Showing papers on "Antimony published in 2019"

Dual-Band Luminescent Lead-Free Antimony Chloride Halides with Near-Unity Photoluminescence Quantum Efficiency

Abstract: Low-dimensional organic–inorganic metal halide hybrids (OIMHs) with an ultrabroad-band emission are promising as downconversion phosphors for solid-state lighting. However, toxicity of Pb and low p...

A three-dimensional macroporous antimony@carbon composite as a high-performance anode material for potassium-ion batteries

Abstract: Potassium-ion batteries (KIBs) are considered important substitutes for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) owing to the abundance of K resources. Herein, a novel three-dimensional macroporous antimony@carbon composite (Sb@C-3DP) is fabricated by a simple KCl template method with a single bi-functional precursor potassium antimony tartrate. The Sb@C-3DP electrode delivers an excellent rate capability (286 mA h g−1 at 1 A g−1) and remarkable reversible capacity (516 mA h g−1 at a low current density of 0.05 A g−1). Moreover, an outstanding long-term cycling stability (97% capacity retention after 260 cycles) is also achieved, which is benefited from the unique microstructure that can accommodate the huge volumetric change of Sb during depotassiation and potassiation processes. A full cell constructed by coupling Sb@C-3DP with a Prussian blue cathode exhibits a high energy density (197.6 W h kg−1) and power density (2067.9 W kg−1).

Halogen-bonded cocrystallization with phosphorus, arsenic and antimony acceptors.

Abstract: The formation of non-covalent directional interactions, such as hydrogen or halogen bonds, is a central concept of materials design, which hinges on using small compact atoms of the 2nd period, notably nitrogen and oxygen, as acceptors. Heavier atoms are much less prominent in that context, and mostly limited to sulfur. Here, we report the experimental observation and theoretical study of halogen bonds to phosphorus, arsenic and antimony in the solid state. Combining 1,3,5-trifluoro-2,4,6-triiodobenzene with triphenylphosphine, -arsine, and -stibine provides cocrystals based on I···P, I···As and I···Sb halogen bonds. The demonstration that increasingly metallic pnictogens form halogen bonds sufficiently strong to enable cocrystal formation is an advance in supramolecular chemistry which opens up opportunities in materials science, as shown by colossal thermal expansion of the cocrystal involving I···Sb halogen bonds.

Dendrite-Free and Stable Lithium Metal Anodes Enabledby an Antimony-Based Lithiophilic Interphase

Abstract: Rechargeable lithium metal batteries are of tremendous interest due to the high theoretical capacity and low reduction potential of lithium metal anode. However, the formation of unstable solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) results in lithium dendrite growth and low Coulombic efficiency during Li plating/stripping processes. Herein, we report an effective strategy to stabilize Li metal anode by in situ constructing antimony-based lithiophilic interphase on Li anode (Sb–Li) using antimony triiodide-tetrahydrofuran (THF) solution. The antimony-based lithiophilic interphase is composed of amorphous antimony and lithium compounds, revealed by in-depth X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The Sb–Li anode enables dendrite-free Li deposition in both ether- and ester-based electrolytes. As a result, as-assembled lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries with Sb–Li anode exhibit an initial capacity of 915 mAh g–1 at 1.0 C and a capacity retention >83% after 400 cycles. Operando Raman analysis confirmed that the antimony-based l...

Sb–Si Alloys and Multilayers for Sodium-Ion Battery Anodes

Abstract: Silicon has a theoretical sodium-storage capacity of 954 mAh/g, which even exceeds that of tin (847 mAh/g). However, this capacity has never been reached in practice. Antimony is one of the best-pe...

SnSb vs. Sn: improving the performance of Sn-based anodes for K-ion batteries by synergetic alloying with Sb

Abstract: The electrochemical mechanism and performance of Sn-based electrodes are thoroughly studied in K-ion batteries. Low temperature ex situ119Sn Mossbauer spectroscopy combined with first principles calculations provides a clear description of the electrochemical mechanism, identifying the formation of poorly crystalline and/or nanosized KSn at the end of the potassiation of β-Sn. During depotassiation, the formation of the intermediate phase K4Sn9 is established on the basis of DFT and Mossbauer spectroscopy. When tin is associated with antimony in SnSb, a different potassiation path is revealed for tin, with a huge impact on the overall performance. In fact, while the presence of antimony suppresses completely the decomposition of the electrolyte caused by tin particles, the new electrochemical potassiation/depotassiation mechanism drastically reduces the modifications in the local environment and the electrode morphology as evidenced by ex situ and post-mortem SEM analyses. Thanks to the positive impact of the association of tin with antimony, which reduces electrode degradation, a stable high specific capacity of more than 300 mA h g−1 can be achieved for Sn-based negative electrodes in K-ion batteries.

Sb(V) Reduced to Sb(III) and More Easily Adsorbed in the Form of Sb(OH)3 by Microbial Extracellular Polymeric Substances and Core–Shell Magnetic Nanocomposites

Abstract: Antimony (Sb) is a priority pollutant. Reduction adsorption is an effective treatment, because Sb(III) is easier to remove than Sb(V). However, it is unclear what specific ionic form is prone to be...

