Showing papers on "Architecture published in 1988"

City: Rediscovering the Center

Abstract: Uses observations of pedestrians to describe and analyze the city, and assesses the influence of architecture and urban planning.

Design in architecture : architecture and the human sciences / Geoffrey Broadbent

Abstract: Broadbent first investigates what an architect is as a person. Trying to understand how an architect thinks and what sets him apart from the other members of a building design team. To achieve this Broadbent makes a study of various psychological reports which have been generated about architects. Although it would seem that the reports are inconclusive about what characterizes an architect. In particular there would seem to be a great difference between the personality of average and outstanding architects. Characterizations have been made about personality types in general and they include, creative and non-creative, tolerant and prejudiced, introverted and extroverted. Many of these terms carry linguistic connotations which are perhaps misleading. One of the less emotionally loaded distinctions is between cyclothymes and schizothymes. Cyclothymes seem to be sensitive and sociable people with good verbal reasoning skills. By contrast the schizothymes dissociate intellectual and emotional aspects of life tending towards self-sufficiency, reserve and intolerance. Some outstanding designers have been characterized as the latter, whereas some studies would favour the former characteristics for average architects. Although there does not appear to be a clear definition of the character of an architect, some interesting distinctions between broad types of thinkers can be identified. One classification is between convergent and divergent thinkers. The difference between convergent and divergent thinkers re-occurs throughout the book. Convergent thinkers are generally associated with the sciences, and will work effectively towards one correct answer to a given problem. Divergent thinkers respond well to open-ended questions, taking pleasure from the task of proposing many alternatives to a given problem. Divergent thinkers seem to enjoy ambiguity in a problem and are happy to work in this situation, convergent thinkers prefer precise problem definitions avoiding "messy" situations. Convergent thinkers seek to find an abstract perfection, through precise logical arguments, something which divergent thinkers mistrust. Although all architects will fall somewhere between these two extremes, as with all the polarizations presented, there are examples of successful architects who show tendencies to either one of these types of thinking. It has been suggested that successful designing requires both types of thinking. The creative process described in simple terms relies upon the creation of a set of possible solutions and a critical selection process to choose the most suitable. Divergent thinking works best at producing alternatives, and convergent thinking works best at selecting the best solution from a given set. The divergent thinker works within a vague framework, while the convergent thinker works within the well-defined set of possibilities presented.

The architecture of the hospital: a study of spatial organization and medical knowledge.

Abstract: The paper opens with a review of recent developments in the sociology of spatial organization and after an examination of the ontological and epistemological assumptions which are embedded within current theorizations of space a number of arguments are advanced concerning the inter-relationships which hold between forms of knowledge, social practice and physical design. Using architectural plans, these arguments are then developed with reference to the study of the spatial organization of hospital wards in three contexts; the care and treatment of children, the containment of madness in the pre-1845 period and the management of psychiatric patients 1973-1982. The paper concludes that schemes of spatial organization are best understood in relation to the discursive practices -of which they form a part rather than as decontextualised and reified social facts which exhibit their own 'logic'. I SOCIOLOGIES OF SPACE The study of the social organization of space has figured prominently in much twentieth century social science literature, and the sociological account opened by Durkheim and Mauss in 1903 has been meticulously augmented throughout the twentieth century by a wide range of work from both European and North American scholars. In fact, and in marsy ways, it is an account which has given rise to an entire sub-discipline within the wider compass of sociology itself; namely that of urban sociology. The emphasis upon urbanism has, however, meant that the overwhelming bulk of the work has been written within the framework of modern geography, rather than of, say, Durkheimian sociology. Consequently, the primary focus of attention has been on the spatial relationships which exist between b.uildings, settlements, land holdings and the like upon landscapes The British Journal of Sociology Volume XXXIX Number I This content downloaded from 207.46.13.147 on Fri, 20 May 2016 07:26:10 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms The architecture of the hospital 87 in the widest sense of that term. Indeed, even within the most recent writings on spatial structures, such as those of Gregory and Urry (1985), (which claim to radically reconstitute the sociology of space), and Smith (1984), geography remains indelibly imprinted upon sociology's manifesto. Yet there is a case to be made for a sociology of space rather than a sociological geography and that case has also been recently represented; especially in the work of such writers as King (1980), Hillier and Hanson (1984) and, to a lesser extent, Giddens (1984, 1985). In this newly conceived sociology of space it is the internal structure of buildings as much as the settlement of landscape which provide the foci of attention, and it is inter-mural rather than extra-mural surfaces which constitute the planes on which sociology inscribes its analysis. It is just such a sociology of space which I wish to follow through in this paper, and I wish to do so by concentrating upon the architecture of the hospital. Hospital architecture is, of course, capable of many and varied forms of expression, and so in order to underline the several arguments which are contained in this paper I intend to concentrate on a few specific examples of architectural design as it appears in the hospital ward. My first examples will be drawn from paediatric wards and my later examples from what might be called 'asylum' architecture. The latter examples are especially interesting because, unlike the children's wards, they are drawn from a range of hospitals which in different ages have been known by a variety of names, and the revisions of nomenclature are undoubtedly correlated with revisions of design. Indeed, it could be argued that their changing architectural forms help in many ways to define the objects of therapy which were, or are, to be found within their walls and it is a point which I hope to elaborate upon in my discussion of two specific stages of such architecture viz the Asylum during the 1807-1845 period and the Psychiatric Unit 1973-1982. But before I actually turn to an examination of such architecture I would like to outline some sociological principles which can be applied to the study of spatial structures. Without doubt, some of the most fascinating developments in the sociology of space emanated from work carried out by the Durkheimians during the first few decades of the present century, and it is that work which offers the most fruitful starting point for any sociological consideration of spatial relationships. Durkheim and Mauss (1963), for example, in a sociologized version of Kantianism argued that space and time were ultimately forms of social categorization and, more importantly, that such categorizations expressed, 'under different aspects the very societies within which they were elaborated' (1963:66). Classificatory schemes were therefore modelled upon forms of social organization and human cognitive processes were assumed to have a social base (Durkheim 1915). The genius ofthe Durkheimians, This content downloaded from 207.46.13.147 on Fri, 20 May 2016 07:26:10 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms

