Showing papers on "Aromatic hydrocarbon published in 2015"

Origin of carbon in aromatic and olefin products derived from HZSM-5 catalyzed co-pyrolysis of cellulose and plastics via isotopic labeling

Abstract: Catalytic pyrolysis over HZSM-5 is an effective method for the conversion of biomass to aromatic hydrocarbons, albeit with low yield and short catalyst lifetimes. Addition of co-reactants rich in carbon and hydrogen can enhance yield and possibly increase catalyst lifetimes by reducing coke formation. Particularly, the catalytic co-pyrolysis of plastic and biomass has been shown to enhance conversion to aromatic hydrocarbons, and also offers a method for productive disposal of waste agricultural plastics. In an effort to determine the origin of the carbon (plastic or biomass) in the products from this catalytic co-pyrolysis, mixtures of uniformly labeled 13 C cellulose and non-labeled plastic including polyethylene terephthalate, polypropylene, high density polyethylene, low density polyethylene and polystyrene were subjected to catalytic fast pyrolysis (CFP) at 650 °C in the presence of HZSM-5. A micro pyrolyzer coupled with GC/MS (py-GC/MS) advised product distributions and mass spectral data was used to determine the distribution of biogenic carbon and plastic derived carbon in the products. The results demonstrate that aromatic hydrocarbon products formed from the CFP of mixtures of cellulose and plastic are composed mostly of molecules containing carbon of mixed origin. Data on the distribution of 13 C x 12 C y from the products followed in this study show that polyolefin mixtures with cellulose favor the formation of alkyl benzenes that incorporate carbon from both sources. Utilization of aromatic polymers (polystyrene or polyethylene terephthalate) is more selective for formation of naphthalenes with carbon derived from both products. The distribution of various 13 C x 12 C y products is used to suggest active mechanisms that result in the formation of the observed products.

Isolation of an extremely halophilic arhaeon Natrialba sp. C21 able to degrade aromatic compounds and to produce stable biosurfactant at high salinity

Abstract: Natrialba sp strain C21 was isolated from oil contaminated saline water in Ain Salah (Algeria) and has exhibited a good potential for degrading phenol (3% v/v), naphthalene (3% v/v), and pyrene (3% v/v) at high salinity with high growth, enzymatic activity and biosurfactant production Successful metabolism of aromatic hydrocarbon compounds of the strain Natrialba sp C21 appears to require the ortho-cleavage pathway Indeed, assays of the key enzymes involved in the ring cleavage of catechol 1, 2-dioxygenase indicated that degradation of the phenol, naphthalene and pyrene by strain Natrialba sp C21 was via the ortho-cleavage pathway Cells grown on aromatic hydrocarbons displayed greater ortho-activities mainly towards catechol, while the meta-activity was very low Besides, biosurfactants derived from the strain C21 were capable of effectively emulsifying both aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons and seem to be particularly promising since they have particular adaptations like the increased stability at high temperature and salinity conditions This study clearly demonstrates for the first time that strain belonging to the genera Natrialba is able to grow at 25% (w/v) NaCl, utilizing phenol, naphthalene, and pyrene as the sole carbon sources The results suggest that the isolated halophilic archaeon could be a good candidate for the remediation process in extreme environments polluted by aromatic hydrocarbons Moreover, the produced biosurfactant offers a multitude of interesting potential applications in various fields of biotechnology

Biodegradation of Various Aromatic Compounds by Enriched Bacterial Cultures: Part A–Monocyclic and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons

Abstract: Present study focused on the screening of bacterial consortium for biodegradation of monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (MAH) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Target compounds in the present study were naphthalene, acenaphthene, phenanthrene (PAHs), and benzene (MAH). Microbial consortia enriched with the above target compounds were used in screening experiments. Naphthalene-enriched consortium was found to be the most efficient consortium, based on its substrate degradation rate and its ability to degrade other aromatic pollutants with significantly high efficiency. Substrate degradation rate with naphthalene-enriched culture followed the order benzene > naphthalene > acenaphthene > phenanthrene. Chryseobacterium and Rhodobacter were discerned as the predominant species in naphthalene-enriched culture. They are closely associated to the type strain Chryseobacterium arthrosphaerae and Rhodobacter maris, respectively. Single substrate biodegradation studies with naphthalene (PAH) and benzene (MAH) were carried out using naphthalene-enriched microbial consortium (NAPH). Phenol and 2-hydroxybenzaldehyde were identified as the predominant intermediates during benzene and naphthalene degradation, respectively. Biodegradation of toluene, ethyl benzene, xylene, phenol, and indole by NAPH was also investigated. Monod inhibition model was able to simulate biodegradation kinetics for benzene, whereas multiple substrate biodegradation model was able to simulate biodegradation kinetics for naphthalene.

