Showing papers on "Apochromat published in 1994"

Handbook of optical design

Abstract: Geometrical Optics Principles Wave Nature of Light and Fermat's Principle Reflection and Refraction Laws Basic Meridional Ray Tracing Equations Gaussian or First-Order Optics Image Formation Stop, Pupils, and Principal Ray Delano's Relation Optical Sine Theorem Lagrange Invariant Herschel Invariant and Image Magnifications Thin Lenses and Spherical Mirrors Thin Lenses Formulas for Image Formation with Thin Lenses Nodal Points of A Thin Lens Image Formation with Converging Lenses Image Formation with Diverging Lenses Systems of Several Lenses and Thick Lenses Focal Length and Power of A Lens System Image Formation with Thick Lenses or Systems of Lenses Cardinal Points Image Formation with A Tilted or Curved Object Thick Lenses Systems of Thin Lenses The Lagrange Invariant in A System of Thin Lenses Effect of Object or Stop Shifting The Delano y - y Diagram Chromatic Aberrations Introduction Axial Chromatic Aberration Conrady's D - d Method of Achromatization Secondary Color Aberration Magnification Chromatic Aberration Spherical Aberration Spherical Aberration Calculation Primary Spherical Aberration Aspherical Surfaces Spherical Aberration of Aspherical Surfaces Surfaces without Spherical Aberration Aberration Polynomial for Spherical Aberration High-Order Spherical Aberration Spherical Aberration Correction with Gradient Index Monochromatic Off-Axis Aberrations Introduction Petzval Curvature Coma Astigmatism Aplanatic Surfaces Distortion Off-Axis Aberrations in Aspherical Surfaces The Symmetrical Principle and the Bow-Sutton Conditions Stop Shift Equations Aberrations of the Pupil Aberration Polynomials and High-Order Aberrations Wavefronts in an Optical System Ray Aberrations and Wavefront Aberrations Wavefront Aberration Polynomial Zernike Polynomials Fitting of Wavefront Deformations to A Polynomial Wavefront Representation by an Array of Gaussians Wavefront Aberrations in Refractive Surfaces Wavefront Aberrations in Reflective Surfaces Aldis Theorem Computer Evaluation of Optical Systems Transverse Aberration Polynomials Transverse Aberrations with H.H. Hopkins, Seidel, and Buchdahl Coefficients Meridional Ray Tracing and Stop Position Analysis Spot Diagram Wavefront Deformation Point and Line Spread Function Optical Transfer Function Tolerance to Aberrations Diffraction in Optical Systems Huygens-Fresnel Theory Fresnel Diffraction Fraunhofer Diffraction Diffraction Images with Aberrations Strehl Ratio Optical Transfer Function Resolution Criteria Gaussian Beams Prisms Tunnel Diagram Deflecting A Light Beam Transforming an Image Deflecting and Transforming Prisms Nondeflecting Transforming Prisms Beam-Splitting Prisms Chromatic Dispersing Prisms Nonimaging Prisms Basic Optical Systems and Simple Photographic Lenses Optical Systems Diversity Magnifiers and Single Imaging Lens Landscape Lenses Periscopic Lens Achromatic Landscape Lens Doublets Laser Light Collimators Spherical and Paraboloidal Mirrors Some Catoptric and Catadioptric Systems F-Theta Lenses Fresnel Lenses and Gabor Plates Complex Photographic Lenses Introduction Asymmetrical Systems Symmetrical Anastigmat Systems Varifocal and Zoom Lenses The Human Eye and Ophthalmic Lenses The Human Eye Ophthalmic Lenses Ophthalmic Lens Design Prismatic Lenses Spherocylindrical Lenses Astronomical Telescopes Resolution and Light-Gathering Power Reflecting Two-Mirror Cameras and Telescopes Catadioptric Cameras Astronomical Telescopes Field Correctors Multiple-Mirror Telescopes Active and Adaptive Optics Visual Systems and Afocal Systems Visual Optical Systems Basic Telescopic System Afocal Systems Visual And Terrestrial Telescopes Telescope Eyepieces Relays and Periscopes Microscopes Compound Microscope Microscope Objectives Microscope Eyepieces Microscope Illuminators Projection Systems Image Projectors Main Projector Components Coherence Effects in Projectors Anamorphic Projection Slide and Movie Projectors Overhead Projectors Profile Projectors Television Projectors LCD Computer and Home Theater Projectors Lens Design Optimization Basic Principles Optimization Methods Glatzel Adaptive Method Constrained Damped Least-Squares Optimization Method Merit Function and Boundary Conditions Modern Trends in Optical Design Flowchart for a Lens Optimization Program Practical Tips for the Use of Lens Evaluation Programs Some Commercial Lens Design Programs Appendices Appendix: Notation and Primary Aberration Coefficients Summary Appendix: Mathematical Representation of Optical Surfaces Appendix: Optical Materials Appendix: Exact Ray Tracing of Skew Rays Appendix: General Bibliography on Lens Design Index Chapters include references.

