solution. The activity of TiO2 photocatalyst codoped with antimony and chromium was remarkably higher than that of TiO2 doped with only chromium. It was due to that the charge balance was kept by codoping of Sb5+ and Cr3+ ions, resulting in the suppression of formation of Cr6+ ions and oxygen defects in the lattice which should work as effectively nonradiative recombination centers between photogenerated electrons and holes.
782 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a spray-deposition tin oxide thin film with fluorine, antimony and antimony dopants was presented, which was obtained by spray pyrolysis from a SnCl 2 precursor.
342 citations
TL;DR: In this article, X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy were used to characterize polypropylene-graft-maleic anhydride with organically modified clays.
Abstract: Nanocomposites of polypropylene-graft-maleic anhydride with organically modified clays have been prepared and characterized by X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. Their combustion behavior has been evaluated using oxygen consumption cone calorimetry. Synergy is observed between the nanocomposite formed and conventional vapor phase fire retardants, such as the combination of decabromodiphenyloxide and antimony oxide. The presence of bromine and antimony does not affect the heat release rate curves of the virgin polymer.
232 citations
TL;DR: The main group elements antimony and bismuth are used clinically, primarily for the treatment of Leishmaniasis and ulcers, and promising anti-tumour activity has been reported, in particular for bismUTH compounds.
Abstract: The main group elements antimony and bismuth are used clinically, primarily for the treatment of Leishmaniasis (antimony) and ulcers (bismuth). Despite their medicinal efficacy, the exploration of the anti-cancer potential of antimony and bismuth compounds is not as well developed as for other metal-containing species. The results of cytotoxicity and anti-tumour screening for antimony(III), antimony(V) and bismuth(III) compounds are summarised in this review. While this is a relatively undeveloped field of research endeavour, promising anti-tumour activity has been reported, in particular for bismuth compounds.
207 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the possibilities of carbon adsorption technology in the removal of arsenic and antimony from a real Chilean electrolyte were investigated, and various variables which affect the metal adaption/desorption operations were studied.
149 citations
137 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors comprehensively review the growth of III-V antimony-based semiconductor materials using metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) techniques.
Abstract: This article comprehensively reviews the growth of III–V antimony-based semiconductor materials using metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). It does this by first discussing the general trends found for the growth of these materials. Next the specific growth techniques are discussed for each of the antimony-based systems including the binaries InSb, GaSb, and AlSb. The growth techniques used for many of the ternaries and quaternaries of these materials are also discussed. Following this a brief description of the use of dopants, novel organometallic sources and superlattices is presented. Next, the use of common characterization techniques is presented for different types of materials. A variety of the types of devices is then presented followed by a short summary and forecast of future directions that are currently being pursued in these materials.
133 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the effect of antimony trioxide (Sb 2 O 3 ) catalyst on the solid-state polycondensation (SSP) of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) has been rigorously studied.
118 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a two-dimensional array of SbIII8VIV14O42(H2O) clusters interlinked via bridging groups was proposed, and the antimony-vanadium clusters with antimony and vanadium in low oxidation states were previously unknown.
Abstract: The novel framework [{Co(en)2}2SbIII8VIV14O42(H2O)]·6H2O is composed of two-dimensional arrays of {SbIII8VIV14O42(H2O)} clusters interlinked via
{Co(en)2} bridging groups; such antimony–vanadium clusters with antimony and vanadium in low oxidation states were previously unknown.
93 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a simple method is described for the rapid and reliable determination of ultratrace concentrations of Sb(III) and Sb (V) in seawater by differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry.
TL;DR: In this paper, the properties of twenty hydrous mixed metal oxides of Sb, Nb, Si, Ti and W have been obtained by both precipitation and hydrothermal reactions and characterized by powder XRD, TGA and elemental analysis.
