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Showing papers on "Arabitol published in 1989"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A mutant of Aspergillus niger unable to grow on d-xylose and l-arabinose has been isolated and genetic analysis revealed that the mutation is located on linkage group IV.
Abstract: SUMMARY: A mutant of Aspergillus niger unable to grow on d-xylose and l-arabinose has been isolated. Genetic analysis revealed that the mutation is located on linkage group IV. Enzymic analysis revealed a deficiency in d-xylulose kinase activity. After transfer of growing mycelium to a medium containing either d-xylose or l-arabinose, the mutant accumulates large amounts of arabitol and xylitol, as shown by 13C NMR spectroscopy. These data and an analysis of enzyme activities induced by d-xylose and l-arabinose in the wild-type strain led to the following catabolic pathway for d-xylose: d-xylose - xylitol - d-xylulose - d-xylulose 5-phosphate; and for l-arabinose: l-arabinose - l-arabitol - l-xylulose - xylitol - d-xylulose - d-xylulose 5-phosphate. The reduction steps of the sugars to the corresponding polyols are all NADPH dependent. The oxidation steps of the polyols to the sugars are all NAD+ dependent. Fractionation of cell-free extracts gave information about the specificity of the enzymes and showed that all the reactions are catalysed by different enzymes.

141 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The change from nitrogen-limited to phosphate-limited precultivation of immobilized spores significantly increased the productivity of the mycelium and the ratio of citric acid to residual sugar in the effluent distinctly lay in the direction ofcitric acid.
Abstract: Immobilized cells of Aspergillus niger needed a lower initial sucrose concentration than free cells in order to obtain maximal yields of citric acid production. High sucrose concentrations led to reduced yields and increased polyol formation (glycerol, erythritol, arabitol). Continuous fermentation with media containing low sugar concentrations prevented the formation of polyols. The change from nitrogen-limited to phosphate-limited precultivation of immobilized spores significantly increased the productivity of the mycelium. The ratio of citric acid to residual sugar in the effluent distinctly lay in the direction of citric acid. Inside the alginate beads mainly large bulbous cells were observed.

79 citations


Patent
27 Mar 1989
TL;DR: A material which has the ability to effect it's passage, at least in part, and the ability of transport other materials through the blood-brain barrier is a material which includes any one or more pure sugars or pure amino sugars from the group consisting of meso ethritol, zylitol, D(+) galactose, D+ lactose, dulcitol, myo-insoitol, L(−) fructose, D−) mannitol, sorbitol, D
Abstract: A material which has the ability to effect it's passage, at least in part, and the ability to transport other materials through the blood-brain barrier which includes any one or more pure sugars or pure amino sugars from the group consisting of meso ethritol, zylitol, D(+) galactose, D(+) lactose, D(+) xylose, dulcitol, myo-insoitol, L(−) fructose, D(−) mannitol, sorbitol, D(+) glucose, D(+) arabinose, D(−) arabinose, celloboise, D(+) maltose, D(+) raffinose, L(+)rhamnose, D(+) melibiose, D(−) ribose, adonitol, D(+) arabitol, L(−) arabitol, D(+) fucose, L(−) fucose, D(−) lyxose, L(+) lyxose, L(−) lyxose, D(+) glucosamine, D mannosamine, and D galactosamine; and any one or more amino acids from the group consisting of arginine, asparagine, aspartic acid, cysteine, glutamic acid, glycine, histidine, leucine, methionine, phenylalanine, proline, serine, threonine, glutamine, lysine, tryptophan, tyrosine, valine, and taurine. For use in the research or treatment of a subject that material is combined with one or more of the substances beta carotene, xanthophyll, lecithin, calcium, somatostatin, vasopressin, endorphin, enkephalin, acetyl-L-carnitine, GABA, dynorphin, L-tryptophan, choline, thiamine, pyridoxine, niacin, L-arginine, hydroxyproline, NGF, methionine, cystine, potassium, phosphorus, chlorine, sodium, vitamins A, B, C, D and E, and selenium.

75 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The influence of different polyols on the thermostability of fungal alpha-amylase at 60°C has been studied and results obtained show a stabilizing effect in the presence of polyols.