A chromium precursor for the Phillips ethylene trimerization catalyst: (2-ethylhexanoate)2CrOH

Abstract: The conventional Phillips ethylene trimerization catalyst prepared by reacting Cr(EH)3 (EH = 2-ethylhexanoate), 2,5-dimethylpyrrole (Me2C4H2NH), Et3Al, and Et2AlCl in an aromatic hydrocarbon solvent was improved to obtain a congener composed of a new chromium precursor (EH)2CrOH, (Me2C4H2N)AlEt2, and Et3Al·ClAlEt2. Reaction of CrCl3 with 3 equiv. Na(EH) in water did not generate Cr(EH)3, but unexpectedly produced (EH)2CrOH. In comparison with the erratic catalytic performance of the original Phillips system, due to the ill-defined nature of the Cr(EH)3 source (16 or 6.8 × 106 g per mol-Cr h depending on the source), the improved system exhibited consistently high activity (54 × 106 g per mol-Cr h). Reaction of (EH)2CrOH with (Me2C4H2N)AlMe2·OEt2 afforded the dimeric Cr(II)-complex (6) coordinated by (η5-Me2C4H2N)AlMe2(NC4H2Me2) and μ2–κ1:η2-Me2C4H2N ligands. 6 provided highly active species when activated with Et3Al·ClAlEt2.

Ink for functional layer formation, method for manufacturing light emitting element, light emitting device, and electronic apparatus

Abstract: The ink for functional layer formation includes a first component that is a solute; and a second component with a boiling point of 280° C. or higher and 350° C. or lower, is a good solvent, and is at least one type selected from a group consisting of an aromatic hydrocarbon including at least two aromatic rings, aromatic glycol ether, aliphatic glycol ether, aliphatic acetate, and aliphatic ester.

Improvement method of needle coke used refined aromatic hydrocarbon oil

Abstract: The invention relates to an improvement method of needle coke used refined aromatic hydrocarbon oil. The improvement method of the needle coke used refined aromatic hydrocarbon oil comprises the following steps: taking oil rich in aromatic hydrocarbon, heating the oil to 400-490 DEG C by a heating furnace, introducing the oil into a polymerization tower, taking the material at the bottom of the polymerization tower and introducing the material into a flash tower, taking the flashed material at the bottom of the flash tower, cooling the material to the room temperature, introducing the material into a gas-liquid separator, controlling the vacuum degree in the gas-liquid separator to be 5-10kpa, taking the material at the bottom of the gas-liquid separator, and enabling the material to flow into a refined aromatic hydrocarbon oil buffering tank to prepare the raw material which is refined aromatic hydrocarbon oil for producing needle coke. The improvement method of the needle coke used refined aromatic hydrocarbon oil is simple in process; the oil rich in aromatic hydrocarbon with low content of aromatic hydrocarbon in domestic oil refining plant is processed, the content of the aromatic hydrocarbon is increased; the prepared refined aromatic hydrocarbon oil is applicable to production of the needle coke.