Patent•
24 Sep 2002TL;DR: In this paper, the authors characterized the amount of antimony eluted when immersed in hot water of 95° C. for 60 minutes in the form of particles having a number average particle weight of 24 mg, which is not more than 1 μg per 1 g of polyester resin, as antimony atoms (Sb).
Abstract: A polyester resin produced by polycondensing a dicarboxylic acid component containing an aromatic dicarboxylic acid or its ester-forming derivative as the main component and a diol component containing ethylene glycol as the main component in the presence of at least an antimony compound and a phosphorus compound, via an esterification reaction or an ester exchange reaction, which is characterized in that the amount of antimony eluted when immersed in hot water of 95° C. for 60 minutes in the form of particles having a number average particle weight of 24 mg, is not more than 1 μg per 1 g of the polyester resin, as antimony atoms (Sb).
TL;DR: The present study has been conducted with a view to determining the nature of the catalytic species by structurally characterizing antimony ethylene glycolate compounds and related catecholate derivatives.
Abstract: Antimony compounds are widely used as catalysts for the synthesis of the commercially important polymer poly(ethyleneterephthalate) by polycondensation of bis(hydroxyethyl)terephthalate. The precise nature of the antimony catalysts is, however, unknown. The present study has been conducted with a view to determining the nature of the catalytic species by structurally characterizing antimony ethylene glycolate compounds and related catecholate derivatives, namely [Sb2(OCH2CH2O)3]n, [Sb(OCH2CH2O)(OAc)]n, [pySb(1,2-O2C6H4)]2O, and [pyH][Sb(1,2-O2C6H4)2].
TL;DR: In this article, structural, transport, and magnetic properties of new Mg-based pnictogen compounds PnNMg 3 (Pn=As, Sb), which are prepared from the reaction of pnictsogen and Mg 3 N 2 at 800°C, were reported.
TL;DR: A novel and simple method based on selective solid phase extraction (SPE) separation of antimony(III) and highly sensitive inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometric (ICP-MS) detection of total antimony andAntimony(V) in the aqueous phase of the sample is described.
Abstract: A novel and simple method for inorganic antimony speciation is described based on selective solid phase extraction (SPE) separation of antimony(III) and highly sensitive inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometric (ICP-MS) detection of total antimony and antimony(V) in the aqueous phase of the sample. Non-polar SPE cartridges, such as the Isolute silica-based octyl (C8) sorbent-containing cartridge, selectively retained the Sb(III) complex with ammonium pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (APDC), while the uncomplexed Sb(V) remained as a free species in the solution and passed through the cartridge. The Sb(III) concentration was calculated as the difference between total antimony and Sb(V) concentrations. The detection limit was 1 ng L(-1) antimony. Factors affecting the separation and detection of antimony species were investigated. Acidification of samples led to partial or complete retention of Sb(V) on C8 cartridge. Foreign ions tending to complex with Sb(III) or APDC did not interfere with the retention behavior of the Sb(III)-APDC complex. This method has been successfully applied to antimony speciation of various types of water samples.
Patent•
01 Apr 2002TL;DR: A calcined powder of co-precipitated mixed oxides of tin and antimony is used as a YAG laser marking additive as mentioned in this paper, which can be used as an additive for laser marking.
Abstract: A calcined powder of co-precipitated mixed oxides of tin and antimony is used as a YAG laser marking additive.
TL;DR: The calculated and experimentally observed structure as well as the calculated and observed IR and Raman frequencies for all azide species (except M(N(3))(5)) are in reasonable agreement.
Abstract: Cationic, neutral, and anionic arsenic and antimony halides formed binary arsenic and antimony azide species M(N3)4+, M(N3)4-, and M(N3)6- (M = As, Sb) upon reaction with trimethylsilyl azide or sodium azide. The compounds were obtained as pure substances or salts, and their identity was established by vibrational spectroscopy and multinuclear NMR spectroscopy and partially by elemental analysis. Attempts to synthesize pentaazides, M(N3)5 (M = As, Sb), failed due to spontaneous decomposition of the compounds. Density functional theory (B3LYP) was applied to calculate structural and vibrational data. Vibrational assignments of the normal modes for the isolated azide compounds were made on the basis of their vibrational spectra in comparison with computational results. The molecular structures and vibrational spectra of the arsenic and antimony pentaazides have been investigated theoretically. These calculations (B3LYP) show minima structures (NIMAG = 0) for all reported compounds. It is shown that the M(N3...
