Showing papers on "Architecture published in 2015"
TL;DR: This paper reviews the use of virtual reality environments for research and teaching in the context of three disciplines: architecture, landscape architecture and environmental planning, and describes current VR research opportunities and challenges in each discipline.
259 citations
TL;DR: Computational tools to interpret Hi-C data are reviewed, including pipelines for mapping, filtering, and normalization, and methods for confidence estimation, domain calling, visualization, and three-dimensional modeling.
Abstract: The rapidly increasing quantity of genome-wide chromosome conformation capture data presents great opportunities and challenges in the computational modeling and interpretation of the three-dimensional genome. In particular, with recent trends towards higher-resolution high-throughput chromosome conformation capture (Hi-C) data, the diversity and complexity of biological hypotheses that can be tested necessitates rigorous computational and statistical methods as well as scalable pipelines to interpret these datasets. Here we review computational tools to interpret Hi-C data, including pipelines for mapping, filtering, and normalization, and methods for confidence estimation, domain calling, visualization, and three-dimensional modeling.
163 citations
05 Aug 2015
TL;DR: SAREF, the Smart Appliance REFerence ontology, is presented and the experience in creating this ontology in close interaction with the industry is described, pointing out the lessons learned and identifying topics for follow-up actions.
Abstract: Around two thirds of the energy consumed by buildings can be traced back to the residential sectors and thus household appliances. Today, most appliances are highly intelligent and networked devices, in principle being able to form complete energy consuming, producing, and managing systems. Reducing the use of energy has therefore become a matter of managing and optimizing the energy utilization at a system level. These systems are technically very heterogeneous, and standardized interfaces on a sensor and device level are therefore needed. Many of the required standards already exist, but a common architecture does not, resulting in a too fragmented and powerless market. To enable semantic interoperability for smart appliances we therefore developed SAREF, the Smart Appliance REFerence ontology. In this paper we present SAREF and describe our experience in creating this ontology in close interaction with the industry, pointing out the lessons learned and identifying topics for follow-up actions. © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015.
162 citations
TL;DR: The operation of the proposed SDN-Domain architecture is described, the opportunity to achieve network security in a more efficient and flexible with SDN is summarized, and architectural design choices for SDN using OpenFlow are pointed out.
128 citations
TL;DR: The possibility of adaptive building systems based on incorporation of hygromorphic materials are explored and it is argued that they present opportunities for architecture that is passively attuned to the variable natural rhythms of the internal and external environments, and that addresses a wide range of sustainability considerations.
106 citations
DOI•
28 Jan 2015TL;DR: In this article, the authors argue that the most likely driver of change in our future cities is not new architectural forms, but informational systems that have already revolutionized other industries such as transportation.
Abstract: What will our future cities look like? Will they look strikingly different to the cities of today, and be constructed with the latest materials and designed using the latest design methods? Or will they look much like our existing cities, with occasional new buildings, but with most existing building stock retained and simply retrofitted with the latest information technology? This article argues that the most likely driver of change in our future cities is less likely to be new architectural forms, than informational systems that have already revolutionized other industries It explores the impact of the computational interface as the site of information exchange in the transportation industry in particular, and argues that not only is a similar revolution likely to sweep across the building industry, but that it has already begun to leave its mark It also argues that with the advent of ‘big data’ the discipline of architecture needs to be reinvented not just through the introduction of BIM, GIS and other information based services, but also through a radical rethinking of its operations What needs to be designed, then, the article concludes, are not new forms of architecture – or indeed new architectural forms – but an entirely new information based approach to the discipline of architecture
99 citations
TL;DR: It is concluded that an adequate sociology of healthcare architecture necessitates an appreciation of both the construction and experience of buildings, exploring the briefs and plans of their designers, and observing their everyday uses.
Abstract: Sociologists of health and illness have tended to overlook the architecture and buildings used in health care. This contrasts with medical geographers who have yielded a body of work on the significance of places and spaces in the experience of health and illness. A review of sociological studies of the role of the built environment in the performance of medical practice uncovers an important vein of work, worthy of further study. Through the historically situated example of hospital architecture, this article seeks to tease out substantive and methodological issues that can inform a distinctive sociology of healthcare architecture. Contemporary healthcare buildings manifest design models developed for hotels, shopping malls and homes. These design features are congruent with neoliberal forms of subjectivity in which patients are constituted as consumers and responsibilised citizens. We conclude that an adequate sociology of healthcare architecture necessitates an appreciation of both the construction and experience of buildings, exploring the briefs and plans of their designers, and observing their everyday uses. Combining approaches and methods from the sociology of health and illness and science and technology studies offers potential for a novel research agenda that takes healthcare buildings as its substantive focus.