55 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The response of the yeast Hansenula anomala to a reduction in water activity from 0·998 to 0·925 (adjusted with glucose or NaCl) was monitored and natural abundance 13C NMR spectroscopy and HPLC analysis revealed that the type of carbon source determined which polyols were present intracellularly at0·998 a w.
Abstract: Summary: The response of the yeast Hansenula anomala to a reduction in water activity (a w) from 0·998 to 0·925 (adjusted with glucose or NaCl) was monitored. Natural abundance 13C NMR spectroscopy and HPLC analysis revealed that the type of carbon source determined which polyols were present intracellularly at 0·998 a w. At 0·95 a w (NaCl), glycerol was accumulated in all instances irrespective of the type of carbon source indicating the primary role of glycerol in osmoregulation. The carbon source had a bearing only on which other polyol(s) were accumulated. During growth on glucose at 0·95 a w (NaCl or glucose), glycerol was accumulated intracellularly in the exponential growth phase with a concentration ratio (intra-/extracellular) as high as 10000-fold whereas during the stationary phase arabitol accumulation occurred to a lower concentration ratio while the glycerol concentration decreased. The specific growth rate and cell volume decreased with increasing NaCl or glucose concentrations. This indicated that the yeast had no specific requirement for these compounds for optimum growth but tolerated high concentrations. Reducing the a w to 0·95 resulted in increasing intracellular concentrations of glycerol and arabitol whereas below 0·95 a W (NaCl or glucose), the intracellular polyol concentration decreased while the polyol concentration ratios across the cell membrane increased. During the early exponential growth phase at 0·95 a w, glycerol was accumulated in sufficiently high concentrations to achieve an osmotic balance across the membrane whereas in the stationary phase the arabitol and glycerol concentration was insufficient to maintain the osmotic balance.

48 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Results obtained by using 35 strains and 58 phenotypic characteristics are reported, showing evidence of at least three distinct homology groups that are believed to represent three species within this genus Gluconobacter.
Abstract: In Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, vol. 1, only one species is listed in the genus Gluconobacter. One other species, Gluconobacter cerinus, was proposed by Yamada and Akita in 1984. However, recent deoxyribonucleic acid-deoxyribonucleic acid homology studies have produced evidence of at least three distinct homology groups that are believed to represent three species within this genus. In this paper we report results obtained by using 35 strains and 58 phenotypic characteristics. Three tests were useful in differentiating the three Gluconobacter species. Homology group I strains grew to an optical density (OD) of only 0.5 U or less on medium containing ribitol or arabitol as the primary carbon source, and they grew to an OD of only 0.5 U or less after three passages (24 h of incubation each) in nicotinate-deficient media. We propose that the name Gluconobacter oxydans (Henneberg 1897) De Ley 1961 be retained for these strains. Homology group II strains grew to an OD of more than 1.0 U on medium containing ribitol or arabitol as the primary carbon source, and they grew to an OD of more than 1.0 U after three passages (24 h of incubation each) in nicotinate-deficient media. We propose that the group II gluconobacters be named Gluconobacter frateurii sp. nov. All of the typical strains of homology group III grew to an OD of 0.5 U or less on medium containing ribitol or arabitol as the primary carbon source, but they grew to an OD of 1.0 U or more after three passages (24 h of incubation each) in nicotinate-deficient media. We propose that the group III gluconobacters be named Gluconobacter asaii sp. nov.

48 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The presence of arabitol only in blast-infected rice leaves suggests that arab Capitol synthesis may be induced in infected leaf tissue as a result of the rice-blast fungus interaction, but may not be within blast fungus itself.
Abstract: Ethanol-soluble carbohydrates in healthy and blast-infected leaves and also cultures of Pyricularia oryzae were analyzed using gas chromatography Arabitol, mannitol, and trehalose occurred in infected leaf tissue, but not in healthy controls Cultures of P oryzae contained mannitol and trehalose, but not arabitol and sucrose The presence of arabitol only in blast-infected rice leaves suggests that arabitol synthesis may be induced in infected leaf tissue as a result of the rice-blast fungus interaction, but may not be within blast fungus itself The amounts of glucose, fructose, and sucrose in infected leaves were slightly increased until 5 days, and greatly enhanced at 7 days after inoculation, There were no differences in amounts of these sugars between the cultivars Nakdong and Dobong At 7 days after inoculation, increases in amounts of arabitol, mannitol, and trehalose were pronounced in the susceptible cultivar Nakdong than in the moderately susceptible cultivar Dobong The increased amounts of glucose and fructose in infected plants of the two cultivars were closely correlated with the presence of a very active invertase Zusammenfassung Athanollosliche Kohlenhydrate in gesunden und mit Reisbraune infizierten Blattern und auch in Pyricularia oryzae-Kulturen wurden gaschromatographisch analysiert Arabitol, Mannitol und Trehalose waren im infizierten Blattgewebe vorhanden, aber nicht im gesunden Cewebe P oryzae-Kulturen enthielten Mannitol und Trehalose, aber kein Arabitol und Saccharose Das Vorhandensein von Arabitol nur in durch Reisbraune infizierten Blattern ist ein Hinweis dafur, das die Arabitolsynthese im infizierten Blattgewebe durch die Wechselwirkung zwischen Reis und P oryzae induziert sein kann, aber nicht innerhalb von P oryzae selbst Die Gehalte der Glukose, Fruktose und Saccharose in den infizierten Blattern waren bis funf Tage nach der Infektion etwas, aber am siebten Tage stark erhoht Die Niveaus dieses Zuckers waren zwischen den Sorten Nakdong und Dobong nicht unterschiedlich Am siebten Tage nach der Infektion waren die Zunahme von Arabitol, Mannitol und Trehalose in der anfalligen Sorte Nakdong mehr ausgepragt als in der mittelmasig anfalligen Sorte Dobong Die zunehmenden Gehalte von Glukose und Fruktose in den infizierten Pflanzen der zwei Sorten korrelierten stark mit den Invertaseaktivitatniveaus