Method for preparing aromatic hydrocarbon by carrying out catalytic hydrodeoxygenation on lignin

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for preparing aromatic hydrocarbon by carrying out catalytic hydrodeoxygenation on lignin. A catalyst used in the method provided by the invention comprises two active components, namely an acid site being one or combination of more than one of transition metal elements niobium, tantalum, zirconium, molybdenum, tungsten and rhenium and a hydrogenation or hydrogen transfer active site being one or more than one of ruthenium, platinum, palladium, iridium, iron, cobalt, nickel and copper. According to the method provided by the invention, a phenol group, a guaiacol group, a syringa phenolic group compound, natural lignin and industrial lignin are taken as raw materials, water is taken as a solvent, high selectivity catalytic hydrodeoxygenation is carried out at the temperature of 180-350 DEG C and hydrogen pressure of 0.1-5MPa or with methyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol and formic acid as hydrogen sources, so that C6-C9 aromatic hydrocarbon is obtained, the highest mass yield of aromatic hydrocarbon is 10%, and content of aromatic hydrocarbon in product oil can be up to more than 75%. The method provided by the invention has the advantages that reproducible natural biomass can be used as a raw material, and the raw material is cheap and available; the water is taken as the solvent, so that a reaction process is environment-friendly; and content of aromatic hydrocarbon in the product is high, and reaction conditions are mild.

Method for catalytically converting lignin into aromatic hydrocarbon by using two-step process

Abstract: The invention discloses a method for catalytically converting lignin into aromatic hydrocarbon by using a two-step process. The method comprises the steps of (a) carrying out hydrogenolysis on lignin in a polar solvent under the actions of a hydrodepolymerization catalyst and hydrogen pressure to obtain a phenol and oil mixture; and (b) carrying out rotary evaporation on the phenol and oil mixture obtained in the step (a), and carrying out hydrodeoxygenation reaction under the conditions of a hydrodeoxygenation catalyst, a solvent, high temperature and low pressure to obtain an aromatic hydrocarbon product. The invention also provides the hydrodepolymerization catalyst and the hydrodeoxygenation catalyst. According to the method, the cheap lignin is used as a raw material and is efficiently converted into the aromatic hydrocarbon under a mild reaction condition by using the two-step process, so that the aromatic hydrocarbon serving as a product is high in economic value, the reaction process is environmental friendly, and the method has wide application prospect.

Nickel-tungsten sulfide aromatic hydrocarbon hydrogenation catalysts synthesized in situ in a hydrocarbon medium

Abstract: Nickel-tungsten sulfide nanocatalysts for the hydrogenation of aromatic hydrocarbons (HCs) have been prepared by the in situ decomposition of a nickel thiotungstate precursor in a HC feedstock using 1-butyl-1-methylpiperidinium nickel thiotungstate complex [BMPip]2Ni[WS4]2 as the precursor. The in situ synthesized particles have been characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. It has been shown that the resulting Ni-W-S particles are nanoplates associated in multilayer agglomerates; the average length of the Ni-W-S particles is 6 nm; the average number of layers in the multilayer packaging is three. The catalytic activity of the synthesized catalysts has been studied in the hydrogenation of model mixtures of mono- and bicyclic aromatic HCs and in the conversion of dibenzothiophene in a batch reactor at a temperature of 350°C and a hydrogen pressure of 5.0 MPa. It has been shown that the studied catalysts can be used for the hydrofining of light cycle oil.

Cationic water-soluble column [5] aromatic hydrocarbon and preparation thereof and application of cationic water-soluble column [5] aromatic hydrocarbon in silver ion detection serving as acceptor

Abstract: The invention designs and synthesizes a cationic water-soluble column [5] aromatic hydrocarbon compound. The structure of the compound has a column frame containing five benzene rings, and five trimethylamine groups are respectively connected to upper and lower edges of the column frame. The compound is column aromatic hydrocarbon containing multiple recognition sites, has good solubility in water, and can be complexed with silver ions by cationic trimethylamine groups in a pure water phase to form a stable complex. Experiments indicate that in the water solution of the cationic water-soluble column aromatic hydrocarbon, only addition of Ag is capable of remarkably reinforcing the ultraviolet absorption peak of the cationic water-soluble column aromatic hydrocarbon at 293nm, and addition of other cationic ions cannot change ultraviolet absorption of the cationic water-soluble column aromatic hydrocarbon at 293nm in the water solution. Therefore, the column aromatic hydrocarbon has a good selective ultraviolet recognition capability for Ag , can be used as an Ag acceptor molecule to detect silver ions in a pure water phase. Titration experiments indicate that the lowest detection limit of column aromatic hydrocarbon for Ag is 1.25*10 M.

