Showing papers on "Architecture published in 1999"

Framing Places: Mediating Power in Built Form

Abstract: Framing Places is an account of the nexus between place and power, investigating how the built forms of architecture and urban design act as mediators of social practices of power. Explored through a range of theories and case studies, this examination shows how lives are 'framed' within the clusters of rooms, buildings, streets and cities. These silent framings of everyday life also mediate practices of coercion, seduction and authorization as architects and urban designers engage with the articulation of dreams; imagining and constructing a 'better' future in someone's interest. This second edition has been thoroughly revised and updated to include a look at the recent Grollo Tower development in Melbourne and a critique on Euralille, a new quarter development in Northern France. The book draws from a broad range of methodology including: analysis of spatial structure discourse analysis phenomenology. These approaches are woven together through a series of narratives on specific cities - Berlin, Beijing and Bangkok - and global building types including the corporate tower, shopping mall, domestic house and enclave.

Playing Detective: Reconstructing Software Architecture from Available Evidence

Abstract: Because a system‘s software architecture strongly influences its quality attributes such as modifiability, performance, and security, it is important to analyze and reason about that architecture. However, architectural documentation frequently does not exist, and when it does, it is often “out of sync” with the implemented system. In addition, it is rare that software development begins with a clean slates systems are almost always constrained by existing legacy code. As a consequence, we need to be able to extract information from existing system implementations and utilize this information for architectural reasoning. This paper presents Dali, an open, lightweight workbench that aids an analyst in extracting, manipulating, and interpreting architectural information. By assisting in the reconstruction of architectures from extracted information, Dali helps an analyst redocument architectures, discover the relationship between “as-implemented” and “as-designed” architectures, analyze architectural quality attributes and plan for architectural change.

Toward a New International Financial Architecture

Abstract: An electronic switch which has no moving parts and is actuated by the capacitance of an operator providing a connection between earth ground and an input to the electronics associated with the switch is disclosed. The electronic switch in the preferred embodiment, includes a plate accessible to the tough of a human operator electrically connected to a first amplifier, and particularly to the input which is isolated from and thus oscillating with respect to earth ground. The output of the first amplifier is simultaneously connected to one end of a storage capacitor, having its other end connected to earth ground, and to one end of a high impedance. A second amplifier, is connected to the other end of the high impedance to provide a switched output, with the switched output having a first state for approximating an electrical short circuit and a second state for approximating an electrical open circuit.

Architecture and Modernity. A Critique

Abstract: In this exploration of the relationship between modernity, dwelling, and architecture, Hilde Heynen attempts to bridge the gap between the discourse of the modern movement and cultural theories of modernity. On one hand, she discusses architecture from the perspective of critical theory, and on the other, she modifies positions within critical theory by linking them with architecture. She assesses architecture as a cultural field that structures daily life and that embodies major contradictions inherent in modernity, arguing that architecture nonetheless has a certain capacity to adopt a critical stance vis-a-vis modernity. Besides presenting a theoretical discussion of the relation between architecture, modernity, and dwelling, the book provides architectural students with an introduction to the discourse of critical theory. The subchapters on Walter Benjamin, Ernst Bloch, Theodor Adorno, and the Venice School (Tafuri, Dal Co, Cacciari) can be studied independently for this purpose.

Attribute-Based Architecture Styles

Abstract: Architectural styles have enjoyed widespread popularity in the past few years, and for good reason: they represent the distilled wisdom of many experienced architects and guide less experienced architects in designing their architectures. However, architectural styles employ qualitative reasoning to motivate when and under what conditions they should be used. In this paper we present the concept of an ABAS (Attribute-Based Architectural Style) which includes a set of components and connectors along with their topology, but which adds to this a quality attribute specific model that provides a method of reasoning about the behavior of component types that interact in the defined pattern. We will define ABASs in this paper, show how they are used, and argue for why this extension to the notion of architectural style is an important step toward creating a true engineering discipline of architectural design.

Deploying Intelligent Tutors on the Web: An Architecture and an Example

Abstract: We describe the conversion of a standalone intelligent tutoring system (ITS) to one that operates on the World Wide Web. First, we focus on one product of this effort, a Web- enabled architecture as extension of a widely-used standalone ITS architecture. The advantages of the architecture we have chosen are discussed. We then describe the specific Web-based ITS that uses this architecture, highlighting features of the tutor for supporting and enhancing problem solving. Both the architecture and many features of the tutor that support students' problem solving activities should be generalizable to other ITSs.

