Showing papers on "Antimony published in 2009"
TL;DR: The adsorption mechanism is used to rationalize and simulate Sb/FC coagulation with good result by incorporating diffuse-layer model (DLM), indicating the impracticability of AS application for antimony removal.
242 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the effect of external energy on the shape, morphology and structure of antimony and bismuth powders has been investigated, showing that the energy had caused deformation and fracture as if the powders have been subjected to high energy milling.
Abstract: Next to atoms and molecules the powders are the smallest state of matter available in high purities and large quantities. The effect of any external energy on the shape, morphology and structure can thus be studied with relative ease. The present investigation deals with the effect of a non-contact external energy on the powders of antimony and bismuth. The characteristics of powders treated by external energy are compared with the as received powders (control). The average particle sizes, d50 and d99, the sizes below which 99% of the particles are present showed significant increase and decrease indicating that the energy had caused deformation and fracture as if the powders have been subjected to high energy milling.
173 citations
TL;DR: In this article, an antimony nanoparticle modified boron doped diamond (Sb-BDD) electrode was used for simultaneous electroanalytical determination of Pb2+ and Cd2+ by linear sweep anodic stripping voltammetry (LSASV).
Abstract: We report the simultaneous electroanalytical determination of Pb2+ and Cd2+ by linear sweep anodic stripping voltammetry (LSASV) using an antimony nanoparticle modified boron doped diamond (Sb-BDD) electrode. Sb deposition was performed in situ with the analytes, from a solution of 1 mg L-1 SbCl3 in 0.1 M HCl (pH 1). Pb2+ inhibited the detection of Cd2+ during simultaneous additions at the bare BDD electrode, whereas in the presence of antimony, both peaks were readily discernable and quantifiable over the linear range 50-500 mu g L-1. Ex situ AFM characterization of the BDD electrode after Sb deposition showed a distribution of nanoparticles ranging from 3 to 110 nm in height, and 8.5 to 506.5 nm in diameter across the electrode surface, which corresponded well to the low mass of Sb expected on the BDD with respect to the voltammetric data.
143 citations
TL;DR: The antimony film carbon paste electrode (SbF-CPE) as discussed by the authors was used as a "mercury-free" electrochemical sensor for measuring some selected trace heavy metals.
143 citations
TL;DR: Antimony-doped tin oxide (ATO) nanoparticles are prepared by a nonaqueous solution route, using benzyl alcohol as both the oxygen source and the solvent, and tin tetrachloride and various Sb(III and Sb-V) compounds as tin and antimony sources, respectively.
Abstract: Conducting antimony-doped tin oxide (ATO) nanoparticles are prepared by a nonaqueous solution route, using benzyl alcohol as both the oxygen source and the solvent, and tin tetrachloride and various Sb(III) and Sb(V) compounds as tin and antimony sources, respectively. This reaction produces nonagglomerated crystalline particles 3−4 nm in size, which can be easily redispersed in high concentrations in a variety of solvents to form stable transparent colloidal solutions without any stabilizing agents. The synthesis temperature is the most important processing parameter largely governing the reaction course and the particle properties, while the nature of the antimony source has only a marginal influence. The cassiterite SnO2 lattice can accommodate up to 30 mol % antimony without significant changes in the structure. The incorporation of an increasing percentage of antimony causes a continuous decrease in particle size and a slight asymmetric lattice distortion. The introduction of an antimony dopant drama...
139 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a new procedure for the determination of inorganic arsenic and antimony in water samples by dispersive liquid-liquid micro extraction separation and electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ETAAS) is presented.
137 citations
TL;DR: In this article, an all-chemically-deposited solar cell was demonstrated in four series-connected cells of area 1 cm 2 each, showing short-circuit current of 1.5 mA and V oc of 0.9 V under sunlight.