18 citations


Patent
11 May 1989
TL;DR: In this article, the use of a pentitol, chosen from xylitol, ribitol or adonitol, and arabitol, both in the racemic form and in the form of one of its optically active isomers, in the preparation of non-cariogenic syrups for the oral administration of therapeutically active principles having a symptomatic action, the aforementioned active principle being chosen from those of antitussive, anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic medicaments.
Abstract: The invention relates to the use of a pentitol, chosen from xylitol, ribitol or adonitol, and arabitol, both in the racemic form and in the form of one of its optically active isomers, in the preparation of non-cariogenic syrups for the oral administration of therapeutically active principles having a symptomatic action, the aforementioned active principle being chosen from those of antitussive, anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic medicaments.

10 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Taking into account the facts that C. albicans and certain Mucor species are agents of opportunistic infections and are invasive mainly in the filamentous form, the possibility is considered of using trehalose- and polyol-metabolic enzymes as targets for designing antifungal drugs.
Abstract: Yeast (Y) and hyphal (H) cells of Mucor rouxii and Candida albicans were cultivated in liquid media containing different carbon nutrient sources (glucose, fructose, ribose), and their free acyclic polyol and trehalose contents determined using capillary gas liquid chromatography (TMS- and OAc-derivatization). Irrespective of growth form and C-source, the fraction of the water-soluble neutral components of the cellular mass of the cultures — highly homogeneous with regard to the respective cell form produced — contained glycerol, ribitol and arabitol, in addition to trehalose. The polyols contributed 0.5–2% to the biomass of M. rouxii and 1.5–6% to that of C. albicans; the values for trehalose ranged from 0.2–11% in the former and 1–3.5% in the latter species. Mucor contained higher amounts of ribitol and arabitol in H cells and larger quantities of trehalose and glycerol in Y cells. In Candida, too, hyphae always exhibited higher ribitol contents, whereas arabitol attained higher levels in yeasts under almost any conditions — regardless of the type of medium (synthetic vs. complex), stage of culture (early vs. late log-phase) and strain used. Glycerol concentration was not correlated with the growth form; trehalose contents tended to be higher in Y cells. Taking into account the facts that C. albicans and certain Mucor species are agents of opportunistic infections and are invasive mainly in the filamentous form, and that the prospective hosts do not accumulate either of these carbohydrates, the possibility is considered of using trehalose- and polyol-metabolizing enzymes as targets for designing antifungal drugs.

9 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, eleven different strains of Penicillium were screened for production of mannitol and glycerol, and the highest combined yield of 65 g dm−3 was obtained with Pencillium aethiopicum IBT JTER 4.
Abstract: Eleven different strains of Penicillium were screened for production of mannitol. All strains produced both mannitol and glycerol. Some of the strains also produced arabitol and/or erythritol in lower amounts. The highest amount of mannitol (43 g dm−3) was produced by Pencillium scabrosum IBT JTER 4, and the highest combined yield of mannitol and glycerol (65 g dm−3) was obtained with Pencillium aethiopicumIBT MILA 4 when grown on 150 g dm−3 sucrose and 20 g dm−3 yeast extract. These yields are comparable to yields obtained with Aspergillus strains after a considerable optimization effort. It is thus likely that biotechnological production of mannitol may benefit from the development of suitable Penicillium strains.

8 citations