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Aphididae

About: Aphididae is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 5036 publications have been published within this topic receiving 92167 citations. The topic is also known as: the aphids.


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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Alate production in pea aphids was significantly increased in large populations of two PASS‐ and PAR‐positive subclones relative to their parent clones, and this ameliorative effect of facultative bacteria at 25 °C was not found for two other sets of parent clones and their derived sub clones.
Abstract: The effects of two bacterial endosymbionts, designated PASS and PAR, were evaluated on the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) (Hemiptera:Aphididae), in which they occur facultatively, and on the blue alfalfa aphid, A. kondoi Shinji, in which these bacteria have not been found in natural populations. Subclones of pea aphids and blue alfalfa aphids, derived from parent aphid clones that did not contain PASS or PAR, were infected with one or both bacteria, generating PASS- and/or PAR-positive subclones with minimal genetic differences from the parent clones. Under laboratory conditions at 20 °C, PAR consistently reduced the fecundity (by between 19 and 60%) of subclones derived from three different parent pea aphid clones on bur clover, Medicago hispida Gaertn. PAR had intermediate effects on pea aphids reared on sweet pea, Lathyrus odoratus L., and had no significant effect on pea aphids on alfalfa, Medicago sativa L. The effect of PASS was either neutral or negative, depending on parent clone as well as host plant. Also at 20 °C, PASS reduced fecundity (70–77%) and longevity (40–48%), and increased the age of first reproduction (by up to 1.5 days) of blue alfalfa aphid reared on alfalfa and clover. PAR had a less dramatic effect (e.g., 30–39% reduction in fecundity) on these traits of blue alfalfa aphid. In contrast, PAR and PASS increased the fitness of pea aphid subclones of one parent clone reared for three generations at 25 °C on each of the three test plants. Without facultative bacteria, fecundity of the parent clone was reduced to a mean total of 35. However, this ameliorative effect of facultative bacteria at 25 °C was not found for two other sets of parent clones and their derived subclones. Alate production in pea aphids was significantly increased in large populations of two PASS- and PAR-positive subclones relative to their parent clones. Attempts to transmit PASS or PAR horizontally, i.e., from aphid to aphid via feeding on host plants (bur clover), were unsuccessful.

278 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: When maize plants are mechanically damaged and the damaged sites are treated with caterpillar regurgitant, the plants will release a specific blend of volatiles that constitute part of the induced plant defence and herbivores will be affected by the odours as well.
Abstract: When maize plants, Zea mays L., are mechanically damaged and the damaged sites are treated with caterpillar regurgitant, the plants will release a specific blend of volatiles. It is known that these volatiles can be attractive to natural enemies of herbivores. We hypothesise that the plant volatiles constitute part of the induced plant defence and that herbivores will be affected by the odours as well. In laboratory and semi-field studies this hypothesis was tested for the aphid Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch) (Rhynchota, Sternorrhyncha, Aphididae). In a Y-tube olfactometer significantly more aphids chose the odour of healthy, undamaged maize seedlings when tested against clean air or plants treated with regurgitant. Clean air was chosen more often when tested next to the odour of treated plants. This apparently repellent effect of the odour of treated plants was significant for winged aphids, but not for the wingless aphids. In field experiments aphids were released in the centre of circles of eight potted maize plants. Four plants in each circle were damaged and treated with caterpillar regurgitant while the other plants were left unharmed. At different intervals after aphid release, the number of aphids was counted on each plant. Significantly fewer winged and wingless aphids were found back on treated plants than on healthy plants. We suggest that herbivores may be repelled by the odours because they could indicate that: 1) the plant has initiated the production of toxic compounds; 2) potential competitors are present on the plant; 3) the plant is attractive to parasitoids and predators. Aphids may be particularly sensitive to induced maize volatiles because one of the major compounds emitted by the plant is (E)-β-farnesene, which is a common alarm pheromone for aphids. Collections and analyses of the odours emitted by crushed R. maidis confirmed that it too emits (E)-β-farnesene when stressed. The results are discussed in context of plant defence strategies and their possible exploitation for the control of pest insects.