Abstract: Chemically deposited antimony selenide (Sb 2 Se 3 ) thin film has a coexisting antimony oxide (Sb 2 O 3 ) phase which may be converted to crystalline Sb 2 Se 3 thin films with an optical bandgap of 1.13 eV when heated at 300°C in nitrogen in the presence of selenium vapor. Instead of this, if the heating is done with an Sb 2 S 3 thin film on the chemically deposited Sb 2 Se 3 :Sb 2 O 3 thin film, a solid solution with the coexisting oxide phase (Sb 2 Se 3-x S x :Sb 2 O 3 ) is produced. The optical bandgap of such absorber material is 1.34-1.58 eV. The as-deposited thin films as well as those produced by heating are photoconductive. They were incorporated into solar-cell structures developed entirely by chemical deposition on SnO 2 :F-coated commercial transparent conductive oxide (TCO) glass. The cell structure, TCO/CdS/Sb2Se3:Sb203/PbS, showed an open-circuit voltage (V oc ) of 540 mV and short-circuit current density (J sc ) of 0.67 mA/cm 2 . In the cell TCO/CdS/Sb2Se 3-x S x :Sb 2 O 3 /PbS produced by heating in nitrogen, V oc is 520 mV, J sc is 4.2 mA/cm 2 , and conversion efficiency (η) is 0.66%. The scalability of the all-chemically deposited solar cell is demonstrated in four series-connected cells of area 1 cm 2 each, showing short-circuit current of 1.5 mA and V oc of 1.9 V under sunlight.
107 citations
TL;DR: This perspective outlines the development of compounds, which possess polarised covalent or donor-acceptor f-element-metal bonds, and highlights novel aspects of their syntheses, properties, and reactivities.
Abstract: The molecular chemistry of the f-elements is traditionally dominated by the use of carbon-, nitrogen-, oxygen-, or halide-ligands. However, the use of metal-based fragments as ligands is underdeveloped, which contrasts to the fields of d- and p-block metal–metal complexes that have developed extensively over the last fifty years. This perspective outlines the development of compounds, which possess polarised covalent or donor–acceptor f-element–metal bonds. For this review, the f-element is defined as (i) a group 3 or lanthanide metal: scandium, yttrium, lanthanum to lutetium, or (ii) an actinide metal: thorium, or uranium, and the metal is defined as a d-block transition metal, or a group 13 (aluminium or gallium), a group 14 (silicon, germanium, or tin), or a group 15 (antimony, or bismuth) metal. Silicon, germanium, and antimony are traditionally classified as metalloids but they are included for completeness. This review focuses mainly on complexes that have been structurally authenticated by single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies and we highlight novel aspects of their syntheses, properties, and reactivities.
97 citations
TL;DR: It is suggested that antimony affects nitrogen cycle in soil by changing urease activity under the neutral pH, however, soil enzyme activities may not be a good protocol due to their complex response patterns to antimony pollution.
86 citations
TL;DR: Due to their low cost, availability and significantly high adsorption capacity, the metal-loaded gels are expected to be effectively employed for the removal and recovery of antimony from aqueous solution, thus leading to the establishment of a greener environment.
86 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a mechanochemical reduction of Sb2O3 with, respectively, Al, Ti, and Mo, in the presence of carbon (acetylene black) is presented.
Abstract: Sb-MOx-C (M = Al, Ti, and Mo) nanocomposites have been synthesized by a mechanochemical reduction of Sb2O3 with, respectively, Al, Ti, and Mo, in the presence of carbon (acetylene black). X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) data reveal that these nanocomposites are composed of uniformly dispersed nanostructured antimony in the amorphous Al2O3, TiO2, or MoO3 matrix, along with conductive carbon. These composite electrodes exhibit excellent electrochemical cycling performance and rate capability in lithium cells, compared to pure antimony. Among the three Sb-MOx-C systems studied, the M = Al system with Al2O3 as the amorphous phase exhibits the best electrochemical performance, offering a capacity of >430 mAh/g after 100 cycles. The improvement in the cycling performance, compared to that of pure antimony, is attributed to a homogeneous distribution of the electrochemically active Sb nan...
TL;DR: The modelling of Sb next-nearest neighbours suggests two types of inner-sphere complexes on the surfaces of Fe oxides, edge- and corner-sharing adsorption complexes that are likely to be important sinks for Sb in the weathering crust of bullets at selected shooting ranges.
TL;DR: This study combines the identification of minerals in the supergene zone with the application of bulk techniques over a period of five years to study the attenuation of the antimony concentration in the water draining from the abandoned antimony mine in Goesdorf, Luxembourg.
TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of low Sb doping on the electron mobility was investigated and the importance of a buffer layer to separate unintentional heterointerface effects from the effects of low sb doping was illustrated.
Abstract: By antimony doping tin oxide, SnO2:Sb (ATO), below 1.0% Sb concentration, controllable n-type doping was realized. Plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy has been used to grow high quality single crystalline epitaxial thin films of unintentionally doped (UID) and Sb-doped SnO2 on r-plane sapphire substrates. A UID thickness series showed an electron concentration of 7.9×1018cm−3 for a 26nm film, which decreased to 2.7×1017cm−3 for a 1570nm film, whereas the mobility increased from 15to103cm2∕Vs, respectively. This series illustrated the importance of a buffer layer to separate unintentional heterointerface effects from the effect of low Sb doping. Unambiguous bulk electron doping was established by keeping the Sb concentration constant but changing the Sb-doped layer thickness. A separate doping series correlated Sb concentration and bulk electron doping. Films containing between 9.8×1017 and 2.8×1020 Sb atoms/cm3 generated an electron concentration of 1.1×1018–2.6×1020cm−3. As the atomic Sb concentration...