98 citations
04 May 2015
TL;DR: The principal components needed in a functional architecture for autonomous driving, along with reasoning for how they should be distributed across the architecture are presented.
Abstract: As the Technology Readiness Levels (TRLs) of self-driving vehicles increase, it is necessary to investigate the Electrical/Electronic(E/E) system architectures for autonomous driving, beyond proof-of-concept prototypes. Relevant patterns and anti-patterns need to be raised into debate and documented. This paper presents the principal components needed in a functional architecture for autonomous driving, along with reasoning for how they should be distributed across the architecture. A functional architecture integrating all the concepts and reasoning is also presented.
84 citations
TL;DR: Well-established tools from structural mechanics that are commonly used in civil and mechanical engineering and port them to this new emerging field of origami-inspired design are borrowed.
Abstract: Paper folding is found across cultures for both aesthetic and functional purposes, with its most widely recognized exponent being the ancient art form of origami. More recently, there has been an upsurge of interest for translating origami designs into mathematics, natural sciences, engineering, and architecture. Across these different fields, origami is becoming a fountain of inspiration for new reconfigurable and multifunctional materials and structures. However, the use of origami designs as engineering elements is typically compromised by limitations in structural performance. A new study by Filipov et al. (1) presents an innovative approach for the design of strikingly rigid deployable structures. Their strategy is based on tubular building blocks, which are themselves built on Miura-ori; a regular folding pattern that maps a flat sheet into a one degree-of-freedom deployable structure (2). Two neighboring Miura tubes can be set in a zig-zag (“zipper”) arrangement; together, the pair is remarkably stiff and effectively possesses a single degree of freedom by resisting other bending and twisting modes. These zipper tubes can then be combined to generate other structures, including more complex tubular systems and cellular assemblies. In Fig. 1 A and B, we present two particular examples from their study: a model bridge with load-bearing capacity and an architectural canopy that can be deployed to cover a wide span. Filipov et al. (1) borrow well-established tools from structural mechanics that are commonly used in civil and mechanical engineering and port them to this new emerging field of origami-inspired design.
70 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examine two types of responsiveness, one which concerns the changing environment and another the activities and needs of the building's inhabitants, and propose that architects will need to acquire experience with designing for specific rates, scales and types of change before responsive elements will more frequently appear as a poetic and integral part of a building.
Abstract: The integration of responsive components in architecture offers the potential to enhance the experience of the building by giving expression to fleeting, changeable aspects of the environment. Responsive buildings enable a physical response to changes in the environment through specific building elements; in rare cases these responsive elements become an integral and poetic element of a culturally significant work of architecture. In this paper I examine two types of responsiveness, one which concerns the changing environment and another the activities and needs of the building׳s inhabitants. I look at two examples of buildings that illustrate a potential poetic role for architectural components responding to these two types of change, and propose that architects will need to acquire experience with designing for specific rates, scales and types of change before responsive elements will more frequently appear as a poetic and integral part of the building.
58 citations
TL;DR: The authors investigates some aspects of mainstream modernist design solutions and concepts inherent in the vernacular of Asia, particularly that of the Chittagong Hill Tracts (CHT).
Abstract: Vernacular buildings across the globe provide instructive examples of sustainable solutions to building problems. Yet, these solutions are assumed to be inapplicable to modern buildings. Despite some views to the contrary, there continues to be a tendency to consider innovative building technology as the hallmark of modern architecture because tradition is commonly viewed as the antonym of modernity. The problem is addressed by practical exercises and fieldwork studies in the application of vernacular traditions to current problems. This study investigates some aspects of mainstream modernist design solutions and concepts inherent in the vernacular of Asia, particularly that of the Chittagong Hill Tracts (CHT). This work hinges on such ideas and practices as ecological design, modular and incremental design, standardization, and flexible and temporal concepts in the design of spaces. The blurred edges between the traditional and modern technical aspects of building design, as addressed by both vernacular builders and modern architects, are explored.
12 Jun 2015
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a book based on Branko Kolarevic's talk and workshop held on 13-14 February 2017 on the invitation of the Department of Architecture of TOBB ETU.
Abstract: This book has been prepared based on Branko Kolarevic’s talk and workshop held on 13-14 February 2017 on the invitation of the Department of Architecture of TOBB ETU.
Book•
04 Nov 2015
TL;DR: Greenwood and Greenwood as discussed by the authors define a Canon and a Mode of Perception and define a collection of reproduction, fragmentation, and collection of Roman souvenirs from print to plastic.