Handbook of lens design

Abstract: Geometrical Optics Principles. Optical Surfaces, Ray Tracing, and Wavefront Shape Calculation. Thin Lenses and Spherical Mirrors. Systems of Several Lenses and Thick Lenses. Spherical Aberration. Monochromatic Off-Axis Aberrations. Chromatic Aberrations. The Aberration Polynomial. Diffraction in Optical Systems. Computer Evaluation of Optical Systems. Simple Optical Systems and Photographic Lenses. Complex Photographic Lenses. Ophthalmic Lenses. Telescopes and Afocal Systems. Astronomical Telescopes. Microscopes. Projection Systems. Prisms. Optical Design Optimization. Appendix 1: General Bibliography on Lens Design. Appendix 2: Notation and Primary Aberration Coefficients Summary. Appendix 3: Optical Materials.

Hybrid refractive/diffractive achromatic camera lens and camera using such

Abstract: A hybrid refractive and diffractive achromatic lens suited for single-use or inexpensive single-lens cameras operating in visible spectral range. The lens comprises a body of optically transmissive material having an index of refraction at a wavelength approximately at the center of said range of at least 1.45. The lens body having a first and second surface on opposite sides thereof, at least one of said surfaces being curved to provide a refractive portion having power and introduces chromatic aberration, the lens having a diffractive portion having power which substantially achromatizes the lens for the chromatic aberration of the refraction portion over about 440 nm to about 650 nm range.

Passive athermalization of optics

Abstract: A doublet lens is optically passively athermalized by choosing two lens materials that have approximately the same Abbe number and substantially different thermal coefficients of refractive index. The ratio of the powers of the lens elements is designed to provide the desired passive athermalization. A diffractive surface is used on one of the lens elements to correct for chromatic aberration. Because the Abbe numbers are approximately the same for the two lens materials, the chromatic correction does not significantly change with temperature. This allows the ratio of the powers of the lens elements to control the focal length of the doublet with temperature being independent of chromatic correction.

Broad-band ultraviolet lens systems well-corrected for chromatic aberration

Abstract: Design forms are disclosed for lens triplets comprising a liquid lens element, which are well-corrected for chromatic aberration over a broad wavelength band extending from the ultraviolet region through the visible region into the near infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum.

Achromatic lens system

Abstract: An achromatic lens system includes in order, from the object side, a front lens group, a chromatic aberration correcting lens group, and a rear lens group. Aberrations, including spherical aberration, coma, astigmatism, curvature of image, as well as axial chromatic aberration of wavelengths from green to red, are substantially corrected by the front lens group and the rear lens group. The axial chromatic aberration of the wavelength blue, caused by the front lens group and the rear lens group, is corrected by the chromatic aberration correcting lens group.

Zoom lens design using gradient-index lenses

Abstract: A zoom lens system using gradient-index lenses was studied to realize a compact video camera. This study investigates the relationship between the total index change and the amount of aberration correction in order to effectively apply existing gradient-index lenses to the zoom lenses. In addition, it examines how the effective dispersion of the gradient affects the chromatic aberrations while zooming. A zoom lens system consisting of a reduced number of lens elements using axial and radial gradient-index lenses is presented that can match the optical performance of a homogeneous lens system.

