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Showing papers on "Aromatic hydrocarbon published in 2001"


Journal ArticleDOI

139 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This review summarizes human and animal studies of hydrocarbon fuel-induced neurotoxicity and neurobehavioral consequences and it is hoped that this review will support ongoing attempts to review and possibly revise exposure standards for hydrocarbon fuels.
Abstract: Over 1.3 million civilian and military personnel are occupationally exposed to hydrocarbon fuels, emphasizing gasoline, jet fuel, diesel fuel, or kerosene. These exposures may occur acutely or chronically to raw fuel, vapor, aerosol, or fuel combustion exhaust by dermal, respiratory inhalation, or oral ingestion routes, and commonly occur concurrently with exposure to other chemicals and stressors. Hydrocarbon fuels are complex mixtures of 150-260+ aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbon compounds containing varying concentrations of potential neurotoxicants including benzene, n-hexane, toluene, xylenes, naphthalene, and certain n-C9-C12 fractions (n-propylbenzene, trimethylbenzene isomers). Due to their natural petroleum base, the chemical composition of different hydrocarbon fuels is not defined, and the fuels are classified according to broad performance criteria such as flash and boiling points, complicating toxicological comparisons. While hydrocarbon fuel exposures occur typically at concentrations below...

124 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Sequence analysis and biochemical data suggest that ethylbenzene dehydrogenase is a novel member of the dimethyl sulfoxide reductase family of molybdopterin-containing enzymes.
Abstract: Accidental spills and leaking underground storage tanks, as well as natural petroleum seeps, have released aromatic hydrocarbons into natural environments and led to abundant contamination of water resources (32). Aromatic hydrocarbons comprise one of the least reactive classes of organic molecules. Their relative inertness can be attributed to the absence of a functional group (e.g., hydroxyl, carbonyl, or carboxyl) and the resonance energy stabilization of the aromatic ring. These properties hamper rapid biodegradation of alkylbenzenes in many environments. However, some prokaryotic microorganisms employ intriguing metabolic strategies to activate alkylbenzenes leading to their oxidation in catabolic pathways. Under aerobic conditions, the well-characterized mono- and dioxygenases catalyze the activation of hydrocarbons by introducing a hydroxyl group via oxidative hydroxylation with molecular oxygen as cosubstrate (16). The absence of molecular oxygen in anoxic environments precludes this activation mode, and novel, alternative mechanisms are expected to operate under such conditions. In recent years, two mechanisms for initiating anaerobic metabolism of alkylbenzenes have emerged: methyl-substituted benzenes, such as toluene or m-xylene, are activated by enzymatic addition to fumarate to form benzylsuccinate or its methyl homolog (5, 6, 9, 25, 28, 34), whereas ethylbenzene (and possibly other alkylbenzenes with carbon chain length of ≥2) is oxidatively activated by an anaerobic dehydrogenation of the benzylic carbon to form 1-phenylethanol (3, 29). Ethylbenzene dehydrogenase is a novel enzyme in that it is the first enzyme shown to catalyze the hydroxylation of an aromatic hydrocarbon in the absence of molecular oxygen (Fig. ​(Fig.1).1). Stable isotope labeling studies showed that the hydroxyl group of 1-phenylethanol is derived from water (3). FIG. 1 Ethylbenzene dehydrogenase reaction as the first step in anaerobic ethylbenzene oxidation. In vitro studies with Azoarcus sp. strain EB1 demonstrated that ethylbenzene dehydrogenase activity is membrane associated and couples the oxidation of ethylbenzene to the reduction of p-benzoquinone (22). This dehydrogenation reaction is highly stereoselective and solely forms (S)-(−)-1-phenylethanol. The enzyme activity is expressed when Azoarcus sp. strain EB1 is grown anaerobically on ethylbenzene, as well as on 1-phenylethanol or acetophenone, as the sole carbon and electron source, but it is not expressed when cells are grown with benzoate. 1-Phenylethanol, acetophenone, and benzoate are intermediates in anaerobic ethylbenzene oxidation (3, 29). We report here for the first time on the purification and initial characterization of the novel ethylbenzene dehydrogenase, the cofactor content, and the nucleotide sequence and structure of the genes involved. Based on these findings, as well as on substrate transformation studies, we discuss possible reaction mechanisms for anaerobic ethylbenzene oxidation.

