Architecture

About: Architecture is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 25849 publications have been published within this topic receiving 225266 citations.

Sharig and Reusing Architectural Knowledge--Architecture, Rationale, and Design Intent

Abstract: The shift of the software architecture community towards architectural knowledge has brought along some promising research directions. In this workshop we discuss the issues that lead to the application of architectural knowledge in research and industrial practice as well as presenting ongoing research and new ideas to advance the field. We expect to examine the state of the art and practice and gauge future challenges and trends. This year?s workshop has a strong emphasis on documenting, sharing, and reusing architectural rationale and design intent.

The antiquities of Athens : measured and delineated

Abstract: James "Athenian" Stuart and Nicholas Revett's monumental Antiquities of Athens was the first accurate survey of ancient Greek architecture ever completed. Based on precise measured drawings done at the sites of the ancient ruins between 1751 and 1754, these books set a new standard for archaeological investigation in the eighteenth century. In doing so, they also transformed our understanding of Greek architecture and by pointing up differences between Greek and Roman examples fundamentally challenged prevailing notions about a universal classical ideal and fueled the Greek Revival movement that dominated British, European, and American architecture and design for over a century. Originally published in four volumes that appeared between 1762 and 1816, Stuart and Revett's masterwork is presented here in its entirety as part of our Classic Reprint series and features a new introduction by scholar Frank Salmon. With its many images of buildings, plans, sculpture, friezes, and decorative objects such as vases, it remains the logical starting point for anyone interested in Athens, Greece, and its influence on the history of Western architecture.Published in association with The Institute of Classical Architecture and Classical America.

Software Architecture: Organizational Principles and Patterns

Abstract: 1. What You Can't See Could Help You. What This Book is About. Software Architecture's Growing Importance. For Some, the News They are Stakeholders Comes Too Late. Principles Reveal the Hidden. Vision. Rhythm. Anticipation. Partnering. Simplification. Taking Action With Principles. Organizational Principles at Work: The Architect's New Job. Rhythm. Vision. Simplification and Anticipation. Partnering. Principles on the Web. Summary. 2. The VRAPS Reference Model: How the Pieces Fit Together. Overview. Why Models are Important. The VRAPS Model. Context. Organizational Principles for Software Architecture. The Role of Principles. Vision. Rhythm. Anticipation. Partnering. Simplification. Principles Interact. Conceptual Framework. Criteria. Patterns. Antipatterns. Applying the VRAPS Model. VRAPS Evolution. Summary. 3. Projecting and Unifying Vision. Overview. Vision Definition. Mapping Value to Architectural Constraints. Congruence and Flexibility. Vision Challenges. Limits of Architect Influence. Executive and Architect Cooperation. Product Lines Increase the Challenges to Architects and Executives. Recognizing Breakdown. Shaping a Vision. Will the Real Architect Please Stand Up? Vision and Leadership. No Respect. Putting Vision Into Practice: Criteria, Antipatterns, and Patterns. Criterion 1: The architect's vision aligns with what his or her sponsors, users, and end customers are trying to accomplish. Criterion 2: Practitioners trust and use the architecture. Criterion 3: Tacit knowledge about architecture and components is visible and accessible to users. Summary. Other Applicable Patterns and Antipatterns. 4. Rhythm: Assuring Beat, Process, and Movement. Overview. Tempo. Content. Quality. Rhythm Definition. Motivation. Rhythm Aids Transition Management. Rhythm Drives Closure. Putting Rhythm Into Practice: Criteria, Antipatterns, and Patterns. Criterion 1: Managers periodically reevaluate, synchronize, and adapt the architecture. Criterion 2: Architecture users have a high level of confidence in the timing and content of architecture releases. Criterion 3: Explicit activities are coordinated via rhythm. Summary. Other Applicable Patterns and Antipatterns. 5. Anticipation: Predicting, Validating, and Adapting. Overview. Prediction. Validation. Adaptation. Anticipation Definition. Anticipation in Action. Pulling Architectures in Many Directions. The Architecture Customers and Their Customers. Aiming Too Far Into the Future. Aiming Too Close to the Present. Balancing the Needs of Today and the Future. Striking a Balance. Putting Anticipation Into Practice: Criteria, Antipatterns, and Patterns. Criterion 1: Architecture capability is regularly enhanced to respond to anticipated risks and requirements of architecture customers and their customers, market-driving standards and evolving technology, and changes in strategic business directions. Criterion 2: Technical and business risks and opportunities are evaluated through a quick cycle of review and development. Criterion 3: Features, budgets, plans, or schedules are adapted when it is recognized that critical estimates or assumptions are incorrect. Summary. Other Applicable Patterns and Antipatterns. 6. Partnering: Building Cooperative Organizations. Overview. Cooperative Relationships. Partnering Definition. Architecture Stakeholders. Clear, Cooperative Roles. Maximizing Value. Industrial Roots. Contract Management. Networked Organizations. Value Chain. Trust. Putting Partnering Into Practice: Criteria, Antipatterns, and Patterns. Criterion 1: The architect continually seeks to understand who the most critical stakeholders are, how they contribute value, and what they want. Criterion 2: Clear, compelling agreements exist between stakeholders. Criterion 3: Both policies and informal rules of social conduct enforce cooperation. Summary. Other Applicable Patterns and Antipatterns. 7. Simplification: Clarifying and Minimizing. Overview. But What is Essential? Simplification DePnition. Conway's Law. Clarification. Minimization. Putting SimpliPcation Into Practice: Criteria, Antipatterns, and Patterns. Criterion 1: Developers continue to use the architecture over time, reducing cost and complexity. Criterion 2: The architecture group clearly understands the essential minimal requirements and builds them into core elements. Criterion 3: Long-term budget and action ensure that elements are removed from the core when 1) they are not shared, or add unnecessary complexity, and 2) there is a clear business case. Summary. Other Applicable Patterns and Antipatterns. 8. Principles at Work: The Allaire Case Study. Introduction. Why Allaire? Five Organizational Principles. What was Our Approach? About the Results. Vision-Making a Good Vision Real. Definition and Description. Practices to Project Architecture Vision and Keep It Alive. Warning Signs Identified by Allaire Staff. Rhythm-The Beat Goes On. Definition and Description. Practices That Help an Architecture Organization Stay in Sync. Warning Signs Identified by Allaire Staff. Anticipation-Predict, Validate, and Adapt. Definition and Description. Practices to Maintain an Architecture's "Friction With the Future". Warning Signs Identified by Allaire Staff. Partnering-Lifelines. Definition and Description. Practices That Support Partnering. Warning Signs Identified by Allaire Staff. Simplification-Finding the Essential. Definition and Description. Practices That Support Simplification. Warning Signs Identified by Allaire Staff. Summary. 9. Case Study: Building and Implementing a Benchmark Using VRAPS. Overview. Benchmarking Provided a Framework. Survey Template. Organization Background and Context Template. Architecture Overview and Return on Investment Template. Principle Template. Practice Template. How We Conducted the Benchmark. Getting to a Workable Vision. Conducting the Interviews. Benchmark Results and Lessons Learned. Principles Resonated. Principle Relationships. Lessons Learned. Summary. A. Quick Reference Table: Principles, Criteria, Antipatterns, and Patterns. B. Antipattern and Pattern Summaries. References. Index.

