Showing papers on "Architecture published in 1975"

The Oregon Experiment

Abstract: After a ten-year silence, Christopher Alexander and his colleagues at the Center for Environmental Structure are not publishing a major statement in the form of three works which will, in their words, "lay the basis for an entirely new approach to architecture, building, and planning, which will, we hope, replace existing ideas and practices entirely." The three books are The Timeless Way of Building, A Pattern Language, and The Oregon Experiment. At the core of these books is the idea that people should design for themselves their own houses, streets, and communities. This idea may be radical (it implies a radical transformation fo the architectural profession) but it comes simply from the observation that most of the wonderful places of the world were not made by architects but by the people. This book is the master plan for the University of Oregon, and is now being implemented at that university; but it shows at the same time how any community the size of a university or small town might go about designing its own future environment-with all members of the community participating personally. It is a concrete example at the Center's theories in practice, showing in simple detail, with numerous illustrations, how to implement six guiding principles: organic order, participation, piecemeal growth, patterns, diagnosis, and coordination.

Dictionary of Architecture and Construction

Abstract: Updated and expanded, this Fourth Edition of the most trusted reference in architecture offers the most comprehensive coverage of architectural and construction terms available. This classic dictionary now features nearly 25,000 definitions (including 2,800 new terms), 2,500 illustrations (including 200 new illustrations), and maintains its extraordinary visual appeal and easy-to-read page design.Prepared by a renowned architectural editor in association with expert contributors and incorporating the work of many standards groups, the book presents clear, concise definitions of terms in nearly 80 working areas. The Fourth Edition covers new industry terms which have emerged due to changes in engineering and building technologies, organizations, materials, and legal developments, and has been expanded to include more historic architectural styles. New terms include:LegalArchitectural Barriers ActWheelchair AccessibleMaterialsFibrous ConcreteLatex MortarPolymer-Based StuccoConcrete Compliance ConformityRefractory MortarOrganizationsBuilding Research Establishment (formerly Building Research Station) of Great BritainASTMHistoric Architectural StylesAnglo-PalladianismFrench VictorianIsabellinoMudajarMozarabicNeo-Rococo

Towards Understanding Greek Temple Design: General Considerations

Abstract: In a recent paper on stylobate design in Doric temples I stated, with the minimum of evidence, certain working hypotheses on some of the factors restricting ancient Greek architectural design procedures. The present paper is, in part, an attempt to examine more closely the evidence for those hypotheses, but it also has a wider aim; it tries to thin out the almost numberless possible theories concerning the way in which Greek temples were planned, by looking at some of the technical restrictions felt by ancient architects, by stating and examining the consequences of certain hypotheses which seem to be widely, if tacitly, accepted by students of Greek architecture, and by suggesting how many of the propositions put forward by modern investigators may be tested, more or less rigorously perhaps, but nevertheless objectively.

Computer and communications systems employing new architectures

Abstract: Communications and computer systems are described utilizing an architecture which makes possible the transmission and storage of data in an efficient and rapid manner. The system architecture embodies a plurality of communication sites and computer sites which interact with each other by means of matrices having special properties which permit the control, transmission and storage of data in many time and space saving ways. The matrices also serve as a means of governing the activities of the system. A plurality of computer sites act upon the data in the matrices by transforming, processing and transferring data for the communications network and processing loops. The processing loops provide the basic processing for the system and contain processing units which act independently and respond to the matrices. The matrices contain both the data which is to be operated upon and tutors (instructions) for directing the activities of the processing units. The system provides simultaneous services to a large number of users. The system does not contain a central processing unit (CPU) and its associated programs and does not require fetch, put and interrupt actions inherent in CPU programs. The system architecture, by virtue of the hardware and its special configuration, the matrices and their operation, and the response of the hardware to the matrices, confers great flexibility on the system's operations from both the communications and the computer standpoints.

Age of the Masters: A Personal View of Modern Architecture

Abstract: Let's read! We will often find out this sentence everywhere. When still being a kid, mom used to order us to always read, so did the teacher. Some books are fully read in a week and we need the obligation to support reading. What about now? Do you still love reading? Is reading only for you who have obligation? Absolutely not! We here offer you a new book enPDFd age of the masters a personal view of modern architecture to read.

A Course of Study in Computer Hardware Architecture

Abstract: The subject of computer architecture as currently taught in most computer engineering and computer science programs is a mixture of architectural principles, organizational strategies, and implementation techniques. This blurring of the hierarchy of system levels that characterize the structure of a computer has made it very difficult for students ( and. often instructors as well) to determine what were the forces that led to the design decisions they have seen reflected in machines.

