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Aphid

About: Aphid is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 11380 publications have been published within this topic receiving 229721 citations. The topic is also known as: Aphidoidea & plant lice.


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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Differences in life history variables accounted for the greater susceptibility of the ladybeetle to a pesticide than its aphid prey or the parasitoid over a set time interval, indicating that population structure at the time of pesticide exposure plays a critical role in population susceptibility.

138 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A conceptual model of host choice by aphidiid wasps is presented and host value varies dynamically with parasitoid state variables such as age, egg load, and prior experience.
Abstract: Species in the family Aphidiidae (Hymenoptera) parasitize exclusively ovoviviparous aphids. Females use a variety of information to detect and evaluate suitable hosts. Olfactory cues associated with aphids, or the aphids’ host plant, are important for host location. Visual cues including aphid colour, shape, and movement can be evaluated from a distance without physical contact; aphid movement may act as a releasing stimulus for attack. Contact chemosensory cues (gustatory cues) are evaluated by antennation of the host cuticle and during ovipositor probing. A potential host must conform to the wasp’s response profile and satisfy minimum physiological and dietary requirements for immature development and growth. Host quality is determined in part by attributes specific to each aphid species and in part by each aphid’s individual-specific growth potential. Host quality for male and female progeny may vary as a result of different patterns of resource allocation and sexual size dimorphism. For an encountered aphid to be accepted as a host, its perceived value must exceed the wasp’s response threshold for oviposition. Host value, as opposed to host quality, varies dynamically with parasitoid state variables such as age, egg load, and prior experience. A conceptual model of host choice by aphidiid wasps is presented.

137 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
12 Mar 1971-Nature
TL;DR: Large differences in the activity of ali-esterases of susceptible and resistant aphids which can be used to determine resistance even in single aphids, and evidence that multi-function oxidases are involved in resistance to organophosphorus insecticides in aphids are reported.
Abstract: THE chemical control of the green peach aphid Myzus persicae (Sulz.), which damages many crops both directly and by transmitting numerous virus diseases, is seriously jeopardized by the world wide occurrence of resistance to organophosphorus insecticides. In the United Kingdom resistance previously confined to glasshouse crops now occurs in the field. Nothing is known about the nature of the resistance mechanism(s) in these insects and little about the patterns of resistance. We wish to report (1) large differences in the activity of ali-esterases of susceptible and resistant aphids which can be used to determine resistance even in single aphids, (2) large differences in some properties of these enzymes between susceptible and resistant aphids and house flies, and (3) a marked decrease or increase in resistance when the aphids are treated with insecticides in the presence of ‘Sesamex’ (2-(3,4-methylene-dioxyphenyl)3,6,9-trioxaundecane). This is evidence that multi-function oxidases are involved in resistance to organophosphorus insecticides in aphids.

137 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: These interactions across different levels of biological organization, i.e., molecular, biochemical, and organismal, with tomato plants damaged by one 3rd-instar beet armyworm caterpillar, produced consistent results when considering each herbivore separately but not when considering them together.
Abstract: Previous work identified aphids and caterpillars as having distinct effects on plant responses to herbivory. We sought to decipher these interactions across different levels of biological organization, i.e., molecular, biochemical, and organismal, with tomato plants either damaged by one 3rd-instar beet armyworm caterpillar (Spodoptera exigua), damaged by 40 adult potato aphids (Macrosiphum euphorbiae), simultaneous damaged by both herbivores, or left undamaged (controls). After placing insects on plants, plants were transferred to a growth chamber for 5 d to induce a systemic response. Subsequently, individual leaflets from non-damaged parts of plants were excised and used for gene expression analysis (microarrays and quantitative real-time PCR), C/N analysis, total protein analysis, proteinase inhibitor (PI) analysis, and for performance assays. At the molecular level, caterpillars up-regulated 56 and down-regulated 29 genes systemically, while aphids up-regulated 93 and down-regulated 146 genes, compared to controls. Although aphids induced more genes than caterpillars, the magnitude of caterpillar-induced gene accumulation, particularly for those associated with plant defenses, was often greater. In dual-damaged plants, aphids suppressed 27% of the genes regulated by caterpillars, while caterpillars suppressed 66% of the genes regulated by aphids. At the biochemical level, caterpillars induced three-fold higher PI activity compared to controls, while aphids had no effects on PIs either alone or when paired with caterpillars. Aphid feeding alone reduced the foliar C/N ratio, but not when caterpillars also fed on the plants. Aphid and caterpillar feeding alone had no effect on the amount of protein in systemic leaves; however, both herbivores feeding on the plant reduced the amount of protein compared to aphid-damaged plants. At the organismal level, S. exigua neonate performance was negatively affected by prior caterpillar feeding, regardless of whether aphids were present or absent. This study highlights areas of concordance and disjunction between molecular, biochemical, and organismal measures of induced plant resistance when plants are attacked by multiple herbivores. In general, our data produced consistent results when considering each herbivore separately but not when considering them together.

136 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Both genetic and experimental data suggested that plants of the genus Hibiscus may be used as refuge for the specialized clones of A. gossypii, suggesting the existence of host‐associated trade‐offs.
Abstract: Many plant-feeding insect species considered to be polyphagous are in fact composed of genetically differentiated sympatric populations that use different hosts and between which gene flow still exists. We studied the population genetic structure of the cotton-melon aphid Aphis gossypii that is considered as one of the most polyphagous aphid species. We used eight microsatellites to analyse the genetic diversity of numerous samples of A. gossypii collected over several years at a large geographical scale on annual crops from different plant families. The number of multilocus genotypes detected was extremely low and the genotypes were found to be associated with host plants. Five host races were unambiguously identified (Cucurbitaceae, cotton, eggplant, potato and chili- or sweet pepper). These host races were dominated by asexual clones. Plant transfer experiments using several specialized clones further confirmed the existence of host-associated trade-offs. Finally, both genetic and experimental data suggested that plants of the genus Hibiscus may be used as refuge for the specialized clones. Resource abundance is discussed as a key factor involved in the process of ecological specialization in A. gossypii.

136 citations


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Performance
Metrics
No. of papers in the topic in previous years
YearPapers
2023387
20221,082
2021337
2020393
2019373
2018382