122 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
01 Oct 2001-Fuel
TL;DR: In this article, the formation of aromatic hydrocarbons from secondary reactions of the primary pyrolysis products was investigated for cellulosic materials using a small sample size, i.e., 2 -10 mg, and a high helium flow rate of 150 ml/min.

115 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The photooxidation of single dye molecules can be followed by confocal fluorescence microscopy and the self-sensitized reaction with singlet oxygen leads to a suite of products, which may be differentiated spectrally.
Abstract: The photooxidation of single dye molecules (see scheme) can be followed by confocal fluorescence microscopy. The self-sensitized reaction with singlet oxygen leads to a suite of products, which may be differentiated spectrally. Tentative structures for certain photoproducts have been obtained from quantum-chemical calculations.

101 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the infrared spectrum of the benzene-water cation, C6H6+−H2O, was recorded in the O−H stretch region to obtain the first experimental information about its geometry and interaction strength.

82 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
20 Jul 2001-Langmuir
TL;DR: The clouding phenomenon with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) in combination with tetra-n-butylammonium bromide (Bu4NBr) is reported and an unusual CP-decreasing effect of thio compounds is observed, which is discussed in terms of direct interaction of these compounds with anionic SDS micelles.
Abstract: Here we report the clouding phenomenon with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) in combination with tetra-n-butylammonium bromide (Bu4NBr). Cloud point (CP) vs [Bu4NBr] curves are constructed for various fixed [SDS], and the minimum Bu4NBr concentrations required to produce CP are determined. A relationship between [SDS] and [Bu4NBr] is established that exists down to fairly low [SDS]. The presence of aromatic hydrocarbons (added up to their solubility limits) decreases the CP of a fixed SDS−Bu4NBr system. Furthermore, an increase in hydrophobicity of the aromatic hydrocarbon decreases the CP. An unusual CP-decreasing effect of thio compounds is observed, which is discussed in terms of direct interaction of these compounds with anionic SDS micelles.

74 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The results further illustrate the role of resonance-stabilized radical rearrangement in aromatic growth and condensation of systems with cyclopentadienyl moieties.

67 citations


Patent
Sun Choi1, Oh Seung Hun1, Kim Yong Seung1, Beung-Soo Lim1, Kyeong-Hak Seong1 
19 Nov 2001
TL;DR: Fisclosed is a process for producing aromatic hydrocarbon compounds and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) from a hydrocarbon feedstock having boiling points of 30-250 °C and a catalyst useful therefor.
Abstract: Fisclosed are a process for producing aromatic hydrocarbon compounds and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) from a hydrocarbon feedstock having boiling points of 30-250 °C and a catalyst useful therefor. In the presence of said catalyst, aromatic components in the hydrocarbon feedstock are converted to BTX-enriched components of liquid phase through hydrodealkylation and/or transalkylation, and non-aromatic components are converted to LPG-enriched gaseous materials through hydrocracking. The products of liquid phase may be separated as benzene, toluene, xylene, and C9 or higher aromatic compounds, respectively according to their different boiling points, while LPG is separated from the gaseous products, in a distillation tower.

63 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Rhodococcus opacus R7 is the first strain thus far described both in Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria which has the ability to degrade both a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon such as naphthalene and a monocyclic aromatic oil such as o-xylene.