Exploiting ADLs to specify architectural styles induced by middleware infrastructures

Abstract: Architecture definition languages (ADLs) enable the formalization of the architecture of software systems and the execution of preliminary analyses on them. These analyses aim at supporting the identification and solution of design problems in the early stages of software development. We have used ADLs to describe middleware-induced architectural styles. These styles describe the assumptions and constraints that middleware infrastructures impose on the architecture of systems. Our work originates from the belief that the explicit representation of these styles at the architectural level can guide designers in the definition of an architecture compliant with a pre-selected middleware infrastructure, or, conversely can support designers in the identification of the most suitable middleware infrastructure for a specific architecture. In this paper we provide an evaluation of ADLs as to their suitability for defining middleware-induced architectural styles. We identify new requirements for ADLs, and we highlight the importance of existing capabilities. Although our experimentation starts from an attempt to solve a specific problem, the results we have obtained provide general lessons about ADLs, learned from defining the architecture of existing, complex, distributed, running systems.

The architecture of science

Abstract: How do the spaces in which science is done shape the identity of the scientist and the self-conception of scientific fields? How do the sciences structure the identity of the architect and the practice of architecture in a specific period? And how does the design of spaces such as laboratories, hospitals, and museums affect how the public perceives and interacts with the world of science? The Architecture of Science offers a dazzling set of speculations on these issues by historians of science, architecture, and art; architectural theorists; and sociologists as well as practicing scientists and architects The essays are organized into six sections: "Of Secrecy and Openness: Science and Architecture in Early Modern Europe"; "Displaying and Concealing Technics in the Nineteenth Century"; "Modern Space"; "Is Architecture Science?"; "Princeton after Modernism: The Lewis Thomas Laboratory for Molecular Biology"; and "Centers, Cities, and Colliders"

Architectural Energetics, Ancient Monuments, and Operations Management

Abstract: Architectural energetics, subsumed within replicative archaeology, provides a means through which buildings are translated into labor-time estimates. To date, the majority of architectural energetics analyses have generated comparative measures of architectural costs, equating these with a vertical structure of political power and authority within and among societies. The present analysis expands the application of architectural energetics by subjecting construction labor costs to an analysis based on concepts central to the Theory of Constraints, which is widely applied in modern operations management. This modeling generates a hypothetical set of behavioral patterns performed by general laborers within a construction project and explicates a method which allows further exploration into the question of labor organization (i.e., allocation and articulation of workers), as well as perhaps other economic organization, in an archaeological context. The case example is Structure 10L-22, a large Mayan palace at the site of Copan, Honduras.

A World History of Architecture

Abstract: CHAPTER 1 THE BEGINNINGS OF ARCHITECTURE - - CHAPTER 2 THE GREEK WORLD - - CHAPTER 3 THE ARCHITECTURE OF ANCIENT INDIA AND SOUTHEAST ASIA - - CHAPTER 4 THE TRADITIONAL ARCHITECTURE OF CHINA AND JAPAN - - CHAPTER 5 THE ROMAN WORLD - - CHAPTER 6 EARLY CHRISTIAN AND BYZANTINE ARCHITECTURE - - CHAPTER 7 ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE - - CHAPTER 8 EARLY MEDIEVAL AND ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE - - CHAPTER 9 GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE - CHAPTER 10 INDIGENOUS ARCHITECTURE IN THE AMERICAS AND AFRICA - - CHAPTER 11 RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE - - CHAPTER 12 BAROQUE ARCHITECTURE - - CHAPTER 13 NEO-CLASSICISM, ROMANTICISM, AND THE ROCOCO - - CHAPTER 14 ECLECTICISM, INDUSTRIALIZATION, AND NEWNESS - - CHAPTER 15 THE TWENTIETH CENTURY AND MODERNISM - - CHAPTER 16 MODERNISMS IN THE MID- AND LATE TWENTIETH CENTURY AND BEYOND - -

