Showing papers on "Architecture published in 1996"

Computer Architecture: A Quantitative Approach, 2nd Edition

Abstract: The computing world today is in the middle of a revolution: mobile clients and cloud computing have emerged as the dominant paradigms driving programming and hardware innovation today. The Fifth Edition of Computer Architecture focuses on this dramatic shift, exploring the ways in which software and technology in the cloud are accessed by cell phones, tablets, laptops, and other mobile computing devices. Each chapter includes two real-world examples, one mobile and one datacenter, to illustrate this revolutionary change. Updated to cover the mobile computing revolution Emphasizes the two most important topics in architecture today: memory hierarchy and parallelism in all its forms. Develops common themes throughout each chapter: power, performance, cost, dependability, protection, programming models, and emerging trends ("What's Next") Includes three review appendices in the printed text. Additional reference appendices are available online. Includes updated Case Studies and completely new exercises.

Space is the Machine: A Configurational Theory of Architecture

Abstract: Since The social logic of space was published in 1984, Bill Hillier and his colleagues at University College London have been conducting research on how space features in the form and functioning of buildings and cities. A key outcome is the concept of ‘spatial configuration’ — meaning relations which take account of other relations in a complex. New techniques have been developed and applied to a wide range of architectural and urban problems. The aim of this book is to assemble some of this work and show how it leads the way to a new type of theory of architecture: an ‘analytic’ theory in which understanding and design advance together. The success of configurational ideas in bringing to light the spatial logic of buildings and cities suggests that it might be possible to extend these ideas to other areas of the human sciences where problems of configuration and pattern are critical.

Space is the machine

Abstract: Since 'The social logic of space' was published in 1984, Bill Hillier and his colleagues at University College London have been conducting research on how space features in the form and functioning of buildings and cities. A key outcome is the concept of 'spatial configuration' - meaning relations which take account of other relations in a complex. New techniques have been developed and applied to a wide range of architectural and urban problems. The aim of this book is to assemble some of this work and show how it leads the way to a new type of theory of architecture: an 'analytic' theory in which understanding and design advance together. The success of configurational ideas in bringing to light the spatial logic of buildings and cities suggests that it might be possible to extend these ideas to other areas of the human sciences where problems of configuration and pattern are critical.

SCOTCH: A Software Package for Static Mapping by Dual Recursive Bipartitioning of Process and Architecture Graphs

Abstract: The combinatorial optimization problem of assigning the communicating processes of a parallel program onto a parallel machine so as to minimize its overall execution time is called static mapping.

Cities as movement economies

Abstract: This paper is taken from the forthcoming book, "Space is the Machine" (CUP 1996) which brings together some of the recent developments in applying configurational analysis to issues of architectural and urban theory. The paper reports a fundamental research finding: that movement in the urban grid is, all other things being equal, generated by the configuration of the grid itself. This finding allows completely new insights into the structure of urban grids, and the way these stuctures relate to urban function. The relation between grid and movement in fact underlies many other aspects of urban form: the distribution of land uses such as retail and residence, spatial patterning of crime, the evolution of different densities and even the part-whole structure of cities. The influence of the fundamental grid-movement relation is so pervasive that cities are conceptualized here as 'movement economies', in which the structuring of movement by the grid leads, through multiplier effects, to dense patterns of mixed use encounter that characterize the spatially successful city.

Theorizing a new agenda for architecture : an anthology of architectural theory 1965-1995

Abstract: "Theorizing a New Agenda for Architecture: An Anthology of ArchitecturalTheory" collects in a single volume the most significant essays on architectural theory of the last thirty years.A dynamic period of reexamination of the discipline, the postmodern eraproduced widely divergent and radical viewpoints on issues of making, meaning, history, and the city. Among the paradigms presented arearchitectural postmodernism, phenomenology, semiotics, poststructuralism, deconstruction, and feminism.By gathering these influential articles from a vast array of books and journals into a comprehensive anthology, Kate Nesbitt has created a resource of great value. Indispensable to professors and students of architecture and architectural theory, Theorizing a New Agenda also serves practitioners and the general public, as Nesbitt provides an overview, a thematic structure, and a critical introduction to each essay.The list of authors in "Theorizing a New Agenda" reads like a "Who's Who" of contemporary architectural thought: Tadao Ando, Giulio Carlo Argan, Alan Colquhoun, Jacques Derrida, Peter Eisenman, Marco Frascari, Kenneth Frampton, Diane Ghirardo, Vittorio Gregotti, Karsten Harries, Rem Koolhaas, Christian Norberg-Schulz, Aldo Rossi, Colin Rowe, Thomas Schumacher, Ignasi de Sol-Morales Rubi, Bernard Tschumi, Robert Venturi and Denise Scott Brown, and Anthony Vidler. A bibliography and notes on all the contributors are also included.