TL;DR: In this article, the effect of antimony, bismuth and calcium addition on the corrosion and electrochemical behaviour of AZ91 magnesium alloy in 3.5% NaCl solution was investigated.
TL;DR: In this article, antimony-doped tin oxide (ATO) nanostructures were prepared using chemical precipitation technique starting from SnCl2, SbCl3 as precursor compounds.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the distribution of water extractable Sb(III) and Sb (V) species along a Massachusetts highway and found that Sb was the dominant species present in both surface and soil core samples, and was mostly confined to the top 20 cm layer of soil.
29 May 2009
TL;DR: In this paper, the thermoelectric properties of the electrodeposited bismuth-antimony-telluride (Bi-Sb-Te) and antimony-te films were characterized.
Abstract: Thermoelectric properties of the electrodeposited bismuth–antimony–telluride (Bi–Sb–Te) and the antimony–telluride (Sb–Te) films were characterized. The electrodeposited Bi–Sb–Te films exhibited the Seebeck coefficients of 21–71 µV/K and a maximum power factor of 1.2 × 10 − 4 W/K 2 -m. The Sb–Te films electrodeposited at potentials of 10 mV–30 mV were amorphous with compositions close to the Sb 2 Te 3 stoichiometry. The electrodeposited Sb–Te films exhibited the Seebeck coefficients larger than 250 µV/K due to their noncrystallinity. The amorphous Sb–Te films of the stoichiometric composition exhibited a maximum power factor of 57 × 10 − 4 W/K 2 -m.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors reported the modification of electrical properties of chemical bath-deposited antimony sulphide (Sb 2 S 3 ) thin films by thermal diffusion of carbon.
TL;DR: The solubilities of brandholzite, (Mg(H 2 O) 6 )(Sb(OH) 6 ), and bottinoite at 25 °C in water have been measured.
Abstract: The solubilities of brandholzite, (Mg(H 2 O) 6 )(Sb(OH) 6 ) 2 , and bottinoite, (Ni(H 2 O) 6 )(Sb(OH) 6 ) 2 , at 25 °C in water have been measured. Solubilities are 1.95(4) × 10 -3 and 3.42(11) × 10 -4 mol dm -3 , respectively. The incongruent dissolution of romeite, Ca 2 Sb 2 O 7 , and bindheimite, Pb 2 Sb 2 O 7 , at 25 °C in 0.100 mol dm -3 aqueous HNO 3 was also investigated. Equilibrium dissolved Sb concentrations were 3.3 ± 1.0 × 10 -7 and 7.7 ± 2.1 × 10 -8 mol dm -3 , respectively. These values have been used to re-evaluate the geochemical mo- bility of Sb in the supergene environment. It is concluded that the element is geochemically immobile in solution and in soils. This was in part validated by an orientation soil geochem- ical survey over the Bayley Park prospect near Armidale, New South Wales, Australia. Anomalous soil Sb levels are confined to within 100 m of known stibnite mineralization.
TL;DR: Genotoxicity Studies of Heavy Metals: Lead, Bismuth, Indium, Silver and Antimony: Keiko Asakura, et al.
Abstract: Objectives: Many kinds of heavy metals are used in industry; thus, it is important for us to clarify their toxicity. For example, lead, which is a component of solder, is notorious for its neurotoxicity, and substitute materials have been sought for many years. Therefore, we examined the genotoxicity of lead and also those of metallic bismuth, indium, silver and antimony which are possible substitutes for lead in solder. Methods: Bacterial reverse mutation tests and chromosomal aberration tests in cultured mammalian cells were performed according to standard procedures. Results: Antimony showed genotoxicity in both tests, and bismuth also showed positive results in the chromosomal aberration test. In contrast, lead, indium, and silver were considered to be inactive by the criteria of the present study. Conclusions: Although further studies are needed because of the difficulty of genotoxicity evaluation using an in vitro system, sufficient precautions should be made when antimony and bismuth are used.
TL;DR: In this article, the growth and optical characterization of InAsSb/InAs strain balanced superlattice structures on GaSb substrates for potential application in mid-infrared photodetectors was reported.