3-lens apochromat having optical glasses (FC-objectives)

Abstract: The invention relates to apochromatic objectives where a fluorophosphate glass is used as special medium instead of calcium fluoride (fluorite). The objectives are compact objectives, that is to say all three lenses are interconnected, be it by means of a rigid cement-like medium or by a viscous (semifluid) oil-like medium. As a result of this connection of the lenses (components) the system has only two glass-air boundary surfaces and thus has extremely little stray light, however degrees of freedom get lost for the correction. There being only four radii, too few parameters are available for correcting chromatic aberrations (colour errors), spherical aberrations (aperture aberrations) and isoplanasie (comatic aberrations). Therefore, when selecting the optical glasses, care has to be taken that they have the corresponding optical parameters in addition to a protective effect for the fluorophosphate glass. These optical parameters cannot be determined by means of a simple determination of the refractive power.

Optics for the high-resolution stereo camera in the Mars-94 project

Abstract: The Objective lens 'Apo-Orthometar 5.6/175' and the Filter Plate are parts of the High Resolution Stereo Camera for metrical and spectral Mars surface mapping intended for application in the Russian Space Mission Mars 94. The Mars surface will be mapped using three CCD line sensor assemblies with three CCD lines each (attached behind the filter stripes). These line sensor assemblies are adjustable independently so that for stereo, photo-metrical, and nadir channels the image 'plane' can be adapted optimally also that residual focus differences remain inside the depth of the focus limit (also taking into account a field of view (FOV) of +/- 20 degree(s)). The Lens resolution is adapted to the sensor characteristics. Due to the wide spectral range (blue to near infrared) an apochromatic lens correction is required. Additional filter stripe thickness adaptation of blue and IR channel and optimum line sensor assemblies adjustment cause a very good resolution of the spectral channels. The following requirements for application in space had to be considered in the lens and filter design: Low mass, low thermal focal shift , adapted material, mechanic-dynamical stability, and applicability in space. The optical and mechanical design, manufacturing, mechanical-dynamical tests, thermal vacuum tests, optical parameters verification and consideration of tests results shall be described.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

Adaptive optics for in-orbit spherical aberration correction

Abstract: We investigate the feasibility of using an adaptive mirror for in-orbit aberration corrections. The advantage of an in-situ aberration correction of optical components in the space environment is that the mirror shape can be adjusted in an iterative fashion until the best image is obtained. Using the actuator spacing, corresponding to one-half the Nyquist frequency, the Strehl ratio of the corrected wavefront improves to 0.95 when the mirror is fabricated with 6.5 waves of spherical aberration. The Strehl ratio is decreased to 0.86 when the number of actuators is reduced by a factor of 4, in a 2D adaptive optics model.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

Achromatic prism element and apochromatic prism element utilizing prism and grating

Abstract: PURPOSE: To provide a simple and compact device for minimizing residual color aberration and anamorphic aberration for the achromat prism and apochromat prism. CONSTITUTION: A dispersion type optical element utilizes a grism 34 for which a grating and a prism are combined. An achromat grism is constituted of the prism 36 and the grating 38 attached to the first surface 40. To the grating, an Abbe number and a partial dispersion coefficient are set so as to turn a primary angle color distribution error to almost zero. Also, an apochromat grism is provided with a first prism and a second prism arranged adjacently to it. The grating is adjacent to the front surface of the first prism and the Abbe number and dispersion coefficient of the grating are selected so as to turn the primary angle distribution and secondary angle distribution of a specified spectrum band to almost zero.

Achromatic aberration corrections with only one glass

Abstract: It is well known and described in any geometrical optics textbook that the axial as well as the magnification chromatic aberration may be corrected in a system formed by a pair of thin lenses separated by a certain distance, using only one type of glass. However, it is not so well known that these aberrations may be also corrected in a single thick lens.