Paul Scheerbart's Architectural Fantasies

Abstract: GERMAN EXPRESSIONIST architecture consists mostly of rapid sketches, written programs, and publications. Paul Scheerbart's writing, which reveals a compelling architectural vision, is crucial to this work. The hero in much of Scheerbart's science fiction is an architect, the subject is the architecture of the future. Inspired by such disparate things as light mysticism, the Gothic cathedral, and nineteenthcentury glass structures, Scheerbart foresaw the building of opulent and colorful glass constructions symbolic of extradimensional space and of a more spiritual world. Herwarth Walden, whose magazine Der Sturm and whose gallery of the same name became the rallying points of the various contingents of prewar Expressionist art and literature, called Scheerbart "the first Expressionist." Scheerbart's work fundamentally influenced the architecture of his close friend Bruno Taut, whose position throughout the period of architectural Expressionism in Germany was pivotal and commanding. The same month (November I9I8) which saw the establishment of the Weimar Republic through an act of political revolution saw also the beginning of an architectural revolution, the foundation of the Arbeitsrat fur Kunst based on workers' soviets or Arbeiterrite. The Arbeitsrat, which was composed of a varied group of architects (Walter Gropius and Eric Mendelsohn among them), artists, art historians, writers, and journalists, was headed at its inception by Taut. The group's basic purpose was to use architecture and art to improve society. Members of the Arbeitsrat organized exhibitions of their designs and published bristling programs and manifestoes in the style of Expressionist writers. Moreover, during 1919 and 9zo0, Taut supervised an exchange of correspondence among a more loosely associated group called the Glaserne Kette (Glass Chain), an effort to challenge the imagination of the participants. And from 19zo to I922, Taut was editor of the only purely architectural Expressionist magazine, Fruhlicht (Dawn). Besides his leading role in these joint enterprises, characteristic of the Expressionist period, Taut also produced on his own a profusion of articles and books. Foremost among them were: Alpine Architektur (I919), Die Stadtkrone (I919), Der Weltbaumeister (I9zo), and Die Auf16sung der Stddte (19zo); all use Scheerbartian ideas and select quotations from Scheerbart's writings. We review in this paper the architectural themes explored by Scheerbart. Two major statements from his last years are amplified by an examination of earlier work and his utopian vision of life.

Domestic Architecture and the New Testament

Abstract: Biblical domestic scenes are tantalizingly obscure. A Judean householder whose walls showed spreading green or red spots must, after seven days of quarantine, remove the plaster and stones, thoroughly scrape the \"fungus\" from the affected area and rebuild the wall (Lev. 14:33-42). We are not told how an unmortared stone wall continued to stand during such purgation. A citizen violating a Persian king's decree would be impaled upon \"a beam . . . pulled out of his house\" (Ezra 6:11). From what part of a house would a beam small enough to be sharpened and jabbed through a man's chest be taken (cf. Dan. 2:5, 3:29)? What type of door turns so slowly as to suggest a lazy man turning in his bed (Prov. 26:14)? It is difficult to imagine how the interior of \"paneled houses\" looked in Jerusalem during the Persian period (Hag. 1:4). A proverb likens wisdom to a house with seven pillars (Prov. 9:1),1 but where these pillars were used in the house is unclear. On the flat, mud-sealed roof of a Palestinian house people prayed (Jer. 32:29, Acts 10:9), strolled (II Sam. 11:2), celebrated festivals (Neh. 8:16) and slept; they dried their clothes and chatted with neighbors just as they do today in that land. But what kind of roof was it that permitted four men to remove a portion large enough to lower a prostrate paralytic through it (Mk. 2:3-4, Lk. 5:18-19)? Such a hole chopped through the mud, brush, and poles of the ordinary roof would have violently abused the owner's property. Did Palestinian houses in the Roman period have cellars? Jeremias has suggested that the saying \"No one lighting a lamp puts it in a cellar\" (Lk. 11:33) is a Romanizing gloss since houses in Palestine had no cellars.2 Was Eutychus' fall from a third-story window a distance great enough to kill him instantly (Acts 20:9)? Upper rooms figure in stories about the apostles. They are distinguished by the Greek words anagaion (Mk. 14:15) and hyper3on (Acts 1:13), but how those rooms were used is unclear without a knowledge of domestic architecture.

Trends in computing-system architecture

Abstract: The evolution of general-purpose computing-systems architecture has been strongly influenced by the emergence of new technologies, the demand for new system applications, and the identification of significant architectural concepts. It is argued that today's architecture is primarily the product of this evolutionary process rather than the result of a deliberate design process. Current architectural structures age examined in terms of their ability to fully exploit forthcoming hardware technologies, particularly in the memory and data management areas, and also their potential for resolving the serious problems which currently exist in the area of software development.