Pompeii: An Architectural History

Abstract: Excavations at Popeii have been going on for more than two centuires, since 1748, and discoveries there have regularly produced new and important information about ancient Roman life. The site holds a rich concentration of municipal buildings, houses of every size and condition, villas, and tombs. Now in paperback, the first book of this century written in English devoted to Pompeian architecture and urban development tells the story of the city and its buildings. With text and illustrations, L. Richardson, jr portrays Pompeii in context, as a keystone in the architectural history of antiquity.Pompeii's life was comparatively short. From its meteoric rise as a seaport and shipbuilding center during the First Punic War until its abrupt destruction with the eruption of Vesuvius in A. D. 79, the city passed through four major building periods. After a general introduction to Pompeii's history and geography, the book proceeds through each period, discussing its public buildings, private buildings, and tombs. Each building is described and placed according to its importance in the development of its particular architectural form. Richardson offers new dates and arrives at new conclusions about the development of such important features as the city plan, fortifications, and the atrium/peristyle house. Fifty ground plans and twenty-five photographs illustrate the text."There has long been a need for a comprehensive account in English of the architecture and urban development of Pompeii. Richardson's book makes a valiant effort to remedy the deficiency, and will be particularly welcome to all students of Roman architecture"--Classical Review

Native American Architecture

Abstract: For many people, Native American architecture calls to mind the wigwam, tipi, iglu, and pueblo. Yet the richly diverse building traditions of Native Americans encompass much more, including specific structures for sleeping, working, worshipping, meditating, playing, dancing, lounging, giving birth, decision-making, cleansing, storing and preparing food, caring for animals, and honoring the dead. In effect, the architecture covers all facets of Indian life. The collaboration between an architect and an anthropologist, Native American Architecture presents the first book-length, fully illustrated exploration of North American Indian architecture to appear in over a century. Peter Nabokov and Robert Easton together examine the building traditions of the major tribes in nine regional areas of the continent from the huge plank-house villages of the Northwest Coast to the moundbuilder towns and temples of the Southeast, to the Navajo hogans and adobe pueblos of the Southwest. Going beyond a traditional survey of buildings, the book offers a broad, clear view into the Native American world, revealing a new perspective on the interaction between their buildings and culture. Looking at Native American architecture as more than buildings, villages, and camps, Nabokov and Easton also focus on their use of space, their environment, their social mores, and their religious beliefs. Each chapter concludes with an account of traditional Indian building practices undergoing a revival or in danger today. The volume also includes a wealth of historical photographs and drawings (including sixteen pages of color illustrations), architectural renderings, and specially prepared interpretive diagrams which decode the sacred cosmology of the principal house types.

Islamic Art and Architecture, 650-1250

Abstract: This illustrated book provides an overview of Islamic art and architecture during a time that witnessed the formation of a new artistic culture and its first, medieval, flowering in the vast area from the Atlantic to India. Inspired by Ettinghausen and Grabar's original text, this book has been completely rewritten and updated, and many new illustrations have been added.