The anaesthetics of architecture

Abstract: In this short, intentionally polemical book, Neil Leach draws on the ideas of philosophers and cultural theorists such as Walter Benjamin and Jean Baudrillard to develop a novel and highly incisive critique of the consequences of the growing preoccupation with images and image-making in contemporary architectural culture.The problem with this preoccupation, Leach argues, is that it can induce a sort of numbness, as the saturation of images floods the senses and obscures deeper concerns. This problem is particularly acute for a discipline such as architecture, which relies heavily on visual representation. As a result, architects can become anaesthetized from the social and political realities of everyday life. In the intoxicating world of the image, the aesthetics of architecture threaten to become the anaesthetics of architecture. In this culture of aesthetic consumption, this "culture of the cocktail," meaningful discourse gives way to strategies of seduction, and architectural design is reduced to the superficial play of empty, seductive forms.

Reconsidering urban design: Thoughts about its definition and status as a field or profession

Abstract: Since its emergence and rise to significance over the fast 30 years urban design has been loosely defined In this regard, its definition can be grouped into categories of being cursory, qualitative and prescriptive, historic, proprietary and process oriented A practical definition, ie with regard to its status as a field, sees urban design as being form‐giving to built environments as a primary activity involving the professions of architecture, landscape architecture and planning In addition, ‘thresholds of scale’ factor into a practical definition whereby interrelationships of building site, neighbourhoods and districts, the city, metro region and ‘corridors’ are building blocks of design intervention Quality of life, the public realm and process are significant aspects of the thresholds of scale

A standard for architecture description

Abstract: A profitable information technology (IT) services organization is dependent on widespread asset harvesting (from previous engagements) and scalable asset deployment (into current and future engagements). This activity demands consistency of terminology and notation in the creation and use of engagement artifacts, including work products. This paper presents a standard for architecture description in which a set of conventions for terminology and notation is used to describe and to express the organization of the architecture for an IT system. This standard, the Architecture Description Standard (ADS), is intended to be used by the IBM architecture community. The emphasis is on a minimal set of shared concepts that can be effectively taught to a broad range of IT architects with different skills and that is usable in practice.

The Birth of Modern London: The Development and Design of the City, 1660-1720

Abstract: This text offers a radical re-assessment of late 17th century architecture and a pioneering investigation of the beginnings of the modern middle class town houses

From Craft to Profession: The Practice of Architecture in Nineteenth-Century America

Abstract: This is the first in-depth study of how the architectural profession emerged in early American history. Mary Woods dispels the prevailing notion that the profession developed under the leadership of men formally schooled in architecture as an art during the late nineteenth century. Instead, she cites several instances in the early 1800s of craftsmen-builders who shifted their identity to that of professional architects. While struggling to survive as designers and supervisors of construction projects, these men organized professional societies and worked for architectural education, appropriate compensation, and accreditation. In such leading architectural practitioners as B. Henry Latrobe, Alexander J. Davis, H. H. Richardson, Louis Sullivan, and Stanford White, Woods sees collaborators, partners, merchandisers, educators, and lobbyists rather than inspired creators. She documents their contributions as well as those, far less familiar, of women architects and people of color in the profession's early days. Woods's extensive research yields a remarkable range of archival materials: correspondence among carpenters; 200-year-old lawsuits; architect-client spats; the organization of craft guilds, apprenticeships, university programs, and correspondence schools; and the structure of architectural practices, labor unions, and the building industry. In presenting a more accurate composite of the architectural profession's history, Woods lays a foundation for reclaiming the profession's past and recasting its future. Her study will appeal not only to architects, but also to historians, sociologists, and readers with an interest in architecture's place in America today.