Biomimetic Research for Architecture and Building Construction

Abstract: Rethinking the relationship between Homo sapiens and Planet Earth in the Anthropocene is fundamental for a sustainable future for humankind. The complex Earth system and planetary boundaries demand new approaches to addressing our current challenges. Bionics, namely learning from the diversity of life for nature-based technical solutions, is an increasingly important component. In this paper, we address the interrelated aspects of the uneven geographic distribution of biodiversity, the issue of the continued erosion of biodiversity translating into a loss of the “living prototypes” for bionics, the relationship between bionics and biodiversity and the North-south gradient in institutional capacity related to biodiversity and bionics-related areas. World maps illustrating these points are included. In particular, we discuss historical aspects and complex terminological issues within bionics or rather bionics-related disciplines, the role of evolution and biodiversity as contributors to the fabric of bionics and the contribution of bionics to the attainment of sustainable development. The history of bionic ideas and the confusing terminologies associated with them (the term bionic was coined in 1901) are discussed with regard to research, design and marketing. Bionics or Biomimetics, as we understand it today, dates back to the period between 1800 and 1925 and its proponents Alessandro Volta (electric battery), Otto Lilienthal (flying machine), and Raoul Francé (concepts). It was virtually reinvented under the strong influence of cybernetics in the 1960s by H. v. Foerster and W. McCulloch. The term biomimetics arose simultaneously with a slightly different connotation. “Bioinspiration” is a convenient modern overarching term that embraces everything from bionics and biotechnology to bioinspired fashion design. Today, marketing strategies play a crucial role in product placement within an increasingly competitive economy. The majority of so-called “biomimetic” products, however, only pretend to have a bionic origin or function; we have introduced the term “parabionic” for such products. W. Barthlott ( ) • M.D. Rafiqpoor • W.R. Erdelen Nees Institute for Biodiversity of Plants, Venusbergweg 22, 53115 Bonn, Germany e-mail: barthlott@uni-bonn.de © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016 J. Knippers et al. (eds.), Biomimetic Research for Architecture and Building Construction, Biologically-Inspired Systems 9, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-46374-2_3 11 12 W. Barthlott et al. Life arose almost four billion years ago. Today’s relevant living prototypes for bionics have a history of more than one billion years of evolution, in essence a process of “technical optimization” governed by mutation and selection. In one specific example, we provide evidence that superhydrophobicity, an important biomimetic feature, has been in existence since at least the Paleozoic period, the time when life conquered land. Bionics might be a major contributor to future nature-based technological solutions and innovations, thus addressing some of humankind’s most pressing issues. Bionics and related fields may become a major component of the current “great transformation” that humanity is experiencing on its trajectory towards sustainable development.

From Craft to Profession: The Practice of Architecture in Nineteenth-Century America

Abstract: This is the first in-depth study of how the architectural profession emerged in early American history. Mary Woods dispels the prevailing notion that the profession developed under the leadership of men formally schooled in architecture as an art during the late nineteenth century. Instead, she cites several instances in the early 1800s of craftsmen-builders who shifted their identity to that of professional architects. While struggling to survive as designers and supervisors of construction projects, these men organized professional societies and worked for architectural education, appropriate compensation, and accreditation. In such leading architectural practitioners as B. Henry Latrobe, Alexander J. Davis, H. H. Richardson, Louis Sullivan, and Stanford White, Woods sees collaborators, partners, merchandisers, educators, and lobbyists rather than inspired creators. She documents their contributions as well as those, far less familiar, of women architects and people of color in the profession's early days. Woods's extensive research yields a remarkable range of archival materials: correspondence among carpenters; 200-year-old lawsuits; architect-client spats; the organization of craft guilds, apprenticeships, university programs, and correspondence schools; and the structure of architectural practices, labor unions, and the building industry. In presenting a more accurate composite of the architectural profession's history, Woods lays a foundation for reclaiming the profession's past and recasting its future. Her study will appeal not only to architects, but also to historians, sociologists, and readers with an interest in architecture's place in America today.