The IBM System/370 vector architecture: design considerations

Abstract: The considerations that shaped the architecture of the IBM System/370 Vector Facility are reviewed The architectural requirements, decisions, and innovations are summarized, and the rationale for the choices that were made is given Issues related to vector function, performance, compatibility, migration, and integration with the rest of the System/370 architecture are covered >

The lost meaning of classical architecture: Speculations on ornament from Vitruvius to Venturi

Abstract: Why do architects still use the classical orders? Why use forms derived from ancient Greek temples when ancient Greek religion has been dead for centuries and when the way of life they expressed is extinct? And why decorate a contemporary courthouse with the bones, eggs, darts, claws, and garlands that an ancient Greek would recognize as the trappings of animal sacrifice?With these provocative questions George Hersey begins his recovery of the meaning of classical architecture. For the last four centuries, he shows, philology and formalism have drained architecture of its poetry. By analyzing this poetry -- the tropes founded on the Greek terms for ornamental detail -- he reconstructs a classical theory about the origin and meaning of the orders, one that links them to ancient sacrificial ritual and myth. In doing so, Hersey reinterprets key tales and taboos that were part of the cultural memory of the ancient Greeks. His touchstone is Vitruvius, author of the only surviving classical treatise on architecture, whose stories about Dorus, Ion, and the Corinthian maiden, and about the Caryaean women and Persian soldiers, describe the orders as records or remembrances of sacrifice. Hersey finds revivals of this consciousness in the Italian Renaissance and throws new light on the works of the architectural theorists Francesco di Giorgio and Ceasare Cesariano, and also on Raphael's Disputa, Michelangelo's tomb of Julius 11 and Medici Chapel, and Hugues Sambin's handbook on termini.

Building Power: Italy's Colonial Architecture and Urbanism, 1923–1940

Abstract: It has become part of the anthropological repertoire to address the interpretation and articulation of cultural experience, although its historical unfolding is still often ignored. In this article I treat a particular experience and its articulation over almost two decades. That experience is colonialism in general, but specifically it is the spatial organization of bodies and built forms in two of Italy's colonies, Libya and Ethiopia, during the Fascist era (1922-43). This project can be categorized as an interpretive one, since its principal concern is with the usage of certain terms vis-h-vis certain practices, and its main thrust is to observe a change over time in the way this relationship was articulated. Also it is essentially comparative, not only in its diachronic comparison across historical moments but also in that it spans across colonies. It is not a direct comparison of the two colonies as places in their own right, but as constituted and mediated by the Italian colonialist discourse. And colonialist discourse, above all, is the subject of this article. In the 1920s and 1930s in Libya, and in Ethiopia in the late 1930s, Italian architects had the opportunity to conduct experiments in colonial architecture and urban planning on a vast scale. In the process of developing these colonial laboratories, they fumbled with and partially resolved several issues of colonial ideology concerning the significance of colonial architecture and the negotiation of a colonial identity with respect to Europe and the local populations. In the Libyan context the architects confronted problems stemming from the distinction between "Italian" and "primitive" architecture, and they were preoccupied with architectural form. Modernitd ("modernity") was an overriding concern in this moment of Italian architectural discourse, as it implied the presentation of Italy's character to the rest of Europe. The crucial function of architecture was to gain status vis-a-vis other European nations. This status was to be regained, for Italy had been a great power (even if in antiquity), and was currently existing in a fallen state. The setting of Ethiopia generated a different set of concerns, and the entire discourse of colonial architecture and urbanism changed as of 1936, the year of the proclamation of the Italian Fascist Empire. Here whole cities were being de-