63 citations


Patent
22 Mar 2001
TL;DR: In this paper, a method for the production of phenol derivatives by performing catalytic oxidation of an aromatic hydrocarbon to obtain a hydroperoxide and subsequently cleaving the polyphenol derivatives into a phenol derivative and a ketone in the presence of a radical starter was described.
Abstract: The invention relates to a method for the production of phenol derivatives by performing catalytic oxidation of an aromatic hydrocarbon to obtain a hydroperoxide and subsequently cleaving the hydroperoxide into a phenol derivative and a ketone in the presence of a radical starter, wherein a compound of formula (I) is used as oxidation catalyst, wherein R1, R2 = H, an aliphatic or aromatic alkoxy radical, a carboxyl radical, an alkoxycarbonyl radical or a hydrocarbon radical, with 1 to 20 carbon atoms, SO?3?H, NH2, OH, F, Cl, Br, I and/or NO2, wherein R?1 and R2? represent identical or different radicals or R?1 and R2? may be linked to one another by a covalent bond, wherein X, Z = C, S, CH?2;? Y = O, OH; k = 0, 1, 2; l = 0, 1, 2 and m = 1 to 3; wherein the molar ratio between the catalyst and the aromatic hydrocarbon is less than 10 mol %.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Investigation of compositional changes in a range of source- and weathering-dependent molecular parameters in oil residues in the arid terrestrial environment of Al-Alamein, Egypt provided clear evidence of correlation between samples of the weathered oil residues and the possible source oil.

Patent
29 Oct 2001
TL;DR: A bisphosphite of the formula I where R1, R2, R3 and R4 are each hydrogen, an aliphatic, alicyclic or aromatic hydrocarbon radical having from 1 to 25 carbon atoms, and may be identical or different as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: A bisphosphite of the formula I wherein R1, R2, R3 and R4 are each hydrogen, an aliphatic, alicyclic, aliphatic-alicyclic, aromatic, aromatic—aromatic, aliphatic-aromatic hydrocarbon or heterocyclic or aliphatic-heterocyclic group having from 1 to 50 carbon atoms, F, Cl, Br, I, —CF3, —OR7, —COR7, —CO2R7, —CO2M, —SR7, —SO2R7, —SOR7, —SO3R7, —SO3M, —CO2NR7R8, NR7R8, N═CR7R8, NH2, where R1 to R4 are identical or different and may be covalently linked to one another; R7 and R8 are each hydrogen, a substituted or unsubstituted, aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbon radical having from 1 to 25 carbon atoms, and may be identical or different; M is an alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, ammonium or phosphonium ion; Q is a substituted or unsubstituted divalent aliphatic, alicyclic, aliphatic-alicyclic, aromatic, aliphatic-aromatic hydrocarbon, heterocyclic or aliphatic-heterocyclic radical having from 1 to 50 carbon atoms where HO-Q-OH is a diol; W and X are each a substituted or unsubstituted aliphatic, alicyclic, aliphatic-alicyclic, aromatic, aromatic—aromatic, aliphatic-aromatic hydrocarbon, heterocyclic or aliphatic-heterocyclic radical having from 1 to 50 carbon atoms which may be identical or different or covalently linked to one another, provided that when the phosphite oxygens linked to W and X are each linked to an aromatic ring, then they are linked to different aromatic rings, metal complexes thereof, and a method for the hydroformylation of olefins.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Changes began with the formation of proximal, neurofilament-filled axonal swellings of the type seen after treatment with 3,4-dimethyl-2,5-hexanedione, a potent derivative of the active metabolite of the neurotoxic aliphatic hydrocarbon solvents n-hexane and methyl n-butyl ketone.

Patent
Armin Börner1, Dieter Hess1, Renat Kadyrov1, Dirk Röttger1, Detlef Selent1 
20 Jun 2001
TL;DR: In this article, the bisphosphites of the general formula (I) were studied and the use of the metal complexes of said bisphophosphites and to the use thereof in hydroformylation reactions.
Abstract: The invention relates to the bisphosphites of the general formula(I), wherein R?1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6? represent H, an aliphatic, alicyclic, aliphatic-alicyclic, heterocyclic, aliphatic-heterocyclic, aromatic, aliphatic-aromatic hydrocarbon group with 1 to 50 carbon atoms, F, Cl, Br, I, -OR?7, -COR7 -CO?2R7, -CO2M, -SR7, -SO2R?7, -SOR7, -SO?3R7, -SO3M, -SO2NR?7R8, NR7R8, N=CR7R8, NH?2, wherein R1 to R6 are the same or different and can be covalently linked with each other, R7, R8 represent H, a substituted or unsubstituted, aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbon group with 1 to 25 carbon atoms, which are the same or different, M represents an alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, ammonium, phosphonium ion; Q represents a bivalent, aliphatic, alicyclic, aliphatic-alicyclic, heterocyclic, aliphatic-heterocyclic, aromatic, aliphatic-aromatic hydrocarbon group with 1 to 50 carbon atoms, W, X represent aliphatic, alicyclic, aliphatic-alicyclic, heterocyclic, aliphatic-heterocyclic, aromatic, aliphatic-aromatic hydrocarbon groups with 1 to 50 carbon atoms, which are the same or different or which are covalently linked with each other. The invention further relates to the metal complexes of said bisphosphites and to the use thereof in hydroformylation reactions.