Abstract: Foreword, Davydd J. Greenwood, Cornell UniversityDefining a Canon and a Mode of PerceptionReproduction, Fragmentation, and Collection: The Logics of Roman Souvenirs from Print to Plastic, Sarah Benson, History of Art and Archaeology, Cornell University Early Travelers in Greece and the Invention of Medieval Architectural History, Kostis Kourelis, Art History, Swarthmore College Performing Abroad: British Tourists to Italy and the Production of Identity, 1840-1914, Jill Steward, School of Arts and Social Sciences, University of Northumbria Politics of Pilgrimage From Tripoli to Ghadames: Architecture and the Tourist Experience of Local Culture in Italian Colonial Libya, Brian L. McLaren, Architecture, University of Washington A Pilgrimage to the Alczar of Toledo: Ritual, Tourism and Propaganda in Francos Spain, 1936-1940, Miriam Basilio, The Museum of Modern Art, New York City Authenticating Dungeons, Whitewashing Castles: Memory, Performance and Restoration at the Former Sites of Slave Trade in Ghana Cheryl Finley, Art, Wellesley College Packaging Place From Photographic Fragments to Architectural Illusions at the 1929 Poble Espanyol in Barcelona, Jordana Mendelson, School of Art and Design, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign Similating France, Seducing the World: The Regional Center at the 1937 Paris Exposition, Deborah D. Hurtt, Architectural History, University of Virginia Tourist Geographies: Re-mapping Old Habana, D. Medina Lasansky, History of Architecture and Urbanism, Cornell University Performance and Popular CultureSweetening Colonialism: A Mauritian Themed Resort, Tim Edensor, Cultural Studies, Staffordshire University and Uma Kothari, Insitute for Development Policy and Management, University of Manchester Doing it Right: Post-war Honeymoon Resorts in the Pocono Mountains, Barbara Penner, Architectural History and Theory, The Bartlett, University College London The Post-Modern Imagination "New Politics of the Spectacle: Bilbao and the Global Imagination," Joan Ockman, Architecture, Columbia University Egypt on Steroids: Luxor Las Vegas and Postmodern Orientalism, Jeffrey Cass, Language and Literature, Texas A M International University
24 Apr 2015
TL;DR: This work uses huge collections of street-level imagery to find visual patterns that correspond to semantic-level architectural elements distinctive to particular time periods, and uses this analysis both to date buildings, as well as to discover how functionally-similar architectural elements have changed over time due to evolving styles.
Abstract: With vast quantities of imagery now available online, researchers have begun to explore whether visual patterns can be discovered automatically. Here we consider the particular domain of architecture, using huge collections of street-level imagery to find visual patterns that correspond to semantic-level architectural elements distinctive to particular time periods. We use this analysis both to date buildings, as well as to discover how functionally-similar architectural elements (e.g. windows, doors, balconies, etc.) have changed over time due to evolving styles. We validate the methods by combining a large dataset of nearly 150,000 Google Street View images from Paris with a cadastre map to infer approximate construction date for each facade. Not only could our analysis be used for dating or geo- localizing buildings based on architectural features, but it also could give architects and historians new tools for confirming known theories or even discovering new ones.
TL;DR: With a better understanding of architectural-language requirements, the authors explore the use of model-driven engineering to realize next-generation architectural languages, as well as its limitations.
Abstract: Despite the huge number of architectural languages that have been proposed in the last two decades, evidence today shows that industry-ready, well-accepted, and recognized languages for producing architecture descriptions are still lacking. This article explores the usability requirements of architectural languages from the perspectives of language definition, language mechanisms, and tool support. With a better understanding of architectural-language requirements, the authors explore the use of model-driven engineering to realize next-generation architectural languages, as well as its limitations.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors propose Participatory Action Research (PAR) that promotes empowerment, equality and social justice for all as a framework for an alternative research methodology in architecture and adopt Design Thinking (DT) as a tool to complement PAR in architectural research method.
TL;DR: In this paper, a multidisciplinary interaction between architecture discipline and educational sciences and calls attention to the benefits of project based learning is discussed, which has started to be used in also primary education today.
TL;DR: This article argued that the administrative architecture of states provides governments with a means to discriminate between secessionist demands and to release one set of units without contest while preventing another set from doing the same.