Abstract: We report the growth and optical characterization of InAsSb/InAs strain balanced superlattice structures on GaSb substrates for potential application in midinfrared photodetectors. Photoluminescence (PL) emission was observed in the range 5 μm≤λ≤10 μm at 4 K for Sb compositions 0.14≤xSb≤0.27. The PL energy was found to depend approximately linearly on antimony, consistent with a type II band lineup. The dependence of the emission energies on the Sb mole fraction is in agreement with trends predicted by various theoretical works. The data suggest that this transition reaches zero energy for a composition of xSb=0.37.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the kinetics of the reduction of aqueous Sb(V) to the more toxic Sb (III) by dissolved sulfide under controlled anoxic conditions and at environmentally relevant concentrations of the reagents.
TL;DR: The interaction of Sb with sulfate GR (GRSO4) was investigated using multitechnique approaches such as X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS), XRD, and BET analyses, and it was found that fraction (i) is dominant for Sb(V) sorption on G RSO4.
Abstract: Green rusts (GRs), which are mixed ferrous/ferric hydroxides, occur in many suboxic soils and sediments and are thought to play an important role in the fate and transport of many inorganic contaminants. In this study, the interaction of Sb with sulfate GR (GRSO4) was investigated using multitechnique approaches such as X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS), XRD, and BET analyses. XANES analyses show that the oxidation states of Sb(V) sorbed on GRSO4 is dominantly Sb(V), suggesting that GRSO4 does not work as a strong reductant in the system of the present study. The sorption experiment EXAFS, and XRD results suggested that there are two bonding modes for Sb(V) sorption on GRSO4, (i) the sorption to edge sites with inner-sphere complex and (ii) to interlayer surface with outer-sphere complex. In addition, it was found that fraction (i) is dominant for Sb(V) sorption on GRSO4. The transformation of "metastable" GRSO4 was inhibited by the presence of Sb(V). The transformed products of GRSO4, such as magnetite and Fe(OH)2, have larger surface areas and higher capacities as adsorbent for Sb(V) than GRSO4, and the fraction of the transformed product largely affectsthe distribution of Sb between water and solid, a mixture of GRSO4, magnetite, and Fe(OH)2.
TL;DR: In this article, the effects of a third element, namely silver, copper, zinc, or antimony, on the microstructure and mechanical properties of eutectic tin-bismuth (Sn-Bi) solder were investigated.
Abstract: The effects of a third element, namely silver, copper, zinc, or antimony, on the microstructure and mechanical properties of eutectic tin-bismuth (Sn–Bi) solder were investigated. The investigation showed that, except for zinc, the addition of a trace amount of the third element improves the ductility of the Sn–Bi solder owing to the formation of a fine, homogeneous ternary eutectic microstructure. In particular, the antimony addition is the most effective in improving solder ductility. That is to say, the addition of 0.5 wt% antimony minimizes the grain size of the eutectic microstructure and increases the elongation up to about 40%. Moreover, an intermetallic compound, namely, SnSb, precipitated finely from the solid tin solution near the grain boundaries with bismuth. This fine precipitated intermetallic compound suppresses the coarsening of the eutectic structure and thus improves solder ductility.
TL;DR: A method based on high performance liquid chromatographic separation and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometric detection (HPLC-ICP-MS) was developed to determine inorganic antimony species such as Sb(III) and Sb (V) as well as possible antimony-organic metabolisation products of the antimony transferred into plant material within one Chromatographic run.
TL;DR: In this article, the dispersion of the refractive index is discussed in terms of the single-oscillator Wemple and DiDomenico model, and the chemical-bond approach has been applied successfully to interpret the decrease of the optical gap with increasing antimony content.
TL;DR: In this article, the lattice location of ion implanted antimony in zinc oxide has been determined by means of β− emission channeling from the radioactive S124b isotope.
Abstract: The lattice location of ion implanted antimony in zinc oxide has been determined by means of β− emission channeling from the radioactive S124b isotope. Following 30 keV implantation of S124b into a single-crystalline ZnO sample to a fluence of 1×1014 cm−2, the angular-dependent emission rate of β− particles around several crystallographic directions was measured with a position-sensitive Si detector. The majority of Sb was found to occupy Zn sites, with the possible fraction on O sites being at maximum 5%–6%.
TL;DR: In this article, nano-sized antimony-doped tin oxide (ATO) particles were synthesized using DC arc plasma jet and the precursors SnCl4 and SbCl5 were injected into the plasma flame in the vapor phase.