Patent
29 Mar 2001
TL;DR: In this article, a class of poly(arylene-oxadiazole) polymers and copolymers comprising from 3 to 300 repeat units, represented by the formula: (I) wherein Arom can be a fluorene group, an aromatic hydrocarbon ring, a C2+ heterocyclic ring, or two aromatic rings linked by a single bond, ethenyl bond, or ethynyl bond.
Abstract: This invention discloses a class of soluble poly(arylene-oxadiazole) polymers and copolymers comprising from 3 to 300 repeat units, which may be the same or different, represented by the formula: (I) wherein Arom can be a fluorene group, an aromatic hydrocarbon ring, an aromatic C2+ heterocyclic ring, or two aromatic rings linked by a single bond, ethenyl bond, or ethynyl bond. A process for preparing the polymers and copolymers by reacting dicarboxylic acids and hydrazine salt is provided. The polymers are useful in electroluminescent devices, photovoltaic cells, and diodes.

Patent
21 Feb 2001
TL;DR: In this article, a process for producing an isobutylene block copolymer is described, which comprises performing cationic polymerization of a monomer component containing a major monomer and a non-isobutane component whose major component is not isobutoylene in the presence of an initiator.
Abstract: A process for producing an isobutylene block copolymer, which comprises performing cationic polymerization of a monomer component containing isobutylene as a major monomer and a monomer component whose major monomer is not isobutylene in the presence of an initiator, wherein the polymerization is carried out in a mixed solvent containing a monohalogenated hydrocarbon solvent and a non-halogenated hydrocarbon solvent the monohalogenated hydrocarbon solvent containing a primary monohalogenated hydrocarbon having three to eight carbon atoms and/or a secondary monohalogenated hydrocarbon having three to eight carbon atoms, the non-halogenated hydrocarbon solvent containing an aliphatic hydrocarbon and/or an aromatic hydrocarbon.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Using the novel on-line proton transfer reaction mass spectrometer (PTR-MS) technique, atmospheric concentrations of benzene, toluene, xylenes, and C9-benzenes were measured in Caracas (urban), Altos de Pipe (sub-urban), Calabozo (rural) and Parupa (remote), during various campaigns in 1999 and 2000 as discussed by the authors.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The results support the working model that aromatic pollutant-tolerance may be regulated through the proline-linked pentose phosphate pathway, a primary metabolic pathway, and suggest that phenolic synthesis requires proline synthesis and/or oxidation.

Patent
12 Jul 2001
TL;DR: In this paper, a method for simultaneously producing hydrogen and aromatic hydrocarbons including benzene and naphthalene without causing the detereoration of catalytic activity is proposed. But the method requires the feedstock lower hydrocarbon and a hydrogen or a hydrogen-containing gas for maintaining the activity of the catalyst or regenerating the catalyst's degradation in activity.
Abstract: PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a method for simultaneously producing hydrogen and aromatic hydrocarbons including benzene and naphthalene from lower hydrocarbons including methane without causing the detereoration of catalytic activity. SOLUTION: This method simultaneously produces hydrogen and aromatic hydrocarbons consisting mainly of benzene and naphthalene from lower hydrocarbon(s) including >=60 mol% methane in the presence of a catalyst; wherein the feedstock lower hydrocarbon and a hydrogen or a hydrogen- containing gas for maintaining the activity of the catalyst or regenerating the catalyst detereoration in activity are contacted with the catalyst periodically and alternately.