Abstract: Common wisdom and current scholarship hold that governments need to stand firm in the face of secessionist demands, since permitting the secession of one region can set a precedent for others. For this reason governments will often choose blood rather than risk dissolution. I argue that administrative organization provides states with a third option. Those regions that represent a unique administrative type stand a much better chance of seceding peacefully. Moreover, large articulated states sometimes downsize by administrative category, which helps explain why governments will release one set of units without contest while preventing another set from doing the same. Finally, secessionist movements that do not cohere with any administrative region are the least likely to be granted independence. In sum, the administrative architecture of states provides governments with a means to discriminate between secessionist demands. I test this theory in a large-N study using original data on secessionist movements and administrative units between 1816 and 2011.
24 Oct 2015
TL;DR: The development of an innovative active security system that goes beyond the limits of the existing ones, named Smart Anti Malware Extension (SAME), which uses the biologically inspired Biogeography-Based Optimizer (BBO) heuristic algorithm for the training of a Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP) in order to classify the Java classes of an application as benign or malicious.
Abstract: It is well known that cyber criminal gangs are already using advanced and especially intelligent types of Android malware, in order to overcome the out-of-band security measures. This is done in order to broaden and enhance their attacks which mainly target financial and credit foundations and their transactions. It is a fact that most applications used under the Android system are written in Java. The research described herein, proposes the development of an innovative active security system that goes beyond the limits of the existing ones. The developed system acts as an extension on the ART (Android Run Time) Virtual Machine architecture, used by the Android Lolipop 5.0 version. Its main task is the analysis and classification of the Java classes of each application. It is a flexible intelligent system with low requirements in computational resources, named Smart Anti Malware Extension (SAME). It uses the biologically inspired Biogeography-Based Optimizer (BBO) heuristic algorithm for the training of a Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP) in order to classify the Java classes of an application as benign or malicious. SAME was run in parallel with the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) and Genetic Algorithm (GA) and it has shown its validity.
TL;DR: Menges et al. as discussed by the authors have developed a number of weather-responsive systems based on wood, which integrate the function of sensor, motor and responsive components in strikingly simple wood elements.
Abstract: In today's race for ever more ‘intelligent’ materials, wood, with its long association with craft and vernacular building traditions, is all too often overlooked. But upon closer examination it reveals a spectrum of properties that constitute a smart rather than an outdated material. Based on its moisture-sensitive characteristics, Guest-Editor Achim Menges, Director of the Institute for Computational Design (ICD) at the University of Stuttgart, and Steffen Reichert, Research Associate at the ICD, have developed a number of groundbreaking weather-responsive systems. These integrate the function of sensor, motor and responsive components in strikingly simple wood elements. They demonstrate the material's capacity to replace machines and to unfold a truly ecologically embedded architecture by tapping into the abundant flows and energies of the environment.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors introduced the approaches and strategic methods of effective communication in architectural design practice from the view of technological and humanistic characteristics to manage communication challenges in architect-client relationship.
02 Sep 2015
TL;DR: A catalogue of fine-grained service-based cloud architecture migration patterns that target multi-cloud settings and are specified with architectural notations is suggested, based on empirical evidence from a number of migration projects, best practices for cloud architectures and a systematic literature review of existing research.
Abstract: Many organizations migrate their on-premise software systems to the cloud. However, current coarse-grained cloud migration solutions have made a transparent migration of on-premise applications to the cloud a difficult, sometimes trial-and-error based endeavor. This paper suggests a catalogue of fine-grained service-based cloud architecture migration patterns that target multi-cloud settings and are specified with architectural notations. The proposed migration patterns are based on empirical evi-dence from a number of migration projects, best practices for cloud architectures and a systematic literature review of existing research. The pattern catalogue allows an or-ganization to (1) select appropriate architecture migration patterns based on their ob-jectives, (2) compose them to define a migration plan, and (3) extend them based on the identification of new patterns in new contexts.
TL;DR: Presented on March 31, 2016 from 11:00 a.m. to 12:00 p.m in the Georgia Tech Architecture Library.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors focused on the problem of the improvement of energy performance of historical Italian architecture through simple interventions that respect the building without changing its shape and structure, and obtained results that impacted positively on the energy performance.
Abstract: The goal set by the EU of quasi-zero energy buildings is not easy to reach for a country like Italy, as it holds a wide number of UNESCO sites and most of them are entire historical old towns. This paper focuses on the problem of the improvement of energy performance of historical Italian architecture through simple interventions that respect the building without changing its shape and structure. The work starts from an energy analysis of a building located in the historic center of Tivoli, a town close to Rome. The analysis follows the recommendations of the UNI TS 11300-Part1, which indicates how to evaluate the energy consumptions. The calculations were performed only on the building envelope, based on passive solutions and alternatives. Four passive strategies were examined and applied based on the location of the building and the non-alteration of the structure and the landscape. The obtained results impacted positively on the energy performance of the building: the annual energy saving reached a maximum value of 25%. This work shows how it is possible to improve the energy performance of an existing building achieving a significant energy saving with the respect of the building architecture, shape, function and the surrounding landscape.