Intelligent Integration of Information

Abstract: This paper describes and classifies methods to transform data to information in a three-layer, mediated architecture. The layers can be characterized from the top down as information-consuming applications, mediators which perform intelligent integration of information (I3), and data, knowledge and simulation resources.The objective of modules in the I3 architecture is to provide end users' apoplications with information obtained through selection, abstraction, fusion, caching, extrapolation, and pruning of data. The data is obtained from many diverse and heterogeneous sources. The I3 objective requires the establishment of a consensual information system architecture, so that many participants and technologies can contribute. An attempt to provide such a range of services within a single, tightly integrated system is unlikely to survive technological or environmental change.This paper focuses on the computational models needed to support the mediating functions in this architecture and introduces initial applicatiions. The architecture has been motivated in [Wied:92C].

Architectural Principles of the Internet

Abstract: The Internet and its architecture have grown in evolutionary fashion from modest beginnings, rather than from a Grand Plan. While this process of evolution is one of the main reasons for the technology's success, it nevertheless seems useful to record a snapshot of the current principles of the Internet architecture. This is intended for general guidance and general interest, and is in no way intended to be a formal or invariant reference model.

The ethical function of architecture

Abstract: Can architecture help us find our place and way in today's complex world? Can it return individuals to a whole, to a world, to a community? Developing Giedion's claim that contemporary architecture's main task is to interpret a way of life valid for our time, philosopher Karsten Harries answers that architecture should serve a common ethos. But if architecture is to meet that task, it first has to free itself from the dominant formalist approach, and get beyond the notion that its purpose is to produce endless variations of the decorated shed. In a series of cogent and balanced arguments, Harries questions the premises on which architects and theorists have long relied -- premises which have contributed to architecture's current identity crisis and marginalization. He first criticizes the aesthetic approach, focusing on the problems of decoration and ornament. He then turns to the language of architecture. If the main task of architecture is indeed interpretation, in just what sense can it be said to speak, and what should it be speaking about? Expanding upon suggestions made by Martin Heidegger, Harries also considers the relationship of building to the idea and meaning of dwelling. Architecture, Harries observes, has a responsibility to community; but its ethical function is inevitably also political. He concludes by examining these seemingly paradoxical functions.

Architecture and Power in the Ancient Andes: The Archaeology of Public Buildings

Abstract: 1. The contemplation of ruins 2. A sample of ancient Andean architecture: a critical description 3. The architecture of monuments 4. The architecture of ritual 5. The architecture of social control 6. Summary and implications.

High-speed, parallel, processor architecture for front-end electronics, based on a single type of ASIC, and method use thereof

Abstract: An array of processors, each having a data input for receiving raw data, and other data input ports for receiving data for other processors of the plurality. Each processor processes data according to an algorithm programmed therein, and either passes the processed data or raw data to the other processors. By using a three dimensional array of processors, data from a large number of inputs can be processed in a high speed manner and funneled to a smaller number of outputs. An efficient microcode and processor architecture allows high speed processing of data using very few clock cycles, and can pass raw data to another processor in a single clock cycle.