Patent
01 Aug 2001
TL;DR: Aryl alkyl hydroperoxides as discussed by the authors are a class of aryl-alkyl peroxides which can be produced by selectively oxidizing an aryal alkyyl polyfunctional amine compound with a transition metal complex.
Abstract: A method for producing aryl alkyl hydroperoxides which comprises selectively oxidizing an aryl alkyl hydrocarbon having the formula: wherein P and Q are hydrogen or an alkyl and may be the same or different from each other; x is an integer of 1-3; and Ar is an aromatic hydrocarbon group having a valence of x, with an oxygen-containing gas in the presence of a transition metal complex which contains, as a ligand, a cyclic polyfunctional amine compound having at least three nitrogen atoms in the ring forming molecular chain or an open chain polyfunctional amine compound having at least three nitrogen atoms in the main chain of the molecule.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, an application of the pore filling concept yielded highperformance composite membranes for the selective pervaporation (PV) separation of aromatic/nonaromatic hydrocarbon mixtures.
Abstract: An application of the pore filling concept yielded high-performance composite membranes for the selective pervaporation (PV) separation of aromatic/nonaromatic hydrocarbon mixtures. Asymmetric polyacrylonitrile (PAN) membranes (average pore size of about 12 nm) were used as support for polymeric PV separation phases which were prepared in situ by heterogeneous photo-initiated graft copolymerization. The impact of chain length of methyl polyoxyethylene (meth)acrylates and preparation parameters (UV irradiation time and degree of grafting) were analysed using PV with toluene/heptane (20/80 wt-ratio; 80 °C) as model feed. High selectivity and high permeate fluxes were achieved. Major reasons for the excellent performance were the small effective PV barrier thickness (< 5μm) and the covalent anchoring of the coated polymer.

Patent
01 Aug 2001
TL;DR: In this article, a process for preparing organochlorosilanes of formula I by a dehydrohalogenative coupling of hydrochlorosilane of formula II with organic halides of formula III in the presence of quaternary phosphonium salt as a catalyst is described.
Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for preparing organochlorosilanes and more particularly, to the process for preparing organochlorosilanes of formula I by a dehydrohalogenative coupling of hydrochlorosilanes of formula II with organic halides of formula III in the presence of quaternary phosphonium salt as a catalyst to provide better economical matter and yield compared with conventional methods, because only catalytic amount of phosphonium chloride is required and the catalyst can be separated from the reaction mixture and recycled easily, wherein R1 represents hydrogen, chloro, or methyl; X represents chloro or bromo; R2 is selected from the group consisting of C1-17 alkyl, C1-10 fluorinated alkyl with partial or full fluorination, C2-5 alkenyl, silyl containing alkyl group represented by (CH2)nSiMe3-mClm wherein n is an integer of 0 to 2 and m is an integer of 0 to 3, aromatic group represented by Ar(R′)q wherein Ar is C6-14 aromatic hydrocarbon, R′ is C1-4 alkyl, halogen, alkoxy, or vinyl, and q is an integer of 0 to 5, haloalkyl group represented by (CH2)pX wherein p is an integer of 1 to 9 and X is chloro or bromo, and aromatic hydrocarbon represented by ArCH2X wherein Ar is C6-14 aromatic hydrocarbons and X is a chloro or bromo; R3 is hydrogen, C1-6 alkyl, aromatic group represented by Ar(R′)q wherein Ar is C6-14 aromatic hydrocarbon, R′ is C1-4 alkyl, halogen, alkoxy, or vinyl, and q is an integer of 0 to 5; and R4 in formula I is the same as R2 in formula III and further, R4 can also be (CH2)pSiR1Cl2 or ArCH2SiR1Cl2, when R2 in formula III is (CH2)pX or ArCH2X, which is formed from the coupling reaction of X—(CH2)p+1—X or XCH2ArCH2X with the compounds of formula II; or when R2 and R3 are covalently bonded to each other to form a cyclic compounds of cyclopentyl or cyclohexyl group, R3 and R4 are also covalently bonded to each other in the same fashion.

