Showing papers on "Applied science published in 2005"

Semi-Supervised Learning for Natural Language

Abstract: Statistical supervised learning techniques have been successful for many natural language processing tasks, but they require labeled datasets, which can be expensive to obtain. On the other hand, unlabeled data (raw text) is often available "for free" in large quantities. Unlabeled data has shown promise in improving the performance of a number of tasks, e.g. word sense disambiguation, information extraction, and natural language parsing. In this thesis, we focus on two segmentation tasks, named-entity recognition and Chinese word segmentation. The goal of named-entity recognition is to detect and classify names of people, organizations, and locations in a sentence. The goal of Chinese word segmentation is to find the word boundaries in a sentence that has been written as a string of characters without spaces. Our approach is as follows: In a preprocessing step, we use raw text to cluster words and calculate mutual information statistics. The output of this step is then used as features in a supervised model, specifically a global linear model trained using the Perceptron algorithm. We also compare Markov and semi-Markov models on the two segmentation tasks. Our results show that features derived from unlabeled data substantially improves performance, both in terms of reducing the amount of labeled data needed to achieve a certain performance level and in terms of reducing the error using a fixed amount of labeled data. We find that sometimes semi-Markov models can also improve performance over Markov models. Thesis Supervisor: Michael Collins Title: Assistant Professor, CSAIL

The nature of science and its implications for physics textbooks

Abstract: This study aims to analyse, based on common characteristics of the Nature of Science, how first year university Physics textbooks present the introduction of the concept and theories of magnetic field. It shows that despite the increasing number of studies into the Nature of Science in Science Education, Physics textbooks fail to adopt the results of this research. It is proposed that it would be plausible for textbooks to illustrate the characteristics of the Nature of Science by focusing on problems and changes in the development of the theory of magnetic field.

Ideas in Chemistry: A History of the Science

Abstract: An occult science a mechanical science an independent science the fundamental science a revolutionary or inductive science? the experimental science a useful science a deductive science a descriptive classifying science a teachable science a reduced science a service science.

Choosing Computer Science: Women At The Start Of The Undergraduate Pipeline

Abstract: The “shrinking pipeline” is a common metaphor for the underrepresentation of women in computer science (CS), an increasingly well-known (if not well-understood) phenomenon. The further one progresses in CS academia—from undergraduate study to graduate study to faculty rank—the fewer women there are. (For a comprehensive discussion of the underrepresentation of women in CS, see G̈urer and Camp. 13) At the undergraduate level in the U.S., CS is the only science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) field whose gender gap has widenedduring the last two decades. 11 In the U.S., only 28% of Bachelor’s degrees in computer and information sciences went to women in 2002, down from a high of nearly 40% in the mid 1980s (Figure 1). As in past years, research departments are faring worse; in U.S. and Canadian Ph.D.-granting departments, 18% of Bachelor’s degrees in computer science and engineering went to women in 2003.25

On the Nature of Science and Science Education

Abstract: The nature of science is an essential issue in the domain of science education. This article studied the nature of science from two aspects:definition and connotation.Science is an outcome as well as a process.The outcome and process combines together.Inquiry and thinking,attitude and spirits,knowledge and capability are three important meanings of science.Based on the nature of science, the author discussed the aim and content, the process and method of science education.

The Profession of IT, Is Computer Science Science?

Abstract: Computer Science meets every criterion for being a science, but it has a self-inflicted credibility problem.

Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence

Abstract: ING AND INDEXING

Engineering Science and Engineering Philosophy

Abstract: The modern science and technology is being closely combined with the engineering activity The complexity degree in structure of the engineering activity is increasing Consequently, engineering science is appearing as the new science The engineering science is provided with the character of system science, complexity science, cross science and synthesis science Our country is being in the process of industrialization, marketlization, socialization, informationalization, eclogicalization Hence, the engineering conception in industrialization times has not been able to express the new demand of society to the engineering construction, and has not suited to the requirement of the times' development to engineering construction and engineering innovation Developing researching of engineering philosophy and founding the new conception about engineering is a problem that the circles of philosopher and the circles of engineer study together