Finding Form: Towards an Architecture of the Minimal

Abstract: 2019 Edition "Primeval architecture is an architecture of necessity. Nothing is there to excess, no matter whether stone, clay, reeds or wood, animal skins or hair are used. It is minimal. It can be very beautiful even amidst poverty and is good in the ethical sense. Good architecture seems to be more important than beautiful architecture. Beautiful architecture is not necessarily good. Only buildings that are at the same time ethically good and aesthetically beautiful are worth preserving. We have too many buildings that have become useless and yet we still need new buildings, from pole to pole, in the cold and in the heat. Mans present areas of settlement are the new ecological system in which technology is indispensable, even in hot and cold areas. ... Our age requires buildings that are lighter, more energy-saving, more mobile and more adaptable, in brief more natural, without disregarding the need for safety and security. This logically leads to the further development of light constructions, to the building of tents, shells, awnings and air-supported membranes. It also leads to a new mobility and changeability. A new understanding of nature is forming under one aspect of high performance form (also called classical form), which unites aesthetic and ethical viewpoints. Tomorrows architecture will again be minimal architecture, an architecture of the self-education and self-optimization processes suggested by human beings." (Frei Otto and Bodo Rasch in their foreword of this book) In 1992 the Bavarian branch of the Deutscher Werkbund awarded its first prize to Frei Otto, undoubtedly the most successful and many-sided protagonist of modern light construction, and with it a request to nominate a meritorious person to whom the prize could be passed on, and to design a joint exhibition with that person. Frei Otto chose his pupil Bodo Rasch, who had realized Ottos theories particularly in other cultures. The publication produced on this occasion provides information about scientific fundamentals and the working methods the two architects developed from these, which are characterized by "finding" not by "making". This is supposed to produce buildings that could not be more beautiful and can scarcely be improved in terms of materials and loadbearing capacity.

Glass in architecture

Abstract: History and architectural context glass technology - the nature of glass glass in architecture - case studies the future. Appendix: design and performance criteria and scientific background.

The Architecture of Memory: A Jewish-Muslim Household in Colonial Algeria, 1937-1962

Abstract: Introduction l. Foundations 2. Telling places: the house as social architecture 3. Telling people: the house and the world 4. Domestic time 5. The poetics of remembrance.

System and method for generating trusted, architecture specific, compiled versions of architecture neutral programs

Abstract: A distributed computer system has a program compiling computer and a program executing computer. The program compiling computer is operated by a compiling party and includes a compiler that, when the digital signature of the originating party of an architecture neutral program has been verified, (A) compiles the architecture neutral program code of the architecture neutral program into architecture specific program code in the architecture specific language identified by the compile to information in the architecture neutral program, and (B) appends to the architecture specific program code a digital signature of the compiling party to generate an architecture specific program. The program executing computer is operated by an executing party and includes an architecture specific program executer that executes the architecture specific program code of the architecture specific program when the digital signature of the originating party of the architecture neutral program has been verified, the digital signature of the compiling party of the architecture specific program has been verified, and the compiling party has been determined to be a member of a defined set of trusted compiling parties.

Neural network/conceptual clustering fraud detection architecture

Abstract: The invention relates to an apparatus for detecting fraud using a neural network. The architecture of the system involves first employing a conceptual clustering technique to generate a collection of classes from historical data. Neural networks are provided for each class created by the clustering step and the networks are trained using the same historical data. This apparatus is particularly useful for detecting the incidence of fraudulent activity from very large amounts of data such as tax returns or insurance claims.

Multimedia architecture for interactive advertising

Abstract: An interactive multi-media system having a video server for providing a primary video program interleaved with secondary multimedia programming and a database for storing information about a viewer and the content of the primary video program. The secondary multimedia programming has a varying content determined by the data contained in the database, and as such, can be changed based upon an individual viewer's demographics in conjunction with the subject matter being displayed by the primary video program. Preferably, the system is accessed via the Internet, wherein the subscriber's house is connected to an Internet head end or node via a cable modem.

Empire Building: Orientalism and Victorian Architecture

Abstract: The colonial architecture of the nineteenth century has much to tell us of the history of colonialism and cultural exchange. Yet, these buildings can be read in many ways. Do they stand as witnesses to the rapacity and self-delusion of empire? Are they monuments to a world of lost glory and forgotten convictions? Do they reveal battles won by indigenous cultures and styles? Or do they simply represent an architectural style made absurdly incongruous in relocation? Empire Building is a study of how and why Western architecture was exported to the Middle East and how Islamic and Byzantine architectural ideas and styles impacted on the West. The book explores how far racial theory and political and religious agendas guided British architects (and how such ideas were resisted when applied), and how Eastern ideas came to influence the West, through writers such as Ruskin and buildings such as the Crystal Palace. Beautifully written and lavishly illustrated, Empire Building takes the reader on an extraordinary postcolonial journey, backwards and forwards, into the heart and to the edge of empire.