Reference EntryDOI
TL;DR: The simplest single-ring aromatic hydrocarbon compound is benzene, the nonsubstituted ring system When one methyl group is attached to the ring, toluene is formed, and with two attached methyl groups, xylene is formed Xylene occurs in three isomeric forms The hemimellitines and mesitylenes possess three methyl groups each, durene four, and the penta- and hexamethylbenzenes, five and six methyl groups respectively Other industrially important compounds are ethylbenzene and isopropylben
Abstract: Benzene and its alkyl derivatives are monocyclic aromatic compounds (arenes) The compounds are of considerable economic importance as industrial raw materials, solvents, and components of innumerable commercial and consumer products The aromatics differ vastly in chemical, physical, and biologic characteristics from the aliphatic and alicyclic hydrocarbons The aromatics are more toxic to humans and other mammals; of prime importance are (1) the hematopoietic toxicity of benzene resulting in aplastic anemia in humans and other mammalian species, (2) benzene-induced leukemia in humans, and (3) the cerebellar lesions and loss of central nervous system (CNS) integrative functions in “glue sniffers” exposed to high levels of toluene The simplest single-ring aromatic hydrocarbon compound is benzene, the nonsubstituted ring system When one methyl group is attached to the ring, toluene is formed, and with two attached methyl groups, xylene is formed Xylene occurs in three isomeric forms The hemimellitines and mesitylenes possess three methyl groups, durene four, and the penta- and hexamethylbenzenes, five and six methyl groups, respectively Other industrially important compounds are ethylbenzene and isopropylbenzene or cumene Keywords: Aromatic hydrocarbons; benzene; alkylbenzenes; Environmental impact

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, infrared studies on water-aromatic hydrocarbon mixtures have been carried out to show that the rate of increase in water solubility in the hydrocarbons is large enough to surmount the entropy effect which is unfavorable to water-water association.
Abstract: This paper reviews recent infrared studies on water–aromatic hydrocarbon mixtures. It mainly deals with infrared absorption of HDO in hydrocarbons measured as a function of temperature and pressure in the 373–648 K and 100–350 bar ranges, respectively. The intensity ratio of a hydrogen-bonded OH band to a hydrogen-bond-free OH band increases with increasing temperature. This fact indicates that the rate of increase in water solubility in the hydrocarbons is large enough to surmount the entropy effect which is unfavorable to water–water association. A good correlation between the peak frequency of the hydrogen-bond-free band and ionization potential of solvent hydrocarbons suggests that the concept of π-hydrogen bonding between water and aromatic hydrocarbons is useful even at high temperatures and pressures. At higher temperatures, the two OH bands mentioned above merge into a single band, which suggests that a water molecule rotates rather freely even in a hydrogen-bonded water cluster at high enough tem...

Patent
30 Nov 2001
TL;DR: In this article, the authors provided a lubricant composition for use in a ball-and-roller bearing with a smaller diameter, and a ball and roller bearing with an intermediate diameter, where the base oil comprises a non-ester oil containing a synthesized hydrocarbon oil, and the thickener comprising a urea compound.
Abstract: There are provided a lubricant composition for use in a ball-and-roller bearing with a smaller diameter, and a ball-and-roller bearing with a smaller diameter. The lubricant composition comprises a base oil comprising a non-ester oil containing a synthesized hydrocarbon oil, and a thickener comprising a urea compound; wherein the urea compound is represented by the formula (I): R 1 —(NHCONH—R 2 )n (I) where R 1 is a group containing an aromatic hydrocarbon, R 2 is at least one hydrocarbon group selected from the group consisting of an alicyclic hydrocarbon group having 6 to 12 carbon atoms and an aliphatic hydrocarbon group having 6 to 20 carbon atoms, and n is 2 or 3; wherein the synthesized hydrocarbon oil has kinetic viscosity of 20 mm 2 /s or more and less than 80 mm 2 /s at 40° C.; and wherein the base oil comprises 50% by weight or more of the synthesized hydrocarbon oil based on the total weight of the base oil.