The history of postmodern architecture

Abstract: This first standard work on the past 25 years in postmodern architecture documents a rich and controversial period. It provides a fascinating, clear, and provocative definition of the phenomena of postmodernism, particularly in relation to the major ideas of modernism. Over 500 illustrations, including 96 in full color, are in themselves a substantial record of the aesthetic preoccupations of postmodernist architects, their patrons, and their detractors.Heinrich Klotz is one of Europe's leading architectural critics. In this panoramic work he challenges popular notions of postmodernism as synonymous with the stylistic license of eclecticism. He seeks to clarify the postmodern in other than stylistic, historic, or regional terms and identifies a long tradition of canonical, "modern" buildings which were breaking ground for what would become "postmodern" long before the word existed. His criteria for what defines postmodern will be challenged, debated, and quoted by historians and architects alike.Klotz focuses both on architects' individual projects and their work as a whole, combining structural analysis with an assessment of programmatic and philosophical content. "Not only function, but also fiction!" that is the guiding concept of this book. His approach leads quite naturally to a gallery of celebrities from the modern as well as the postmodern period: Mies, Kahn, Venturi, Moore, Ungers, Rossi, Stirling, Hollein, Gehry, Graves, Meier, Hedjuk, Eisenman, Botta, Krier, and Stern among them. Also included are a host of less well-known contemporary practitioners including Rem Koolhas, Thomas Gordon Smith, and Maurice Culot.Heinrich Klotz is Professor at the University of Marburg and Director of the German Architecture Museum in Frankfurt, the most distinguished showcase of contemporary architectural exhibitions in Europe. He is the author of 14 books, founder and editor of "Architectura" magazine, the "Jahrbuch fuer architecktur," and winner of the Schinkel prize of the German Society of Architects.

Adissa: architectural design of information systems based on structured analysis

Abstract: ADISSA is a methodology for Architectural Design of Information Systems and Software, based on Structured Analysis. The architectural design includes: (a) design of a tree-structured menu system, which interfaces between the users and the system-viewed as the "external architecture" of the system; and (b) design of the transactions of the system, composed of various functions which are activated in response to user needs and various events in the universe of discourse-viewed as the "internal architecture" of the system. The menu tree and the transactions are tied up with the other major components of the system architecture: the inputs and outputs, and the database. ADISSA methodology is fully compatible and consistent with Structured Analysis, and therefore the stages of system analysis and design are integrated into one complete process.

Towards a Theory of Participation in Architecture—An Examination of Humanistic Planning Theories

Abstract: Participatory design, also referred to as community design, 1 has reached a stage where it is no longer an activity practiced only by architects who operate outside the conventional realm of architecture. Participatory design has extended its base, and such proponents as Giancarlo de Carlo, Ralph Erskine, Lucien Kroll, and Charles Moore, to list a few, have helped to secure public recognition. But over time, participatory design has changed its character significantly. It is now, to a large extent, used to legitimize architectural populism without acknowledging its initial social program.

Building Modern Italy: Italian Architecture, 1914-1936

Abstract: (1990). Building Modern Italy: Italian Architecture, 1914-36. Journal of Architectural Education: Vol. 43, No. 4, pp. 43-44.

The making of a modern Japanese architecture : 1868 to the present

Abstract: This text explores the rise of modern architecture in Japan since 1868 and the interaction between tradition and innovation, East and West.

The 80960 microprocessor architecture

Abstract: Overview history and methodology the core architecture the numerics architecture the protected architecture bus and external signals the implementation 80960 performance.

Modern Architecture: A Guidebook for His Students to This Field of Art

Abstract: This series offers a range of heretofore unavailable writings in English translation on the subjects of art, architecture, and aesthetics.Wagner's manifesto is a plea for an end to architectural eclecticism and for a more rational approach to design suited to contemporary life.

16Mb ROM design using bank select architecture

Abstract: Market nee& for high density and shorter t u n around time (TAT) mask programmable ROM's I mask ROM's ) have increased rapidly due to the demand for storing the Kanji charseter fonts and dictionaries used in Japanese word pmcesso~s and storing the mftwere used in TV games. We have realized a mask ROM canfiguration which ratisfie. requirements far bath high density and shorter TAT by employing a new ROM cell I Flat cell I Structure and a bank Selection technique. This paper describes B high density 16M bi t inask ROM configuralion ( a block diagram is shown in F ig .1 I . As a type nf redundancy technique , a new concept of bypass technique for non-programmed ROM areas is described . A testability design named H V parity matrix teat-mode design is also described.

Computer Architecture: A Modern Synthesis

Abstract: The Scope of Computer Architecture The Technologic Framework The Design Process UNIPROCESSORS: Register Machines I: The Outer Architecture Register Machines II: Inner Architecture and Microprogramming The Exploitation of Stacks Language-Directed Architectures: The 'RISC' Style Aspects of Memory Appendix A: ASCII Character Code Appendix B: EBDIC Character Code.

Education of an Architect

Abstract: Shows projects developed by the students and faculty of the Irwin S. Chanin School of Architecture.

Providing intelligent assistance in distributed office environments

Abstract: We argue that a task-centered, an agent-centered and a cognition-oriented perspective are all needed for providing intelligent assistance in distributed office environments. We present the architecture for a system called OFFICE that combines these three perspectives. We illustrate this architecture through an example.