Patent•
16 Sep 2002
TL;DR: Nanometer-sized particles comprise a mixed oxide of titanium and antimony and are characterized by rutile-like crystal phases as mentioned in this paper, which can be easily prepared by hydrothemal processing, and may be used as colloids, or in various compositions and articles
Abstract: Nanometer-sized particles comprise a mixed oxide of titanium and antimony and are characterized by rutile-like crystal phases The particles are easily prepared by hydrothemal processing, and may be used as colloids, or in various compositions and articles
TL;DR: The performance of rare-earth-doped fiber amplifiers based on antimony-silicate glasses is reviewed in this paper, where the authors show that these materials provide up to 60nm of bandwidth in the S-band ranging from 1460 to 1520nm.
TL;DR: Atomic absorption spectroscopy has suggested that As- and Sb-containing species could be cotransported with GSH, and reduced intracellular accumulation of arsenic or antimony, reflecting an increased rate of arsenic efflux from the cells, is observed.
Abstract: Arsenic trioxide is an effective treatment for acute promyelocytic leukemia, but resistance to metalloid salts is found in humans. Using atomic absorption spectroscopy, we have measured the rate of uptake of arsenic trioxide and of antimony tartrate in GLC4 and GLC4/ADR cells overexpressing MRP1 and the rate of their MRP1-mediated effluxes as a function of the intracellular GSH concentration. In sensitive cells, after 1 h, a pseudosteady state is reached where intra- and extracellular concentrations of metalloid are the same. This precludes the formation, at short term, of complexes between arsenic or antimony with GSH. In resistant cells reduced intracellular accumulation of arsenic (or antimony), reflecting an increased rate of arsenic (or antimony) efflux from the cells, is observed. No efflux of the metalloid is observed in GSH depleted cells. The two metalloids and GSH are pumped out by MRP1 with the same efficiency. Moreover for the three compounds 50% of the efflux is inhibited by 2 μM MK571. This led us to suggest that As- and Sb-containing species could be cotransported with GSH.
TL;DR: Measurements of Sb solubility in sulfidic solutions equilibrated with stibnite (Sb2S3) and orthorhombic sulfur reveal the existence of two new complexes that may control Sb behavior in many reducing environments.
Abstract: Antimony is subject to a lower drinking water standard than arsenic, its notorious group 15 cohort in the periodic table. Both elements often co-vary in nature and are fairly soluble under reducing, alkaline conditions. Of the two, much less is known about the environmental chemistry of Sb. Measurements of Sb solubility in sulfidic solutions equilibrated with stibnite (Sb2S3) and orthorhombic sulfur reveal the existence of two new complexes that may control Sb behavior in many reducing environments. Formation reactions and stability constants (23 ± 2 °C) are HS- + S(s) + Sb2S3(s) ⇄ HSb2S5-, log K = −1.47 ± 0.17; and HS- + 2S(s) + Sb2S3(s) ⇄ Sb2S62- + H+, log K = −9.55 ± 0.07. The first complex is a mixed-valence SbIII,V complex; the second is an SbV complex. Their stability in sulfidic solutions may explain previously puzzling evidence of SbV in natural anoxic environments. Owing to these complexes, zerovalent S can enhance stibnite solubility up to 3 orders of magnitude. In neutral-to-alkaline, reducing ...
TL;DR: This is the first report to indicate that antimony compounds may inhibit the repair of radiation-induced DNA DSB, and the repair inhibition occurred in the dose range near D(0), but the antimony potassium tartrate inhibited the repair at doses where most cells lost their proliferating ability.