Application of luminous metal organic framework material in detecting nitro aromatic hydrocarbon pollutant

Abstract: The invention relates to an application of a luminous metal organic framework material in detecting a nitro aromatic hydrocarbon pollutant. The MOFs (Metal-Organic Frameworks) as a fluorescent sensing material can fast, easily, conveniently and sensitively realize the detection on a trace amount of nitro aromatic hydrocarbon, is gradually quenched in fluorescence intensity with the content increase of the nitro aromatic hydrocarbon pollutant and achieves different fluorescent quenching degree on different nitro aromatic hydrocarbon compounds. Thus, the luminous metal-organic framework material has potential application prospect on the aspects of detection of an exploder and an environment and the like.

Research on the Production of Aromatic Hydrocarbon via Hydroreforming a Light Fraction in Direct Coal Liquefaction Oil

Abstract: Direct coal liquefaction (DCL) oil is known for the production of aromatic hydrocarbon because of the large amount of cyclic compounds with a high aromatic content. In this work, naphtha from the DCL oil was used as raw material and the hydroreforming experiments were carried out in a small continuous fixed-bed reactor for the production of aromatics. The results show that the n-alkane isomerization reaction occurred and naphthenics were converted to aromatics via dehydrogenation and aromatization during the process of hydroreforming. The yield of C1–C4 hydrocarbon gas was 6.03%, and the yield of hydrogen was 3.6%. The aromatic content reached 83.2% with 61.3% of C6–C8 after reforming, which is a better raw material to extract benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes. It is found that the naphtha distillation range also affected the composition and yield of aromatic hydrocarbons and the appropriate temperature range was 60–160 °C. According to the experimental results, the technical route to produce ar...

Aromatic amine resin, maleimide resin, and curable resin composition and cured product thereof

Abstract: The present invention addresses the problem of providing: an aromatic amine resin containing diphenylamine, which is a by-product, in a reduced amount; a maleimide resin induced from the aromatic amine resin; a curable resin composition produced using the aromatic amine resin and the maleimide resin; and a cured article which is produced by curing the curable resin composition and has excellent heat resistance, low hygroscopicity, low dielectric properties, flame retardancy and toughness. The aromatic amine resin according to the present invention is an aromatic amine resin containing a compound represented by formula (1), and wherein the compound is produced by reacting aniline with a bishalogenomethyl aralkyl derivative or an aralkyl alcohol derivative, wherein diphenylamine, which is a by-product, is contained in an amount of 1% by weight or less. (In the formula, X represents a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic hydrocarbon group having 6 to 18 carbon atoms; and n represents an average value and falls within the range from 1 to 10 inclusive (i.e., 1 ≤ n ≤ 10)).

Investigation of Mixture Effects on the Adsorption Rates of Aromatics from Aqueous Solution on Clay and Sandy Soil

Abstract: The adsorption behavior of a mixture of two polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs); naphthalene and pyrene and one cyclic aromatic hydrocarbon using clay and sandy soil as adsorbents was examined under ambient conditions in this study. The adsorption from the aqueous solution was observed to be time dependent and the time taken to attain adsorption equilibrium for benzene, naphthalene and pyrene in the mixture were 22, 16 h, 18 and 14 h, and 26 and 18 h in clay and sandy soil, respectively. Among the tested kinetics model in this study, the pseudo-second order equation successfully predicted the adsorption. The rate of adsorption using the pseudo-second order rate expression for benzene, naphthalene and pyrene were 0.00096, 0.00072, 0.00092 min-1 and 0.00091, 0.00080, 0.00090 min-1 for clay and sandy soils respectively. These results suggest that benzene was more selectively adsorbed than naphthalene and pyrene in both clay and sandy soil.

Transalkylation of Heavy Aromatic Hydrocarbon Feedstocks

Abstract: A process for producing xylene comprises contacting a first feed comprising C 9+ aromatic hydrocarbons, at least one C 6 -C 7 aromatic hydrocarbon and hydrogen with a first catalyst composition to dealkylate at least part of the C 9+ aromatic hydrocarbons containing C 2+ alkyl groups and to saturate the resulting C 2+ olefins to produce a second feed. The second feed is then contacted with a second catalyst composition under conditions effective to transalkylate at least part of the C 9+ aromatic hydrocarbons with at least part of the C 6 -C 7 aromatic hydrocarbon to produce a first product comprising xylene. Each of the first and second catalyst compositions is substantially free of amorphous alumina.