The Architecture of Red Vienna, 1919-1934

Abstract: In this book, Eve Blau looks at how ideological conflict shapedthe buildings of Red Vienna-in terms of their program, spatialconception, language, and use-as well as how political meaning itselfis manifested in architecture.In 1919 the Social Democrat city council of Vienna initiated a radical program of reforms designed to reshape the city's infrastructure along socialist lines. The centerpiece and most enduring achievement of "Red" Vienna was the construction of the Wiener Gemeindebauten, 400 communal housing blocks, distributed throughout the city, in which workers' dwellings were incorporated with kindergartens, libraries, medical clinics, theaters, cooperative stores, and other public facilities. The 64,000 units housed one tenth of the city's population. Throughout this socialist building campaign, however, Austria was ruled by a conservative, clerical, and antisocialist political majority. Thus the architecture of Red Vienna took shape in the midst of highly charged, and often violent, political conflict between left and right. In this book, Eve Blau looks at how that ideological conflict shaped the buildings of Red Vienna-in terms of their program, spatial conception, language, and use-as well as how political meaning itself is manifested in architecture. She shows how the architecture of Red Vienna constructed meaning in relation to the ideological conflicts that defined Austrian politics in the interwar period-how it was shaped by the conditions of its making, and how it engaged its own codes, practices, and history to stake out a political position in relation to those conditions. Her investigation sheds light both on the complex relationship among political program, architectural practice, and urban history in interwar Vienna, and on the process by which architecture can generate a collective discourse that includes all members of society. Published with the assistance of the Getty Grant Program.

On Alberti and the Art of Building

Abstract: A digest of Alberti's architecture which examines a variety of themes such as the relationship between the architect and his patrons, his writings on the visual arts and his practical example, his significance for the extension of architectural theory into practice, and his success in raising the status of architecture to an art.

A History of American Architecture: Buildings in Their Cultural and Technological Context

Abstract: Why did the Victorians drape their buildings in elaborately ornate decoration? Why was the Arts and Crafts movement so popular with the American middle class at the end of the 19th century? Why did Modernism replace traditional architectural styles after World War II? Mark Gelernter provides fresh answers to questions like these, convincingly showing how buildings express powerful cultural forces Embodying deeply felt attitudes about fundamental issues, buildings express our relationship with nature, our social relations with others, the importance of the individual, the value of science and technology, and our political role in the world He explains how designers sometimes expressed these ideas with available building technologies, while at other times they invented new technologies in order to realize new ideas Each of the ten chronological chapters, accompanied by almost 300 photographs, drawings, and maps, begins with a broad survey of the dominant cultural forces and technologies, and then discusses how designers of the day responded with particular architectural forms

Evolutionary Architecture: Nature as a Basis for Design

Abstract: EVOLUTION. Nature as a Basis for Design. Principles of Evolutionary Architecture. LESSONS FROM NATURE. Natural Forms. Design Research Experiments. THE ARCHITECTURE. Selected Works. Projects Not Yet Built. A Closing Message from the Author. Bibliography. Chronology--Eugene Tsui. About the Author. Index.

Organization Space: Landscapes, Highways, and Houses in America

Abstract: Bridging the gap between architecture and infrastructure, Easterling views architecture as part of an ecology of interrelationships and linkages, and she treats the expression of organizational character as part of the architectural endeavor. The dominant architectures in our culture of development consist of generic protocols for building offices, airports, houses, and highways. For Keller Easterling these organizational formats are not merely the context of design efforts-they are the design. Bridging the gap between architecture and infrastructure, Easterling views architecture as part of an ecology of interrelationships and linkages, and she treats the expression of organizational character as part of the architectural endeavor. Easterling also makes the case that these organizational formats are improvisational and responsive to circumstantial change, to mistakes, anomalies, and seemingly illogical market forces. By treating these irregularities opportunistically, she offers architects working within the customary development protocols new sites for making and altering space. By showing the reciprocal relations between systems of thinking and modes of designing, Easterling establishes unexpected congruencies between natural and built environments, virtual and physical systems, highway and communication networks, and corporate and spatial organizations. She frames her unconventional notion of site not in terms of singular entities, but in terms of relationships between multiple sites that are both individually and collectively adjustable.

Design and Feminism: Re-visioning Spaces, Places, and Everyday Things

Abstract: How well do our designed environments - the places and spaces where we live, work and play - meet our aesthetic and functional needs? Increasingly, the distinction between the spaces considered public and private or work and home are becoming more blurred. As a result, innovative designs are needed to meet the challenges of our ever-changing environment. Our streets, parks, dwellings and tools are designed to a "one-size-fits-all" standard, and the responses of the design community to meet diverse needs have been mixed at best. This work offers feminist critiques of these inadequate design standards, and suggests ideas, projects and programmes for change. Each contributor asks how we might think differently and more inclusively about human needs in the environments in which we live and work. The interdisciplinary essays reflect the writers' diverse fields - architecture, planning, industrial and graphic design, and architectural, urban and design history. Essays cover such subjects as rethinking the American city, graphic design and the urban landscape, working at home, special needs in housing, theories of women and design, redesigning architectural education, and a photoessay on industrial designs. A review essay of the literature in these fields rounds out the collection.