Designing Digital Space: An Architect's Guide to Virtual Reality

Abstract: Partial table of contents: THE PAST. The Quest for Three-Dimensionality. From Images of Architecture to Architecture of Images. THE PRESENT. The Electronic Revolution in Architecture. Solid and Digital Architecture. Virtual Reality. The Stuff VR Is Made Of. Architectural Design and Virtual Reality. WHO IS DOING WHAT? Architectural Applications and the Responsive Workbench. Architectural Realities: Virtual Reality Case Studies at Calibre Institute. Community and Environmental Design and Simulation: The CEDeS Lab at the University of Washington. Real Buildings and Virtual Spaces. THE FUTURE. A Few Observations about the Future of Architecture in a Digital World. A Few Hypotheses for Reconstructed Architecture. Index.

The Warwick Metadata Workshop: A Framework for the Deployment ofResource Description

Abstract: This paper presents information regarding work done during the OCLC/UKOLN Warwick Metadata Workshop held in April 1996 at Warwick University, Warwick, U.K. The focus of this workshop was on the problem of the deployment of metadata for networked information resources. The Dublin Core metadata elements, defined at the OCLC/NCSA Metadata Workshop held in March 1995 in Dublin, Ohio, formed the basis for the discussions. The final deliverable was the Warwick Framework, a description of a container architecture for aggregating metadata objects of interchange, as well as descriptions for how to implement this architecture.

Ordering Space: Types in Architecture and Design

Abstract: (1996). Ordering Space: Types in Architecture and Design. Journal of Architectural Education: Vol. 50, No. 2, pp. 128-130.

Architecture and authority in Japan

Abstract: 1. Authority in Architecture: Container and Contained 2. The Grand Shrines of Ise and Izumo: The Appropriation of Vernacular Architecture by Early Ruling Authority 3. Great Halls of Religion and State: Architecture and the Creation of the Nara Imperial Order 4. Heian Palaces and Kamakura Temples: The Changing Countenances of Aristocratic and Warrior Power 5. Castles: The Symbol and Substance of Momoyama and Early Edo Period Authority 6. Nijo Castle and the Psychology of Architectural Intimidation 7. Tokugawa Mausolea: Intimations of Immortality and the Architecture of Posthumous Authority 8. Shogunal and Daimayo Gateways: The Intersecting Spheres of Arbitrary Will and Technical Necessity 9. Building the Meiji State: The Western Architectural Hierarchy 10. Tange Kenzo's Tokyo Monuments: New Authority and Old Architectural Ambitions 11. Beyond Vanity and Evanescence Chronology of Buildings.

An Actor Based Architecture for Intelligent Tutoring Systems

Abstract: The evolution of intelligent tutoring systems (ITS) toward the use of multiple learning strategies calls on a multi-agent architecture. We designed an ITS where several agents assume different pedagogical roles; consequently, we called them actors. We first describe the conceptual architecture of an actor which allows it to be reactive, instructable, adaptive and cognitive. We then provide a detailed view of this architecture and show how it functions with an example involving the different actors of a new learning strategy, the learning by disturbing strategy.

Architecture After Modernism

Abstract: Public space domestic space reconfiguring the urban sphere biographical notes on architects.

The Architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright

Abstract: This study of the architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright, beginning with his work in Oak Park in the late 1880s and culminating in the construction of the Guggenheim Museum in New York and the Marin County Civic Centre in the 1950s, is an analysis of the architect's entire career since the opening of the Wright Archives over a decade ago. Wright built more than 400 buildings and designed at least twice as many more. The characteristic features of his work - the open plan, dynamic space, fragmented volumes, natural materials, and integral structure-established the basic way that we think about modern architecture. For a general audience, this book provides an introduction to Wright's remarkable accomplishments, as seen against the background of his eventful and often tragic life. For the architect or the architectural historian, it should be a source of new insights into the development of Wright's whole body of work. It integrates biographical and historical material in a chronologically ordered framework that makes sense of his enormously varied career, and it provides over four hundred illustrations running parallel to the text. Levine conveys the meanings of the continuities and changes that he sees in Wright's architecture and thought by focusing successive chapters on his most significant buildings, such as the Winslow House, Taliesin, Hollyhock House, Fallingwater, Taliesin West, and the Guggenheim Museum. A new understanding of the representational imagery and narrative structure of Wright's work, along with a reconsideration of its historical and contextual underpinnings, gives this study a place in the writings on Wright. In contrast to the emphasis a previous generation of critics and historians placed on Wright's earlier buildings, this book offers a broader perspective that sees Wright's later work as the culmination of his earlier efforts and the basis for a new understanding of the centrality of his career to the evolution of modem architecture as a whole.