Production of Xylenes From Syngas

Abstract: This disclosure relates to the production of xylenes from syngas, in which the syngas is converted to an aromatic product by reaction with an isosynthesis catalyst and an aromatization catalyst. The isosynthesis catalyst and aromatization catalyst may be different catalysts or combined into a single catalyst. The aromatic product is then subjected to one of more of (i) xylene isomerization, (ii) transalkylation with at least one C 9 + aromatic hydrocarbon, and (iii) alkylation with methanol and/or carbon monoxide and hydrogen to increase its p-xylene content.

Dual fluidized bed reaction system and method for preparing ethylene, propylene and aromatic hydrocarbon by converting methanol and/or dimethyl ether

Abstract: The invention relates to a dual fluidized bed reaction system and method for preparing ethylene, propylene and aromatic hydrocarbon by converting methanol and/or dimethyl ether and mainly aims to solve the problem of low yield of ethylene, propylene and aromatic hydrocarbon in the prior art. The dual fluidized bed reaction system comprises a reactor I (1), a reactor II (2), a regenerator (3) and a stripper (4). Methanol and/or dimethyl ether (11) and a recyclable material (12) are respectively subjected to contact reaction with a catalyst I in the reactor I (1) and the reactor II (2), a carbon deposited catalyst II and a carbon deposited catalyst III after reaction are respectively added into the stripper (4) through an inclined spent riser I (5) and an inclined spent riser II (6), a carbon deposited catalyst IV after stripping is added into the regenerator (3) through an inclined stripping tube (7) and a vertical stripping tube (8) and is regenerated, and a catalyst I after regeneration is added into the reactor I (1) and the reactor II (2) through an inclined regeneration tube I (9) and an inclined regeneration tube II (10). By adopting the technical scheme, the problem of low yield of ethylene, propylene and aromatic hydrocarbon can be well solved. The dual fluidized bed reaction system and method can be applied to the industrial production of ethylene, propylene and aromatic hydrocarbon.

Method for preparing selective hydrogenation ring-opening catalyst for aromatic hydrocarbons with double rings or more

Abstract: The invention discloses a method for preparing a selective hydrogenation ring-opening catalyst for aromatic hydrocarbons with double rings or more. The method is characterized in that the selective hydrogenation ring-opening catalyst for aromatic hydrocarbons with double rings or more is prepared from a carrier, active ingredients and aids, wherein the carrier is prepared from alumina, amorphous silica-alumina, a modified small grain Beta-type molecular sieve and an SPAO-5/ZSM-5 composite molecular sieve; the active ingredients at least include an oxide of Mo or W and at least include an oxide of Co or Ni; and the aids refer to one or two out of F and P. The invention also relates to a preparation method of the catalyst and a method for synthesizing the SPAO-5/ZSM-5 composite molecular sieve. The catalyst is effectively matched with a hydrogenation active center, an isomerization active center and a cracking active center, so that the catalyst has excellent aromatic hydrocarbon hydrogenation ring-opening selectivity in the hydrogenation process of low-quality distillate oil enriched in aromatic hydrocarbons with double rings or more.

Synthetic process for amino aromatic hydrocarbon compound

Abstract: The invention discloses a synthetic process for an amino aromatic hydrocarbon compound. The process comprises the following steps: pre-preparing reaction solutions -1 and -2 by using an aromatic hydrocarbon compound (I), concentrated sulphuric acid and concentrated nitric acid, respectively pumping the solutions in a micro reactor, heating to react, cooling the reaction liquid, and pos-treating to obtain a nitryl aromatic hydrocarbon compound (II); mixing the nitryl aromatic hydrocarbon compound (II), a catalyst and a solvent as a reaction solution -3; respectively pumping the reaction solution -3 and hydrogen into the micro reactor, heating to react, cooling the reaction liquid and post-treating to obtain the amino aromatic hydrocarbon compound (III). The process disclosed by the invention is less in use level of nitric acid, convenient to concentrate and apply waste acid; in the nitrification reaction process, the heat release is little, and the nitration product nitryl aromatic hydrocarbon compound (II) is quickly transferred. The reaction phenomenon is stable without intense heat release and even material punching of a common kettle nitration reaction, so that the safety of nitration reaction is improved; the process is easy to realize industrialization, simple to operate and high in industrial safety degree and meets the environmental requirements.