Antimony- and Bismuth-Based Chalcogenides for Sodium-Ion Batteries.

Abstract: Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) have received much attention, owing to their great potential for large-scale application. A lack of efficient anode materials with high reversible capacity is one main challenge facing the development of SIBs. Antimony- and bismuth-based chalcogenides materials can store large amounts of Na+ ions, owing to the alloying/dealloying reaction mechanism within a low potential range, and thus, are regarded as promising anodes for SIBs. However, these materials face great challenges of poor ion diffusion rate, multiple phase transformations, and severe morphology pulverization. Herein, recent developments in antimony- and bismuth-based chalcogenides materials, mainly rational structural design strategies used and the electrochemical reaction mechanisms involved, are summarized. Perspectives for further improving antimony- and bismuth-based chalcogenides anodes are also provided.

Nitrogen-doped carbon-encapsulated antimony sulfide nanowires enable high rate capability and cyclic stability for sodium-ion batteries

Abstract: Antimony sulfide (Sb2S3) has been employed for materials of the potential anode in sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) because it possesses a high theoretical capacity. However, volume variations coupled with sluggish diffusion kinetics cause rapid capacity degradation and cyclic instability during the sodiation/desodiation process. Here, we introduce a simple strategy to develop nitrogen-doped carbon-encapsulated antimony sulfide nanowire (Sb2S3@N-C) composites for the anode in SIBs. The resulting composites display excellent electrochemical characteristics with remarkable rate capability, ultrahigh capacity, and excellent stability derived from the synergistic effect between a one-dimensional Sb2S3 nanowire and a nitrogen-doped carbon, thus demonstrating the Sb2S3@N-C composites as a material with potential characteristics for the anode in next-generation storage devices. Electrochemical analysis reveals that pseudocapacitive behavior dominates the overall electrochemical process of the Sb2S3@N-C composites, wh...

Natural stibnite ore (Sb2S3) embedded in sulfur-doped carbon sheets: enhanced electrochemical properties as anode for sodium ions storage

Abstract: Antimony sulfide (Sb2S3) has drawn widespread attention as an ideal candidate anode material for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) due to its high specific capacity of 946 mA h g−1 in conversion and alloy reactions. Nevertheless, volume expansion, a common flaw for conversion-alloy type materials during the sodiation and desodiation processes, is bad for the structure of materials and thus obstructs the application of antimony sulfide in energy storage. A common approach to solve this problem is by introducing carbon or other matrices as buffer material. However, the common preparation of Sb2S3 could result in environmental pollution and excessive energy consumption in most cases. To incorporate green chemistry, natural stibnite ore (Sb2S3) after modification via carbon sheets was applied as a first-hand material in SIBs through a facile and efficient strategy. The unique composites exhibited an outstanding electrochemical performance with a higher reversible capacity, a better rate capability, as well as an excellent cycling stability compared to that of the natural stibnite ore. In short, the study is expected to offer a new approach to improve Sb2S3 composites as an anode in SIBs and a reference for the development of natural ore as a first-hand material in energy storage.

Simple synthesis of bacterial cellulose/magnetite nanoparticles composite for the removal of antimony from aqueous solution

Abstract: The progress of efficient wastewater treatment predominantly depends on materials fabrication. Polygonal magnetite nanoparticles (MNPs) were fabricated with 6–14 nm diameter by a developed co-precipitation approach, using non-toxic biotemplate bacterial cellulose (BC), biosynthesized by Gluconacetobacter xylinus (ATCC® 10245). The fabricated BC/MNPs composite was used for the removal of antimony (Sb (III)) from aqueous solution for the first time. The fabricated BC/MNPs-C was structurally characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectrum (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM). BC/MNPs-C has a saturation magnetization of 55.15 emu g−1, surface area and pore size of 85.68 m2 g−1 and 60 nm, respectively, as determined using the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller method. Networks were basically mesoporous with pore sizes mostly < 60 nm and pore size distribution centered around 27 nm. Adsorption data were modeled using four adsorption isotherms, including Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin and Dubinin–Radushkevich (D-R) models. The experimental data fitted Langmuir isotherm and followed pseudo-second-order kinetic model, indicating that the Sb (III) adsorption process occurred on homogenous monolayer, and it is chemically controlled via electrostatic attraction. The Sb (III) adsorption reached its equilibrium status within 60 min. EDXS analysis confirmed the presence of Sb (III) on the BC/MNPs-C surface. The fabricated BC/MNPs-C showed considerable regeneration capability and high performance after four successive cycles, with almost the same efficiency (88.7–93%). The overall work provides a green/simple method for bio-based nanocomposite preparation with excellent magnetic properties for the removal of antimony. As a result, the fabricated BC/MNPs-C could have important applications in many environmental and biological fields.

Simultaneous Sensitive Determination of Selenium, Silver, Antimony, Lead, and Bismuth in Microsamples Based on Liquid Spray Dielectric Barrier Discharge Plasma-Induced Vapor Generation.