Patent•
29 Jan 2002
TL;DR: In this article, a novel catalytic composition containing a titanyl oxalate catalyst and a catalyst enhancer and optionally containing a metallic cocatalyst such as an antimony based catalyst was presented.
Abstract: The present invention is based upon the discovery that nontitanyl oxalates can enhance the catalytic functionality of titanyl oxalate catalysts. This invention provides a novel catalytic composition containing a titanyl oxalate catalyst and a metallic oxalate catalyst enhancer and optionally containing a metallic cocatalyst such as an antimony based catalyst. A synergistic relationship has been discovered between titanyl oxalate catalyst and the catalyst enhancer. A synergistic relationship has also been discovered between the titanyl oxalate catalyst, catalyst enhancer and a metallic cocatalyst such as antimony oxide or antimony triacetate. Also provided is an improved process of producing polyester by the polycondensation of polyester forming reactants in the presence of a catalytically effective amount of a polycondensation catalyst, wherein the improvement comprises utilizing, as the polycondensation catalyst, the novel catalyst composition containing a titanyl oxalate such as lithium titanyl oxalate and a catalyst enhancer such as a nontitanyl metallic oxalate like lithium oxalate and optionally containing a metallic catalyst such as antimony oxide or antimony triacetate. The improved process produces an improved polyester having lower acetaldehyde numbers and good color. The titanyl oxalate/catalyst enhancer composition can be used as a polycondensation catalyst in combination with other catalysts to achieve synergistic catalytic activity. Preferred is a combination of lithium or potassium titanyl oxalate, Li 2 or K 2 TiO(C 2 O 4 ) 2 , lithium or potassium oxalate, Li 2 or K 2 (C 2 O 4 ) 2 with antimony oxide or antimony triacetate or antimony trisglycoxide.
TL;DR: In this article, solid phase microextraction (SPME) with polydimethylsiloxane fibres and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) is described.
Abstract: Direct analysis of the volatile antimony compounds stibine (SbH3), monomethylantimony, dimethylantimony (Me2Sb) and trimethylantimony (Me3Sb) using solid phase microextraction (SPME) with polydimethylsiloxane fibres and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) is described. The best analyte to background signal ratio was achieved using a 20 min extraction time. Antimony species were separated using a 3% phenylmethylsilicone capillary column operated at a column pressure of 70 kPa, a flow rate of 1.4 ml min−1 and temperature ramping from 30 to 36 °C at 0.1 °C min−1. Cryogenic focusing of desorbed species was required to achieve resolution of antimony species. The optimized SPME–GC–MS method was applied to the analysis of headspace gases from cultures of Cryptococcus humicolus incubated with inorganic antimony(III) and (V) substrates. The headspace gases from biphasic (aerobic–anaerobic) biomass-concentrated culture incubations revealed the presence of SbH3, Me2Sb and Me3Sb. Stibine was the major antimony species detected in cultures amended with inorganic antimony(V). Me3Sb was the sole volatile antimony species detected when cultures were amended with antimony(III). Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
TL;DR: A series of tris(N,N-dialkylcarbamato)antimony(III) complexes, Sb(O(2)CNR(2))(3) (R = Me, Et, Pr(i)()), have been synthesized and are the first members of this class of compound to have been crystallographically characterized.
