Topic
Aphid
About: Aphid is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 11380 publications have been published within this topic receiving 229721 citations. The topic is also known as: Aphidoidea & plant lice.
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TL;DR: Alarm pheromones volatilizing from these cornicle droplets repel nearby aphids from their feeding sites and repellent activity is retained up to 60 minutes after secretion.
Abstract: The aphids Aphis coreopidis (Thomas), Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris), Acyrthosiphon soiani (Kaltenbach), and Myzus persicae (Sulzer) produce droplets at the tips of their cornicles when attacked by several species of insect predators. Alarm pheromones volatilizing from these cornicle droplets repel nearby aphids from their feeding sites. The release of cornicle droplets can also be elicited by various physical stimuli. Depending upon the type of stimulus and the aphid species involved, 50 to 90% of aphids produce droplets and 62 to 76% of droplets emit biologically active levels of pheromone. Aphids respond to the alarm pheromones at a distance of 1–3 cm from freshly secreted droplets and repellent activity is retained up to 60 minutes after secretion. Alarm pheromones are perceived by primary and secondary sensoria located on the aphids antennae.
175 citations
TL;DR: The results revealed that temperature strongly affected resistance, while UV-B did not, and the prevalence of dual symbiosis involving PAXS and H. defensa in local aphid populations suggests its importance in protecting aphid immunity to parasitism under abiotic stress.
174 citations
TL;DR: Border planting with P. tanacetifolia clearly affected numbers of adult hover flies and aphid populations, and the potential for this type of habitat manipulation to increase diversity as a component of integrated pest management is discussed with reference to comparable research in Europe.
Abstract: Brassicas in New Zealand are attacked by the cabbage aphid, Brevicoryne brassicae (L.); the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer); and the larvae of Artogeia rapae (L.) and the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.). Use of prophylactic pesticides is the usual control strategy against such pests, but the invertebrate predatory community within fields can contribute to pest suppression. Larvae of New Zealand hover flies consume all of the above pests, but the requirement of the adult flies for pollen and nectar may limit their potential in fields where the non crop flora is impoverished. In this work, parts of the borders of three cabbage fields were drilled with the annual plant P. tanacetifolia tanacetifolia Benth. (Hydrophyllaceae) as a pollen source in the spring. Four strips were alternated with 4 control strips (naturally occurring vegetation). Aphid and A. rapae populations were assessed weekly in unsprayed plots adjacent to the 8 replicated areas, and hover fly eggs were counted simultaneously. Hover fly adults were trapped in yellow pan traps that were arranged across the field in transects from each of the eight sampling areas. Border planting with P. tanacetifolia clearly affected numbers of adult hover flies and aphid populations. The potential for this type of habitat manipulation to increase diversity as a component of integrated pest management is discussed with reference to comparable research in Europe.
173 citations
TL;DR: Aphid populations were 28%, 97%, and 199% higher in -G, -V, and -G-V treatments, respectively, compared to the open fields, indicating synergistic effects of both natural-enemy groups.
Abstract: Agricultural intensification can affect biodiversity and related ecosystem services such as biological control, but large-scale experimental evidence is missing. We examined aphid pest populations in cereal fields under experimentally reduced densities of (1) ground-dwelling predators (-G), (2) vegetation-dwelling predators and parasitoids (-V), (3) a combination of (1) and (2) (-G-V), compared with open-fields (control), in contrasting landscapes with low vs. high levels of agricultural intensification (AI), and in five European regions. Aphid populations were 28%, 97%, and 199% higher in -G, -V, and -G-V treatments, respectively, compared to the open fields, indicating synergistic effects of both natural-enemy groups. Enhanced parasitoid: host and predator: prey ratios were related to reduced aphid population density and population growth. The relative importance of parasitoids and vegetation-dwelling predators greatly differed among European regions, and agricultural intensification affected biological control and aphid density only in some regions. This shows a changing role of species group identity in diverse enemy communities and a need to consider region-specific landscape management.
172 citations
TL;DR: This work suggests that D. rapae could limit populations of M. persicae in the fall, even after pyrethroid treatment, because the presence of deltamethrin residues had little impact on the parasitoid.
Abstract: In fall, Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Homoptera: Aphididae) may exhibit population resurgence in winter oilseed rape in France. This resurgence may arise from pyrethroid treatments against Coleoptera (Psylliodes chrysocephala L.) that either kill parasitoids present during treatment or prevent recolonization by off-crop parasitoids. We studied the impact of Diaeretiella rapae (M'Intosh) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) on populations of M. persicae when parasitoids were introduced on deltamethrin-treated plants at increasing intervals after treatment. Parasitoids were introduced 1, 2, 7, or 14 d posttreatment on individually caged plants infested with established populations of M. persicae. Aphids were counted 7, 14 and 21 d after parasitoid introduction. First, we observed that both the pesticide and the parasitoid reduced aphid population growth and that their effects were additive. Second, there was no mortality of parasitoids exposed to treated leaves in a device with a refuge area, and only 20% of mortality without the refuge area. Furthermore, deltamethrin residues had no effect on the reproduction of D. rapae females. Compared with the known toxicity of deltamethrin to D. rapae on glass, this low mortality may have been due to both the high liposolubility of deltamethrin (leading to a rapid diffusion of residues in the oilseed rape leaf cuticle) and to the existence of a refuge area. This work suggests that D. rapae could limit populations of M. persicae in the fall, even after pyrethroid treatment, because the presence of deltamethrin residues had little impact on the parasitoid.
171 citations