Microbacterium oxydans for degrading polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon and application thereof

Abstract: The invention provides a microbacterium oxydans for degrading a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon and the application thereof. Particularly, the invention provides a microbacterium oxydans Ji2 strain with a preservation number of CGMCC No.9072 and the application effect of the microbacterium oxydans in emulsifying and degrading crude oil and the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon and performing indoor physical simulation oil displacement. According to the microbacterium oxydans strain, the crude oil can be emulsified and degraded under aerobic and anaerobic conditions by taking the crude oil or the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon as the only carbon source and energy source, the degradation rate of the degraded polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, such as naphthalene is up to 100 percent, and analysis on the degraded crude oil shows that aromatic hydrocarbon and colloid, which are the components of the crude oil, are mainly degraded. The stain can be used for degrading the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon in an environment by the performance of the stain, and can also be applied to microbial enhanced oil recovery, and the oil recovery is improved.

2,6,6,8-tetra-substituted-6H-benzo[cd]pyrene compounds and organic light emitting device containing same

Abstract: The invention relates to a kind of 2,6,6,8-tetra-substituted-6H-benzo[cd]pyrene compounds shown by formula (1) in the specification, wherein R1 and R2 are selected from C6-C50 aryl, substituted C6-C50 aryl or C1-C20 alkyl; or R1 and R2 are bonded through other groups to form a cyclic compound, Ar1 and Ar2 are separately selected from C5-C30 electron-deficient nitrogen-containing heterocyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, substituted nitrogen heterocyclic aromatic hydrocarbon or thick nitrogen-containing heterocyclic aromatic hydrocarbon or C6-C30 aromatic hydrocarbon or polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon with the nitrogen-containing heterocyclic aromatic hydrocarbon substituent. The invention also provides an application of the compounds in an organic light emitting device (OLED) and particularly application of the compounds as an electron transport material and a fluorescent or red phosphorescence host material in the OLED device.

Metal-organic frameworks for aromatic hydrocarbon separations

Abstract: The disclosure provides for metal organic frameworks (MOFs) that are selective adsorbents for aromatic hydrocarbons, devices comprising the MOFs thereof, and methods using the MOFS thereof for separating and/or storing aromatic hydrocarbons.

Triazine compounds having 4-pyridyl groups, and organic electroluminescent elements containing the same

Abstract: PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide specific triazine compounds which significantly improve the current efficiency of organic electroluminescent elements compared to conventional known triazine compounds.SOLUTION: The present invention produces triazine compounds represented by the general formula (1), and organic electroluminescent elements having the compounds as constituents. (In the general formula (1), Ar represents a fused aromatic hydrocarbon group with 2-4 rings; and X represents a single bond or phenylene group.)

Phase difference film, polarization plate, and liquid crystal display device

Abstract: The present invention provides a phase difference film characterized by including: a cellulose ester resin; at least one compound represented by general formula (1) (in general formula (1): R1-R4 each independently represent hydrogen or a C1-3 alkyl group; R5 and R6 each independently represent an aromatic hydrocarbon group which may have a substituent or an alkyl group having a substituent; and, when present, the substituent is at least one selected from the group consisting of a glycidyl group, a hydroxy group, an acyloxy group, and an aromatic group); and at least one compound represented by general formula (2) (in general formula (2): A1 and A2 each independently represent an alkyl group, a cycloalkyl group, an aromatic hydrocarbon ring, or an aromatic heterocyclic ring; B represents an aromatic hydrocarbon ring or an aromatic heterocyclic ring; T1 and T2 each independently represent a pyrrole ring, a pyrazole ring, an imidazole ring, or a triazole ring; L1, L2, L3, and L4 each independently represent a single bond or a divalent linking group; and n represents an integer in the range of 0-5). According to the present invention, a phase difference film can be provided which is capable of achieving a desired phase difference, even as a thin film.