Abstract: A highly efficient liquid spray dielectric barrier discharge (LSDBD) plasma-induced vapor generation technique is developed for the simultaneous determination of selenium, silver, antimony, lead, and bismuth in liquid microsamples (20 μL) by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). It is demonstrated that the dissolved Se, Ag, Sb, Pb, and Bi ions in solution samples are readily and simultaneously converted to volatile species efficiently by LSDBD plasma-induced chemical processes under similar conditions. It eliminates the use of unstable and expensive reducing reagents, and only formic acid is required in the proposed LSDBD chemical vapor generation technique. It is also worth noting that this is the first report of using plasma-induced chemical processes for the vapor generation of Ag and Bi. The simultaneous sensitive determination of Se, Ag, Sb, Pb, and Bi is realized with a sample volume of only 20 μL and the sample throughput could be as high as 180 samples h–1. The limit of detection ...

Highly Sensitive Determination of Arsenic and Antimony Based on an Interrupted Gas Flow Atmospheric Pressure Glow Discharge Excitation Source.

Abstract: A novel interrupted gas flow (IF) technique has been proposed for highly sensitive determination of ultratrace levels of arsenic and antimony in water samples by atmospheric pressure glow discharge...

Speciation analysis of antimony in environmental samples employing atomic fluorescence spectrometry – Review

Abstract: This work review shows a description of non-chromatographic and chromatographic procedures proposed for speciation analysis of antimony employing hydride generation (HG) coupled to atomic fluorescence spectrometry (AFS) in environmental matrices, including details of HG-AFS as the detection technique. Non-chromatographic procedures have been developed based on the determination of total antimony after a pre-reduction step. The main reductant agents used are discussed. Antimony(III) has been quantified in the presence of a masking agent. The most used are citrate and 8-hydroquinoline. Chromatographic procedures have been established utilizing High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Advantages and drawbacks of the main extracting agents and mobile phases employed in these procedures have been discussed. Also, alternatives to improve the method sensitivity during the determination of antimony(V) and its organic compounds by HPLC-HG-AFS are presented. Speciation procedures involving preconcentration steps have allowed methods with high sensitivity. Tables evidencing applications of non-chromatographic and chromatographic procedures in speciation studies of environmental samples are also shown. Advantages of automated and flow systems for antimony speciation studies are also highlighted.

Behavior of Tin and Antimony in Secondary Copper Smelting Process

Abstract: Different types of metal-bearing wastes, such as WEEE (Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment), are important urban minerals in modern society, and the efficient recycling and reuse of their metal values is of key interest. Pyrometallurgical copper smelting is one of the most prominent ways of treating WEEE, however, more accurate experimental data is needed regarding the behavior of different elements during each process stage. This article investigates the behavior of tin and antimony, both commonly present as trace elements in electrical and electronic waste, in secondary (i.e., sulfur-free) copper smelting conditions. The experiments were conducted in oxygen partial pressure range of 10−10–10−5 atm, covering the different process steps in copper smelting. The basis of the equilibrium system was metallic copper–iron silicate slag, with the addition of alumina and potassium oxide to account for the presence of these compounds in the actual industrial process. The results showed that the distribution coefficients of both trace metals, LCu/slag = [wt % Me]copper/(wt % Me)slag, increased significantly as a function of decreasing oxygen pressure, and the addition of basic potassium oxide also had an increasing effect on the distribution coefficient. A brief comparison between EPMA and LA-ICP-MS (electron probe microanalysis and laser ablation–inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry), the two in situ analytical techniques used, was also presented and discussed.

Atomic Layer Deposition of an Sb 2 Se 3 Photoabsorber Layer Using Selenium Dimethyldithiocarbamateas a New Se Precursor

Abstract: Atomic layer deposition (ALD) of antimony selenide (Sb2Se3) is demonstrated using selenium dimethyldithiocarbamate as a new chalcogen precursor with tris(dimethylamino) antimony as a metal source a...

Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria Mobilize Adsorbed Antimonate by Thioantimonate Formation

Abstract: The biogeochemical cycling of antimony (Sb) is often coupled with sulfur and sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB). The biogenic sulfide is usually assumed to facilitate Sb immobilization via Sb2S3 precipitation. Here, on the contrary, we discovered that SRB mobilize adsorbed Sb(V). When SbV(OH)6–-bearing goethite was incubated anaerobically with Desulfovibrio vulgaris DP4, an elevated level of antimony was released due to the formation of thioantimonate, which is the dominant Sb species in solution. Our Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry analysis revealed multiple six- or five-coordinate thioantimonate intermediates, suggesting stepwise ligand exchange of hydroxyl groups on SbV(OH)6– by biogenic sulfide. Direct H2S elimination reactions resulted in four-coordinate thioantimonate species as the stable end product, which was confirmed by our density functional theory calculations. The thiolation of antimonate is pH-dependent and occurs in neutral environments. The thiolation changed Sb(V...