01 Jan 2015
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors return to the origins of the conventional "box counting" method of fractal analysis for historic buildings to reconsider the initial interpretations of the architecture of Le Corbusier and Frank Lloyd Wright.
Abstract: In the late 1970s Mandelbrot argued that natural systems frequently possess characteristic geometric or visual complexity over multiple scales of observation, suggesting that systems which have evolved over time may exhibit certain local visual qualities that also possess deep structural resonance. In mathematics this led to the formulation of fractal geometry and was central to the rise of the sciences of non-linearity and complexity. This concept was developed in relation to architectural design and urban planning, and architectural scholars have suggested that such approaches might be used in the analysis of historic buildings. At the heart of this approach, in both its theoretical and computational forms, is a set of rules for analysing buildings. However, the assumptions implicit in this method have never been adequately questioned. This chapter returns to the origins of the conventional “box counting” method of fractal analysis for historic buildings to reconsider the initial interpretations of the architecture of Le Corbusier and Frank Lloyd Wright.
01 Jan 2015
TL;DR: In this paper, the viability of adaptive reuse of abandoned buildings and the impact it has on the sustainabilitability of the buildings is investigated, and the authors aim to investigate the impact of reuse on the environment.
Abstract: The paper aims at investigating the viability of adaptive reuse of abandoned buildings (religious, Nobel Architecture, residential, commercial, and other) and the impact it has on the sustainabilit ...
28 Aug 2015
TL;DR: Though most of the IoT requirements can be met by ICN, specific challenges ICN has to address to satisfy them are discussed and a list of important requirements which a unified IoT architecture should have to support tens of billions of objects is identified.
Abstract: The Internet of Things (IoT) promises to connect billions of objects
to Internet. After deploying many stand-alone IoT systems in different
domains, the current trend is to develop a common, "thin waist" of
protocols forming a unified, defragmented IoT platform. Such a
platform will make objects accessible to applications across
organizations and domains. Towards this goal, quite a few proposals
have been made to build a unified host centric IoT platform as an
overlay on top of today's Internet. Such overlay solutions,
however, are inadequate to address the important challenges posed by a
heterogeneous, global scale deployment of IoT, especially in terms of
mobility, scalability, and communication reliability, due to the
inherent inefficiencies of the current Internet. To address this
problem, we propose to build a common set of protocols and services,
which form an IoT platform, based on the Information Centric Network
(ICN) architecture, which we call ICN-IoT. ICN-IoT leverages the
salient features of ICN, and thus provides seamless mobility support,
scalability, and efficient content and service delivery. This draft
describes representative IoT requirements and ICN challenges to
realize a unified ICN-IoT framework. Towards this, we first identify a
list of important requirements which a unified IoT architecture should
have to support tens of billions of objects. Though we see most of the
IoT requirements can be met by ICN, we discuss specific challenges ICN
has to address to satisfy them. Then we discuss important and popular
IoT scenarios including the "smart" home, campus, grid, transportation
infrastructure, healthcare, Education, and Entertainment.
TL;DR: In this paper, a simulation-based method is proposed to assess the isolated effect of product architecture on product evolvability by analyzing a design structure matrix, which is defined as the ability of the product's design to subsequently generate heritable performance-improving variations, and propose a quantitative measure for it.
Abstract: Products evolve over time via the continual redesigns of interdependent components Product architecture, which is embodied in the structure of interactions among components, influences the ability for the product to be subsequently evolved Despite extensive studies of change propagation via inter-component connections, little is known about the specific influences of product architecture on product evolvability Related metrics and methods to assess the evolvability of products with given architectures are also under-developed This paper proposes a simulation-based method to assess the isolated effect of product architecture on product evolvability by analyzing a design structure matrix We define product evolvability as the ability of the product’s design to subsequently generate heritable performance-improving variations, and propose a quantitative measure for it We demonstrate the proposed method by using it to investigate a wide spectrum of model-generated DSMs representing products with varied architectures, and show that modularity and inter-component influence cycles promote product evolvability Our primary contribution is a repeatable method to assess and compare alternative product architectures for architecture selection or redesign for evolvability A second contribution is the simulation-based evidence about the impacts of two particular product architectural patterns on product evolvability Both contributions aim to aid in designing for evolvability
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors compared contemporary and vernacular houses of Iran in terms of climate comfort by using description and case study analysis methods, and suggested some solutions to enhance the level of comfort in today's housing of Iran.