Sic et Non: Recent Trends in the Study of Gothic Ecclesiastical Architecture

Abstract: Medieval architectural history has clung not only to positivist visual theories of style, "development," and the genius of the great "architect" as author, but also it has retained modernist paradigms that isolate the object in plans and cross sections that have nothing to do with medieval subject positions, rooted as they are in production and not reception .... Fearful of interdisciplinarity medieval architectural historians still run for the measuring rod.1

The Penguin Dictionary of Architecture and Landscape Architecture

Abstract: Need a handbook to your architect's business or studies? Struggling with your latest DIY project? Interested in the art of architecture? This classic work, now in its fifth edition, covers every aspect of architecture and landscape architecture. Ranging from ancient times to contemporary trends, it adopts a truly international perspective, focussing on countries and cultures such as Coptic, Tibet and De Stijl. Without doubt, this is the standard work in the field. As reflected by its new title, "The Penguin Dictionary of Architecture and Landscape Architecture" has now been expanded to include recent developments in the field of landscape architecture. Full account has been taken, too, of the huge range of building traditions around the world. The text has been completely reset and all the illustrations redrawn. 'Immensely useful, succinct and judicious...this is a book rich in fact and accumulated wisdom.' - "The Times Literary Supplement".

Mesoamerican architecture as a cultural symbol

Abstract: In this collection, scholars provide interpretations and syntheses of many of the most significant Mesoamerican architectural traditions from the Preclassic to the Postclassic periods. The essays examine the built environment as a carrier of cultural meanings. The many pyramid-temples, palaces, and ballcourts comprising Mesoamerican centres were constructed in the context of hierarchical societies, and provided monumental expressions of elite authority. The design of individual buildings, as well as the layout of site plans, often embodied Mesoamerican beliefs about the structure of the cosmos, natural forces, or the numinous power of lanscape forms, thus providing sanction for the sociopolitcal order. This book is intended for architectural historians, archaeologists, students of Mesoamerican art and architecture.

The historiography of modern architecture

Abstract: Writing, according to Panayotis Tournikiotis, has always exerted a powerful influence on architecture. Indeed, the study of modern architecture cannot be separated from a fascination with the texts that have tried to explain the idea of a new architecture in a new society. During the last forty years, the question of the relationship of architecture to its history -- of buildings to books -- has been one of the most important themes in debates about the course of modern architecture.Tournikiotis argues that the history of modern architecture tends to be written from the present, projecting back onto the past our current concerns, so that the "beginning" of the story really functions as a "representation" of its end. In this book the buildings are the quotations, while the texts are the structure.Tournikiotis focuses on a group of books by major historians of the twentieth century: Nikolaus Pevsner, Emil Kaufmann, Sigfried Giedion, Bruno Zevi, Leonardo Benevolo, Henry-Russell Hitchcock, Reyner Banham, Peter Collins, and Manfredo Tafuri. In examining these writers' thoughts, he draws on concepts from critical theory, relating architecture to broader historical models.

A dictionary of architecture

Abstract: From Aalto to Ziggurat, this work is an accessible guide to architecture and its history. The book contains over 3500 entries and covers all periods of Western architectural history, from ancient times to the present day, in cultures ranging from Assyrian architecture to Flemish Mannerism. With entries for caternary, ingle-nook, misericord, and scissor-truss, this dictionary aims to cover as wide a range of architectural terms as possible in an accessible style. These terms are made more understandable with 150 illustrations, which help to differentiate between the various types of, for example, arches or crosses. There are also longer entries which explain the different schools of architecture and put them in their historical context. Biographical entries are provided for a great number of architects from the ancients to leading figures of today. From Brunelleschi and Hawksmoor to Le Corbusier and Richard Rogers, each entry outlines the architect's importance and gives examples of their most notable buildings.