268 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is suggested that EDTA‐exudation may be a useful technique to study nutritional correlates of aphid life cycles, e.g. the time of migration between primary and secondary plant hosts.
Abstract: . 1The amino acid content of phloem exudates from leaves and of aphid honeydew were adopted as indices of the nutritional quality of phloem sap for aphids. Four plant species and associated leaf-dwelling aphids were investigated: the sycamore Acer pseudoplanatus and sycamore aphid Drepanosiphum platanoides; Prunus domestica (victoria plum) and the mealy plum aphid Hyalopterus pruni; and the spindle tree Euonymus europaeus and broad-bean Vicia faba, both hosts of the black bean aphid Aphis fabae. 2The concentration of amino acids in the phloem exudates varied with: (a) plant species (greater in the herb Vicia than in the tree species), (b) season (greater in the autumn than summer for Acer and Euonymus), and (c) position (greater in flush leaves than mature leaves of Prunus). 3For Acer and Prunus and their aphids, the concentration of amino acids in phloem exudates was significantly correlated with the amino acid content of the aphid honeydew. 4The amino acids in all exudates and honeydew were dominated by non-essential amino acids (glutamic acid, glutamine, asparagine or serine, varying with season and between plant species). The sole major discrepancy between the amino acid profiles of exudates and honeydew was the production of asparagine-rich honeydew by aphids feeding on leaves, whose exudates were dominated by glutamic acid; this applied to both H.pruni on mature Prunus leaves and Drepanosiphum platanoides on summer-leaves of Acer. 5It is suggested that EDTA-exudation may be a useful technique to study nutritional correlates of aphid life cycles, e.g. the time of migration between primary and secondary plant hosts.

263 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The use of RAPD-PCR in species diagnostics, parasitoid detection, and population studies is discussed, and large amounts of genetic variation among individuals in each of these species is revealed.
Abstract: We have used a new technique to identify discrete genetic markers in aphids, a family in which biochemical and morphological genetic polymorphisms are rare. The new technique uses the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify random regions of aphid genomes (random amplified polymorphic DNA) and has been termed RAPD-PCR. We demonstrate the use of the technique in revealing genetic variation in four aphid species, the greenbug (Schizaphis graminum (Rondani)), the Russian wheat aphid (Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko)), the pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris)), and the brown ambrosia aphid (Uroleucon ambrosiae (Thomas)). In contrast with allozyme surveys, RAPD-PCR revealed large amounts of genetic variation among individuals in each of these species. Variation was detected among biotypes, populations, colour morphs and even individuals on a single plant. We also explored the utility of RAPD-PCR in the detection and identification within aphid bodies of two endoparasitic wasps, Diaeretiella rapae (McIntosh) and Lysiphlebus testaceipes (Cresson). The use of RAPD-PCR in species diagnostics, parasitoid detection, and population studies is discussed.

255 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is concluded that aphid control by polyphagous predators is likely to be widely based.
Abstract: (1) Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect aphid consumption by predators collected from three fields of winter wheat. (2) A total of 7781 predators belonging to 105 species was tested and 81 species were found to have eaten aphids at some time during the study. (3) An unexpectedly high percentage of many species had eaten aphids when aphid density was low, early in the season. (4) The relative efficiencies of ELISA and gut dissection for detecting prey remains varied according to the species of predator tested, and secondary predation was a potential problem, especially in the former technique. (5) In general, staphylinid beetles and beetle larvae digested their aphid meal much more rapidly than carabid beetles and spiders. (6) Field data on percentage of predators positive in ELISA and on predator density were combined with laboratory data on digestion rates to give predation indices which enabled comparison of species in terms of some aspects of their probable value as aphid predators. Spiders usually had the highest predation indices, but mites and adult and larval beetles were also of significance as aphid predators. It is concluded that aphid control by polyphagous predators is likely to be widely based.

240 citations


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Performance
Metrics
No. of papers in the topic in previous years
YearPapers
2023142
2022270
2021131
2020155
2019149
2018157