Aquatic toxicology

About: Aquatic toxicology is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 1503 publications have been published within this topic receiving 51893 citations. The topic is also known as: Aquatic Toxicology.

Water Pollution and Fish Physiology

Abstract: Some Introductory Concepts Types of Water Pollution The Relationship Between Aquatic Toxicology and Fish Physiology Levels of Biological Organization Importance of Dose and Duration of Exposure Stress Toxic Mode of Action Environmental Hypoxia Minimum Levels of Oxygen Required for Fish Life Interaction of Hypoxia and Toxicity of Pollutant Chemicals Gill vs. Cutaneous Respiration Adjustments in Ventilation Adjustments by the Gills to Hypoxia Transport of Oxygen by the Blood Cardiovascular Changes During Hypoxia Respiratory Regulation and Conformity Anaerobic Metabolism Swimming Speed Behavior Blood and Urine Histopathology Acclimation to Hypoxia Respiratory and Cardiovascular Responses Overview of Normal Respiratory Physiology Histopathology of Gill Lamellae Exposed to Pollutants Ventilation Changes in Response to Pollutants Physiological Mechanisms of Changes in Ventilation Circulatory Physiology Cardiac Responses to Pollutants Hematology Fish Blood Cells and their Measurement Chemicals that Cause Anemia Chemicals Causing an Increase in Hematological Variables Uptake, Accumulation, Biotransformation, and Excretion of Xenobiotics Uptake from the Environment Transport Within the Fish of Metals and Organics Accumulation of Metals in Different Organs Regulation of Metal Concentration Glutathione and Metal Detoxification Involvement of Metallothionein in Metal Accumulation and Acclimation to Metals Bioconcentration of Organic Pollutants Biotransformation of Organic Contaminants Excretion of Organic Contaminants Liver Structure of Liver Alterations of Liver/Somatic Index Histopathological Effects of Pollutants Major Functions of Liver Effects of Pollutants on Liver Function Ascorbic Acid and Pollutant Exposure Osmotic and Ionic Regulation Effects of Pollutants on Osmotic and Ionic Regulation Mucus Chloride Cell Proliferation Some Summary Comments Regarding Osmoregulatory and Electrolyte Alterations Physiological Energetics General Concepts Methods for Measuring Energy Expenditure in Fish Effects of Metals on Metabolic Rate Gill Tissue Metabolism: Effects of Metals and Possible Relation of Gill Metabolism to Whole-Body Metabolic Rate Effects of Pesticides on Whole-Body and Individual Tissue Respiration Methods Applicable to Measurement of Energy Expenditure in the Field Effects of Pollutants on Larval and Juvenile Growth Swimming Performance Changes in Carbohydrate, Lipid, and Protein Energy Stores Alterations in Cellular Enzyme Activity, Antioxidants, Adenylates, and Stress Proteins Some Comments About Enzyme Methodology Alterations in Cellular Enzyme Activity from Metal Exposure Enzyme Effects from Organic Chemicals Concluding Remarks on Enzyme Effects Antioxidants Adenylates Stress Proteins Acid Pollution Spawning Embryonic Development and Hatching Larvae from Hatching Through Swim-Up Juvenile and Adult: Acid-Base Balance and Electrolyte Changes from Acute Exposures Juvenile and Adult: Blood Changes from Chronic Exposures Hormonal Responses Adults: Ventilation and Blood Gases Oxygen Consumption, Swimming Performance, and Swimbladder Inflation Behavior Concluding Comment The Immune System Effects of Pollutants on Immune Function Hormonal Modulation of Immune Response Behavior and Nervous System Function Locomotor Activity Avoidance of or Attractance to Waterborne Chemicals Sensory Receptors Feeding and Predator-Prey Behavior Aggression Learning Optomotor Response Acetylcholinesterase Concluding Comments Reproduction Overview of Fish Reproductive Physiology Action of Pollutants on Reproductive Function Use of Physiological and Biochemical Measures in Pollution Biology Water Quality Criteria Biomonitoring of Fish in the Field and Mesocosms Early Warning Systems Index Each chapter includes an introduction and/or overview and a list of relevant references.

A framework for prioritizing fragrance materials for aquatic risk assessment.

Abstract: More than 2,100 chemically defined organic chemicals are listed in the Research Institute of Fragrance Materials/Flavor and Extract Manufacturers' Association (RIFM/FEMA) Database that are used as ingredients of fragrances for consumer products. An approach was developed for prioritizing these fragrance materials for aquatic risk assessment by first estimating the predicted environmental concentration (PEC) of these fragrance materials in the aquatic environment based upon their physicochemical properties and annual volume of use. Subsequently, an effect level was predicted with a general quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) for aquatic toxicity, and a predicted no-effect concentration (PNEC) was calculated from this effect level by using an assessment factor (AF) that accounts for uncertainty in the toxicity QSAR prediction. A conservative AF of 10(6) was applied to the endpoint predicted by the QSAR to provide an adequate margin of safety in the calculation of the PNEC. The PEC was compared to the PNEC to characterize the risk to freshwater aquatic organisms (e.g., Daphnia magna and Pimephales promelas). If the ratio of PEC to PNEC was below one, the material was considered to have negligible environmental risk and to be acceptable for the aquatic environment at current use levels. If this ratio exceeded one, the PNEC was refined by using more specific QSAR models (Ecological Structure-Activity Relationships [ECOSAR]). If the ratio continued to exceed one, the material became a candidate for further aquatic risk assessment procedures, which involve iterative steps to refine the PEC, the PNEC, or both by using measured ecotoxicological endpoints. Prioritization for this latter process can be based upon the magnitudes of the estimated PEC:PNEC ratios. When using the first tier of this approach, only 568 of 2,141 fragrance materials (26.5%) in the RIFM/FEMA Database had PEC:PNEC ratios greater than one. This percentage decreased to only 164 materials (7.7%) when PNECs were derived with ECOSAR. Comparison of predicted PECs and PNECs with those based upon measured data confirmed the conservatism and low risk for type I errors associated with the framework. These combined exercises demonstrated the ability of this highly precautionary risk-based screening approach to quickly prioritize a large number of materials without benefit of experimental ecotoxicological or fate data.

Ecotoxicology of organotin compounds.

Abstract: Organotin compounds are ubiquitous contaminants in the environment. The high biological activity of some compounds toward aquatic organisms lead to deleterious impacts in aquatic ecosystems. Here, the aquatic ecotoxicology of organotins is reviewed based on a multidisciplinary approach involving environmental chemical, toxicological, and ecological aspects. Basic results were obtained both with field and laboratory studies, and some of the most important recent results and conclusions are critically reviewed. The contamination of and fate in aquatic systems is reported and linked with effects at different levels of biological organization. Major emphasis is placed on the development of a concept of ecotoxicology that encompasses not only effect assessment alone, but also integrates environmental chemistry with aquatic toxicology. Thereby, the influence of speciation for bioavailability, basic modes of toxic action, and aquatic toxicity are discussed. This case study on organotins allows to a certain extent generalizations to ecotoxicology in general.

Manual on the production and use of live food for aquaculture

Abstract: Manual on the production and use of live food for aquaculture , Manual on the production and use of live food for aquaculture , مرکز فناوری اطلاعات و اطلاع رسانی کشاورزی