Patent
17 Aug 2001
TL;DR: In this paper, the problem of providing a photoelectric transfer element, and a solar cell, of low costs and excellent transfer efficiency using semiconductor fine particles sensitized by dyes having a specific pyrazolone derivative site was solved.
Abstract: PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a photoelectric transfer element, and a solar cell, of low costs and excellent transfer efficiency using semiconductor fine particles sensitized by dyes having a specific pyrazolone derivative site. SOLUTION: The photoelectric transfer element and the solar cell using same utilize oxide semiconductor particles sensitized by methine system dye of a formula 1. A1 to A3 are cyclic hydrocarbon residue, a heterocyclic residue, an amino-group, H, halogen atom or an alkyl group, and Y is an imino group, an alkylimino group, C, S or Se. X is an aromatic hydrocarbon residue or an organic complex residue having a substituent except a structure expressed by salicylic acid and poly-substitution hydroxybenzene. R1 has a carbonyl group selected from a cyano group, an alkyl group, an aromatic hydrocarbon residue a heterocyclic residue, H or a carboxyl group, a carbonamido group, an alkoxycarbonyl group, and an acyl group. R2 is H, an alkyl group, an aromatic hydrocarbon residue or a heterocyclic residue, and n is an integer of 0 to 4.

Patent
28 Mar 2001
TL;DR: In this article, a method for disinfecting water circuits using the antimicrobial copolymers or blends of formulae (I and II) was proposed, which can be used as a microbicidal coating for substrates and in paints or protective paint coatings.
Abstract: The invention relates to antimicrobial copolymers or their polymer blends of formulae (I) and (II), with R1, R6 = -H or -CH?3, R2, R3, R4, R5, R7, R8? = a substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbon radical with 1 to 50 carbon atoms, each the same or different, X = O, NH, NR5, Y = O, NH, NR8. Said antimicrobial copolymers or polymer blends can be used as a microbicidal coating for substrates and in paints or protective paint coatings. The invention also relates to a method for disinfecting water circuits using the antimicrobial copolymers or blends.

Patent
08 Aug 2001
TL;DR: A porphyrin ring-fusion polymer as discussed by the authors is a ZnII-porphyrin rings fused in a single direction by three covalent bonds, that is, one meso-meso carbon bond (i.e., one bond between mesoposition carbon atoms) and two β-β carbon bonds.
Abstract: A porphyrin ring-fusion polymer which consists of two or more ZnII-porphyrin rings fused in a single direction and in which any two porphyrin rings adjacent to each other are fused by three covalent bonds, that is, one meso-meso carbon bond (i.e., one bond between meso-position carbon atoms) and two β-β carbon bonds (i.e., two bonds between β-position carbon atoms adjacent to the meso-position carbon atoms); a process for preparing the porphyrin ring-fusion polymer regioselectively by conducting the fusion reaction in an aromatic hydrocarbon solvent in the presence of a quinone and a Lewis acid containing a rare earth element under reflux; and fused-ring porphyrin compounds obtained by subjecting the prophyrin ring-fusion polymer to demetallization or replacement of the Zn atoms by other metal atoms.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Manganese(II) and manganese(IV) oxides are effective oxidants for the reaction of oxidative carbonylation of aromatic hydrocarbons proceeding at 0.1-1.5 MPa of CO and 20-100°C in trifluoroacetic acid and its anhydride and catalysed by Pd and Rh compounds.
Abstract: Manganese(II) and manganese(IV) oxides are effective oxidants for the reaction of oxidative carbonylation of aromatic hydrocarbons proceeding at 0.1-1.5 MPa of CO and 20-100°C in trifluoroacetic acid and its anhydride and catalysed by Pd and Rh compounds. Under these conditions up to 9000 moles of aromatic acid is formed per 1 g-at of platinum. With rhodium catalyst instead of the palladium in the case of toluene content of p-toluic acid in the target product increases from 50 to 90%. Carbonylation of biphenyl at 0.1 MPa of CO and 20°C leads toformation of about 15% of fluorenone together with 4-phenylbenzoic acid (60%).