Topic
Aphid
About: Aphid is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 11380 publications have been published within this topic receiving 229721 citations. The topic is also known as: Aphidoidea & plant lice.
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TL;DR: With a higher density of webs, spiders significantly reduced the number of aphids able to return from their summer host plants, and less hatching aphids were found on branch samples of the strip‐managed area compared to the control area.
Abstract: Aphids and their predators were studied in an apple orchard near Berne, Switzerland. To augment the density of the predators of aphids weed strips were sown in tramlines and along the border parallel to the first and the last row of trees in one half of the orchard (the other half served as control) in April 1992. Weekly visual observations, monthly beating-tray samples, branch samples in winter, and assessment of the density of spider webs and their trapping efficiency on randomly chosen trees were carried out in 1993. During 1993, significant differences in the number of aphids, aphidophagous insects, and spiders were observed on the apple trees within both the strip-managed area and the control area. The impact on aphids by the aphidophagous insects was important during the flowering time of weeds in spring and summer. In autumn, however, spiders (i.e. Araniella spp.) were the dominant predators of aphids on the trees ; during this time of the year they were more abundant within the strip-managed area of the orchard. With a higher density of webs, spiders significantly reduced the number of aphids able to return from their summer host plants. Consequently, less hatching aphids were found on branch samples of the strip-managed area compared to the control area. The effects of the weed strips on spiders and aphidophagous insects, and the resulting impact of predation on the aphids are discussed.
100 citations
TL;DR: Fluctuating conditions are found to stimulate more rapid development of the aphid, to cause development to proceed to completion at lower temperatures, and to enhance greatly aphid fecundity and longevity as compared with effects of constant conditions.
Abstract: The spotted alfalfa aphid, Therioaphis maculata (Buckton), has been exposed to a series of rhythmically fluctuating temperature, humidity, and light patterns of 24-hour periodicities to evaluate the bioclimatic limits and optimal conditions for development, reproduction, and survival. Comparison of results has been made with similar data from the literature involving constant conditions. Fluctuating conditions are found to stimulate more rapid development of the aphid, to cause development to proceed to completion at lower temperatures, and to enhance greatly aphid fecundity and longevity as compared with effects of constant conditions. The temperature limits (means of the fluctuating conditions) to development are 6° C and 32.5° C, with optimum at 26-29° C. For reproduction the limits are the same, but the optimum (condition for maximum fecundity) is near 16° C. Survival is reduced only near 8° and 32° C. The intrinsic rate of population increase, computed from life table data, is used as a bioclimatic index reflecting the joint influence of the various physical conditions on development, reproduction, and survival. This index is positive (meaning the aphid could be expected to persist or increase in numbers) between 6° C and 33° C, with maximum value near 29° C.
100 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors report results of three different studies showing how a virus transmitted in a non-persistent (NP) manner (Cucumber mosaic virus; CMV, Cucumovirus) can induce changes in its host plant, cucumber, that modifies the behaviour of its aphid vector (Aphis gossypii Glover; Hemiptera: Aphididae) in a way that enhances virus transmission and spread non-viruliferous aphids changed their alighting, settling and probing behaviour activities over time when exposed to CMV
99 citations
TL;DR: It is found that generalist predators, principally carabid and staphylinid beetles as well as linyphiid spiders, had strong trophic links to both parasitoids and aphids, and more than 50%.
Abstract: Generalist predators and parasitoids are considered to be important regulators of aphids. The former not only feed on these pests, but might also consume parasitoids at all stages of development. This direct or coincidental interference affects the natural control of aphids, the scale of which is largely unknown, and it has rarely been examined under natural conditions. Here, molecular diagnostics were used to track trophic interactions in an aphid-parasitoid-generalist predator community during the build-up of a cereal aphid population. We found that generalist predators, principally carabid and staphylinid beetles as well as linyphiid spiders, had strong trophic links to both parasitoids and aphids. Remarkably, more than 50% of the parasitoid DNA detected in predators stems from direct predation on adult parasitoids. The data also suggest that coincidental intraguild predation is common too. Generalist predators, hence, disrupt parasitoid aphid control, although the levels at which the predators feed on pests and parasitoids seem to vary significantly between predator taxa. Our results suggest that taxon-specific trophic interactions between natural enemies need to be considered to obtain a more complete understanding of the route to effective conservation biological control.
99 citations
TL;DR: These findings support the hypothesis that myrmecophilous aphids depend more on ants for protection from predators than on their own dispersive powers.
Abstract: When attacked by predators, aphids secrete alarm pheromones that cause nearby aphids to disperse. Ant-associated (myrmecophilous) aphid species disperse less readily than nonmyrmecophilous species. The ant Formica subsericea responds to aphid alarm pheromone in a way that is beneficial to the aphid. These findings support our hypothesis that myrmecophilous aphids depend more on ants for protection from predators than on their own dispersive powers.
99 citations