Abstract: A series of tris(N,N-dialkylcarbamato)antimony(III) complexes, Sb(O2CNR2)3 (R = Me, Et, Pri), have been synthesized and are the first members of this class of compound to have been crystallographically characterized. Sb(O2CNMe2)3 (1) exists as a weakly bound dimer, whereas its diethyl and diisopropyl analogues (2, 3) are monomeric. In addition, tetrakis(N,N-diethylcarbamato)tin(IV) (4) has been prepared for comparison and shown by single-crystal X-ray analysis to exhibit the relatively rare SnO8 coordination. Crystallographic data: for 1, a = 8.7520(5) A, b = 14.2970(8) A, c = 11.8150(7) A, β = 108.029(2)°, monoclinic, P21/c, Z = 4; for 2, a = b = 14.4690(2) A, c = 16.6740(2) A, trigonal, R3, Z = 6; for 3, a = 11.9881(2) A, b = 11.6521(3) A, c = 19.8780(6) A, β = 90.401(1)°, monoclinic, P21/n, Z = 4; for 4, a = 13.9654(2) A, b = 12.0817(2) A, c = 16.6752(2) A, β = 108.1960(7)°, monoclinic, C2/c, Z = 4. Sb(O2CNMe2)3 has been used as a single-source precursor in the low-pressure chemical vapor deposition ...
TL;DR: In this article, nonlinear optical properties and optical limiting behavior of antimony and lead oxyhalide glasses were studied using laser pulses of 80 ps at 532 nm using standard Z-scan technique.
Abstract: Nonlinear optical properties and optical limiting behavior of antimony and lead oxyhalide glasses were studied using laser pulses of 80 ps at 532 nm. The standard Z-scan technique was used to determine large nonlinear absorption coefficients which range from 11 to 20 cm/GW, using intensities of 100 MW/cm2. Photodarkening was observed when intensities larger than ≈200 MW/cm2 were incident on the samples.
TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of magnesium modifier (magnesium nitrate) with that of other modifiers (palladium nitrate and nickel nitrate), in determination of arsenic, antimony and selenium by atomic absorption spectroscopy with atomization in a graphite tube, with generation of hydrides and in situ preconcentration in graphite tubes.
TL;DR: In this article, a procedure for the determination of Sb(III) and total Sb in commercial samples of injectable drugs based on pentavalent antimony was proposed.
Abstract: A procedure for the determination of Sb(III) and total Sb in commercial samples of injectable drugs based on pentavalent antimony was proposed. The drugs studied in this work are currently used for leishmaniasis treatment in many countries. Determination of Sb was performed by hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry under controlled conditions for the reaction medium. The following parameters were investigated: type and concentration of acid, sodium tetrahydroborate concentration and purge time. The chosen conditions for Sb(III) were: 4%
(m/v) citric acid, 1%
(m/v) sodium tetrahydroborate and 10 s (a pre-reduction step was performed using 10% m/v KI in 0.2% m/v ascorbic acid solution). The same parameters for total Sb determination were: 0.5 mol l−1 sulfuric acid, 4%
(m/v) sodium tetrahydroborate and 10 s. Interference
from As, Ni, Cu and Pb on the analytical signal for Sb(III) was also investigated. Two kinds of commercial drugs were analyzed. The trivalent Sb concentration varied from 1.7 to 3.1 mg l−1, corresponding to 1.6 to 2.8% for the total Sb. Recovery tests for Sb(III) showed values varying from 98.9 to 101.9%. The characteristic mass for Sb(III) was 0.22 ng and the detection limit (3s) was about 1.5 ng (absolute). The main advantage of the proposed procedure is to allow the determination of Sb(III) in the presence of a large excess of pentavalent Sb (about 2000 ng).
TL;DR: A series of antimony-doped Ba(8)Ga(16)Ge(30) clathrates was grown as large crystals from gallium flux and it was found that more antimony than extra gallium was incorporated into the material.
Abstract: A series of antimony-doped Ba8Ga16Ge30 clathrates was grown as large crystals from gallium flux. These compounds form in the cubic space group Pm3n, with the unit cell parameter varying from 10.784(5) to 10.9008(6) A as the amount of GaSb substituting for germanium atoms in the framework is increased. It was found that more antimony than extra gallium was incorporated into the material and that a specific site (the 24k Wyckoff site) was favored by this element. 71 Ga NMR was carried out to determine the siting of gallium; it fills the 6c site preferentially.